ABSTRACT
A composting-accelerating bio-inoculant (Bacillus subtilis, Talaromyces sayulitensis (HC1), Steinernema sp., and Heterorhabditis sp.) was evaluated in a composting process made up of a different mix of wood chips, pig manure, urine, and swine mortality (raw material RM). Three different treatments (T1, T2, and T3) were assessed, and physicochemical, microbiological, and entomological evaluations were carried out at 0 and 45 days of the composting process. The highest organic nitrogen (1.34 %) concentration was detected in swine mortality, whereas the highest total oxidizable organic carbon (39.1 %) concentration was observed in wood chips. Salmonella spp., was not identified in any of the raw materials. Clostridium spp., count was 5.5, 2.0, and 1.0 Log10 unit, for pig manure, wood chips, and swine mortality, respectively. Pig manure, swine mortality, and wood chip total coliform count was 6.21, 5.32, and 1 Log10 unit, respectively. Helminth eggs were not detected in any of the RM and Cryptosporidium spp., oocysts were occasionally found in pig manure and wood chips. Several types of flies were identified, Musca domestica, Muscina stabulans, Stomoxys calcitrans, Fannia canicularis, Sarcophaga sp., and Calliphora sp. Treatment 3 (45.11 % swine mortality, 33.33 % wood chips, and 21.55 %, urine and bio-inoculant) had the greatest total oxidizable organic carbon availability, the highest carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio (20.67, p < 0.05), and the lowest dipterous larvae count. Moreover, Salmonella sp., was not observed and had only low Clostridium spp., and fecal coliform count. The bio-inoculant's effect on C/N ratio, cation exchange capacity, and electrical conductivity were beneficial, and resulted in production of a fertilizer complying with EPA 600/1-87-014, EPA 40 CFR Part 258, and NTC5167/11 norms. According to the characterization protocols used in this study the compost was apparently free from bacterial and parasitic pathogens and minimal dipteran counts. Last, maturation time was 15 days shorter compared with control (C4).
ABSTRACT
El picudo de la guayaba Conotrachelus psidii Marshalles una de las principales plagas del cultivo de la guayaba enSantander - Colombia, causa pérdidas severas afectando lacalidad y cantidad de los frutos. El control biológico es unaopción viable para el manejo de la plaga y en especial, losnematodos entomopatógenos (NEPs) han mostrado buenosresultados (63-90% mortalidad) para el control de larvas decuarto instar del picudo de la guayaba. En el presente estudiose evaluó el efecto de siete especies de NEPs aislados enColombia: Steinernema websteri JCL006, Steinernema sp. 1 JCL024,Steinernema sp. 2 JCL007, Steinernema sp. 3 JCL027, S. colombienseSNI0198, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HNI0100 y Heterorhabditissp. SL0708 sobre larvas de cuarto instar del picudo de laguayaba en condiciones de laboratorio. También se evaluó laproducción y el desplazamiento de las especies de NEPs másvirulentas. Se registró que Heterorhabditis sp. SL0708 genera unamortalidad del 85% sobre el picudo de la guayaba, Steinernemasp. 1 JCL024 del 75% y S. colombiense SNI0198 del 55%, lasotras especies de NEPs generaron mortalidad menor al 25%.La mayor producción de JI por larva del picudo se registróen Heterorhabditis sp. SL0708, la cual también mostró mayorcapacidad de reconocimiento cuando el hospedero es C. psidii...
Theguava weevil Conotrachelus psidii Marshall is a majorpest affecting guava cultivation in Santander, Colombia;it causes serious losses in the quality and thevolume of fruit produced. Biological control is a viableoption for pest management; entomopathogenicnematodes (EPNs), particularly, have shown goodresults (63-90% mortality) in controlling fourth instarlarvae of the guava weevil. In this study we evaluatedthe effect of seven species of EPNs isolatedin Colombia: Steinernema websteri JCL006, Steinernemasp. 1 JCL024, Steinernema sp. 2 JCL007, Steinernemasp. 3 JCL027, S. colombiense SNI0198, Heterorhabditisbacteriophora HNI0100 and Heterorhabditis sp. SL0708on fourth instar larvae of the guava weevil in laboratoryconditions, and measured the production andthe displacement of the most virulent. Heterorhabditissp. SL0708 induced mortality of 85%, Steinernemasp. 1 JCL024 75% and S. colombiense SNI0198 55%,the other species of EPNs, less than 25% mortality.Increased production of JI by weevil larva wasrecorded in Heterorhabditis sp. SL0708, which alsoshowed greater recognition capability when the hostwas C. psidii...
O bicudo-da-goiaba Conotrachelus psidii Marshall, éuma das principais pragas do cultivo da goiaba no Sanander- Colômbia. Ocasiona perdas muito grandes, afetando aqualidade e a quantidade dos frutos. O controle biológicoé uma opção viável para o manejo da praga, especialmente,os nematóides entomopatogênicos-(NEPs) mostraram bonsresultados (63-90% mortalidade) para o controle do quartoinstar do bicudo-da-goiaba. No presente estudo foi avaliadoo efeito de sete espécies de NEPs isolados na Colômbia:Steinernema websteri JCL006, Steinernema sp. 1 JCL024,Steinernema sp. 2 JCL007, Steinernema sp. 3 JCL027, S. colombienseSNI0198, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HNI0100 e Heterorhabditissp. SL0708, sobre larvas de quarto instar do picudo da goiabano laboratório. A produção, e o deslocamento das espéciesmais virulentas também foram medidos. Para Heterorhabditissp. SL0708 foi registrada mortalidade de 85%, para Steinernemasp. 1 JCL024 do 75% e para S. colombiense SNI0198 do 55%,as outras espécies de NEPs causaram mortalidade do insetomenor que 25%. A maior produção de JI por larva do bicudofoi registrada em Heterorhabditis sp. SL0708, a qual tambémmostrou maior capacidade de reconhecimento quando ohospedeiro é C. psidii...
Subject(s)
Pest Control, Biological , Pest Control, Biological/methods , Nematode InfectionsABSTRACT
Numbers of Steinernema sp. (CB2B) and S. carpocapsae (Agriotos) exponentially declined after application into a clay loam soil. Over a 35-day sampling period, Steinernema sp. (CB2B) was more persistent than S. carpocapsae (Agriotos). The presence or absence of the second-stage cuticle on the third-stage juveniles (J3) at the time of application did not alter the rate of population decline of Steinernema sp. (CB2B). Nearly all J3 of Steinernema sp. (CB2B) and S. carpocapsae (Agriotos) lost their cuticle within 24 hours of being in soil. Centrifugal flotation recovered the greatest number of nematodes, with a lower variance than either the live bait or Baermann funnel techniques. A strong positive linear relationship was evident between numbers of nematodes present in the soil and the numbers that established in a bait insect. Approximately 40% of Steinernema sp. (CB2B) and 30% of the S. carpocapsae (Agriotos) present in the soil established in Galleria mellonella larvae. The extraction techniques had different efficiencies and gave different relative estimates of persistence for the two species. Persistence and infectivity was best measured using a combination of live bait and flotation techniques.
