The visualization of Orphadata neurology phenotypes.

Disease phenotypes are characterized by signs (what a physician observes during the examination of a patient) and symptoms (the complaints of a patient to a physician). Large repositories of disease phenotypes are accessible through the Online Mendelian Inheritance of Man, Human Phenotype Ontology, and Orphadata initiatives. Many of the diseases in these datasets are neurologic. For each repository, the phenotype of neurologic disease is represented as a list of concepts of variable length where the concepts are selected from a restricted ontology. Visualizations of these concept lists are not provided. We address this limitation by using subsumption to reduce the number of descriptive features from 2,946 classes into thirty superclasses. Phenotype feature lists of variable lengths were converted into fixed-length vectors. Phenotype vectors were aggregated into matrices and visualized as heat maps that allowed side-by-side disease comparisons. Individual diseases (representing a row in the matrix) were visualized as word clouds. We illustrate the utility of this approach by visualizing the neuro-phenotypes of 32 dystonic diseases from Orphadata. Subsumption can collapse phenotype features into superclasses, phenotype lists can be vectorized, and phenotypes vectors can be visualized as heat maps and word clouds.

Tecnologias de informação e de comunicação, políticas sociais e o trabalho de assistentes sociais / Information and communication technologies, social policies and the social workers' job

Resumo: A subsunção do trabalho ao capital tornou os trabalhadores autômatos às máquinas-ferramentas. Esse controle e a perda de autoatividade demandaram inovações que se expandiram à reprodução social. Este artigo examina o uso das tecnologias digitais no processo de dataficação das políticas sociais públicas a partir do trabalho profissional de assistentes sociais. O acesso e o trabalho no Benefício de Prestação Continuada estão desafiados com o uso da automação sem transparência no processo decisório.

Abstract: The subsumption of labor to capital turned workers into automatons to machine tools. This control and loss of self-activity demanded innovations that expanded to social reproduction. This article examines the use of digital technologies in the datafication process of public social policies through the social workers' professional work. Access and work on the "Benefício de Prestação Continuada" are challenged by the use of automation without transparency in the decision making process.

Subtypes of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis identified by network analysis.

We used network analysis to identify subtypes of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis subjects based on their cumulative signs and symptoms. The electronic medical records of 113 subjects with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis were reviewed, signs and symptoms were mapped to classes in a neuro-ontology, and classes were collapsed into sixteen superclasses by subsumption. After normalization and vectorization of the data, bipartite (subject-feature) and unipartite (subject-subject) network graphs were created using NetworkX and visualized in Gephi. Degree and weighted degree were calculated for each node. Graphs were partitioned into communities using the modularity score. Feature maps visualized differences in features by community. Network analysis of the unipartite graph yielded a higher modularity score (0.49) than the bipartite graph (0.25). The bipartite network was partitioned into five communities which were named fatigue, behavioral, hypertonia/weakness, abnormal gait/sphincter, and sensory, based on feature characteristics. The unipartite network was partitioned into five communities which were named fatigue, pain, cognitive, sensory, and gait/weakness/hypertonia based on features. Although we did not identify pure subtypes (e.g., pure motor, pure sensory, etc.) in this cohort of multiple sclerosis subjects, we demonstrated that network analysis could partition these subjects into different subtype communities. Larger datasets and additional partitioning algorithms are needed to confirm these findings and elucidate their significance. This study contributes to the literature investigating subtypes of multiple sclerosis by combining feature reduction by subsumption with network analysis.

La determinación social, una visión epistemológica para comprender el proceso salud-enfermedad / Social Determination an Epistemological Vision to Understand the Health-Disease Process / A determinação social, uma visão epistemológica para compreender o processo saúde-doença

Resumen Introducción: la investigación en salud ha sido dominada por el paradigma positivista y, en menor escala, por la tendencia fenomenológica. El artículo presenta, de manera general, las tesis y las características de esas interpretaciones, sus implicaciones para el conocimiento de la salud y su determinación, así como las contribuciones y los aspectos que contiene la perspectiva de la determinación social latinoamericana frente a la comprensión de la complejidad y el movimiento de la salud. Desarrollo: el artículo aborda la discusión teórica sobre el proceso salud-enfermedad en el marco de la determinación social: sus dimensiones y relaciones, en la interfase entre salud, ambiente y sociedad, y el papel que ha cumplido el pensamiento crítico para superar las limitaciones del positivismo, replanteando la construcción de la salud como objeto de conocimiento y acción, en disputa para rebasar el marco funcionalista y avanzar en la construcción de una visión emancipadora de las ciencias de la salud y el ambiente. Conclusiones: la perspectiva latinoamericana ha contribuido de manera sistemática con la construcción de una propuesta de salud compleja que se disputa en diversos campos: en la investigación, la acción colectiva, la política y el Estado.

Abstract Introduction: Health research has been dominated by the positivist paradigm and, on a smaller scale, by the phenomenological tendency. The article presents the theses and characteristics of these interpretations, its implications for health knowledge and its diagnosis, as well as the contributions and aspects that the perspective of the Latin American social determination contains toward the understanding of health complexity and movement. Development: The theoretical discussion about the health-disease process, within the framework of social determination: its dimensions and relationships, at the interface between health, environment and society, and the role played by critical thinking in overcoming the limitations of positivism, reconsidering the construction of health as an object of knowledge and action, in a dispute to go beyond the functionalist framework towards the construction of an emancipatory vision of the health and environmental sciences. Conclusions: The Latin American perspective has systematically contributed to the construction of a complex and emancipatory health proposal disputed in various fields: research, action, politics and the state.

Resumo Introdução: a pesquisa em saúde tem sido dominada pelo paradigma positivista e em menor escala pela tendência fenomenológica. O artigo apresenta de maneira geral, a tese e características dessas interpretações; suas implicações para o conhecimento da saúde e sua determinação; assim como as contribuições e aspetos que contém a perspectiva da determinação social latino-americana frente à compreensão da complexidade e movimento da saúde. Desenvolvimento: o artigo aborda a discussão teórica sobre o processo de saúde-doença (s-e), no marco da determinação social: suas dimensões e relações, na interface entre saúde, ambiente e sociedade e o papel que tem cumprido o pensamento crítico para superar as limitações do positivismo reformulando a construção da saúde como objeto de conhecimento e ação, em disputa para ultrapassar o marco funcionalista e avançar na construção de uma visão emancipadora das ciências da saúde e o ambiente. Conclusões: a perspectiva latino-americana tem contribuído de maneira sistemática a construir uma proposta de saúde complexa que se disputa em diversos campos: na investigação, a ação coletiva, a política e no Estado.

Sequential Localizing and Mapping: A Navigation Strategy via Enhanced Subsumption Architecture.

In this paper, we present a navigation strategy exclusively designed for social robots with limited sensors for applications in homes. The overall system integrates a reactive design based on subsumption architecture and a knowledge system with learning capabilities. The component of the system includes several modules, such as doorway detection and room localization via convolutional neural network (CNN), avoiding obstacles via reinforcement learning, passing the doorway via Canny edge's detection, building an abstract map called a Directional Semantic Topological Map (DST-Map) within the knowledge system, and other predefined layers within the subsumption architecture. The individual modules and the overall system are evaluated in a virtual environment using Webots simulator.

Anthropomorphic Capital and Commonwealth Value.

In this essay, we intend to analyze the process of accumulation of contemporary capitalism, in which the regime of valorization derive from the notion of "common" a "results of social production that are necessary for social interaction and further production, such as knowledges, languages, information affect, and so forth" (Hardt and Negri, 2009) and from its expropriation. When we deal with the concept of "common," the reference is made to a heterogeneous category. In this text we refer to two modalities of expression of the "common:" the digital common (section network value) and the common of social reproduction (section social reproduction value or the economy of the interiority and anthropomorphic capital). Regarding the first case study, the concept of "network value" is investigated and defined as a product of individual life in a relational context increasingly controlled and subsumed by the social media and big data industry. Regarding the second, we discuss how the activity of social reproduction of individuals is today central in the process of accumulation of the economy. "Social reproduction" is a useful concept to investigate what we call the "anthropomorphic capital," that is the capacity by the contemporary labor organizations to capture and make productive the essence of today's life and its complexity. In short, it transpires better and better how all activities are productive, i.e., accumulation generators. We observe the apparent paradox of a generalization of surplus value in the era of the decline of waged employment and with it a tension of capital contemporary to the general mortification of living labor. In fact, we note how capital claims to transform the human being into capital itself, explicitly assuming the whole of human existence as a field from which accumulation can be generated (human being, enterprise or human capital). This is what, at this point, we call anthropomorphic capital or the economy of interiority. In the last section, we report some results of an empirical research "Commonfare-Pie News," able to underline how life is more and more subsumed to the logic of capitalistic valorization, to the point that today we can speak not only of the subsumption of labor to capital but of a real life subsumption.

OWL Reasoning: Subsumption Test Hardness and Modularity.

Reasoning with SROIQ(D) , the logic that underpins the popular Web Ontology Language (OWL), has a high worst case complexity (N2Exptime). Decomposing the ontology into modules prior to classification, and then classifying the composites one-by-one, has been suggested as a way to mitigate this complexity in practice. Modular reasoning is currently motivated by the potential for reducing the hardness of subsumption tests, reducing the number of necessary subsumption tests and integrating efficient delegate reasoners. To date, we have only a limited idea of what we can expect from modularity as an optimisation technique. We present sound evidence that, while the impact of subsumption testing is significant only for a small number of ontologies across a popular collection of 330 ontologies (BioPortal), modularity has a generally positive effect on subsumption test hardness (2-fold mean reduction in our sample). More than 50% of the tests did not change in hardness at all, however, and we observed large differences across reasoners. We conclude (1) that, in general, optimisations targeting subsumption test hardness need to be well motivated because of their comparatively modest overall impact on classification time and (2) that employing modularity for optimisation should not be motivated by beneficial effects on subsumption test hardness alone.

Towards refactoring the Molecular Function Ontology with a UML profile for function modeling.

BACKGROUND: Gene Ontology (GO) is the largest resource for cataloging gene products. This resource grows steadily and, naturally, this growth raises issues regarding the structure of the ontology. Moreover, modeling and refactoring large ontologies such as GO is generally far from being simple, as a whole as well as when focusing on certain aspects or fragments. It seems that human-friendly graphical modeling languages such as the Unified Modeling Language (UML) could be helpful in connection with these tasks. RESULTS: We investigate the use of UML for making the structural organization of the Molecular Function Ontology (MFO), a sub-ontology of GO, more explicit. More precisely, we present a UML dialect, called the Function Modeling Language (FueL), which is suited for capturing functions in an ontologically founded way. FueL is equipped, among other features, with language elements that arise from studying patterns of subsumption between functions. We show how to use this UML dialect for capturing the structure of molecular functions. Furthermore, we propose and discuss some refactoring options concerning fragments of MFO. CONCLUSIONS: FueL enables the systematic, graphical representation of functions and their interrelations, including making information explicit that is currently either implicit in MFO or is mainly captured in textual descriptions. Moreover, the considered subsumption patterns lend themselves to the methodical analysis of refactoring options with respect to MFO. On this basis we argue that the approach can increase the comprehensibility of the structure of MFO for humans and can support communication, for example, during revision and further development.

Selective Modulation of the Pupil Light Reflex by Microstimulation of Prefrontal Cortex.

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to flexibly regulate sensorimotor responses, perhaps through modulating activity in other circuits. However, the scope of that control remains unknown: it remains unclear whether the PFC can modulate basic reflexes. One canonical example of a central reflex is the pupil light reflex (PLR): the automatic constriction of the pupil in response to luminance increments. Unlike pupil size, which depends on the interaction of multiple physiological and neuromodulatory influences, the PLR reflects the action of a simple brainstem circuit. However, emerging behavioral evidence suggests that the PLR may be modulated by cognitive processes. Although the neural basis of these modulations remains unknown, one possible source is the PFC, particularly the frontal eye field (FEF), an area of the PFC implicated in the control of attention. We show that microstimulation of the rhesus macaque FEF alters the magnitude of the PLR in a spatially specific manner. FEF microstimulation enhanced the PLR to probes presented within the stimulated visual field, but suppressed the PLR to probes at nonoverlapping locations. The spatial specificity of this effect parallels the effect of FEF stimulation on attention and suggests that FEF is capable of modulating visuomotor transformations performed at a lower level than was previously known. These results provide evidence of the selective regulation of a basic brainstem reflex by the PFC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The pupil light reflex (PLR) is our brain's first and most fundamental mechanism for light adaptation. Although it is often described in textbooks as being an immutable reflex, converging evidence suggests that the magnitude of the PLR is modulated by cognitive factors. The neural bases of these modulations are unknown. Here, we report that microstimulation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) modulates the gain of the PLR, changing how a simple reflex circuit responds to physically identical stimuli. These results suggest that control structures such as the PFC can add complexity and flexibility to even a basic brainstem circuit.