ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Wood-decay basidiomycetes are effective for the degradation of highly lignified and recalcitrant plant substrates. The degradation of lignocellulosic materials by brown-rot strains is carried out by carbohydrate-active enzymes and non-enzymatic Fenton mechanism. Differences in the lignocellulose catabolism among closely related brown rots are not completely understood. Here, a multi-omics approach provided a global understanding of the strategies employed by L. sulphureus ATCC 52600 for lignocellulose degradation. RESULTS: The genome of Laetiporus sulphureus ATCC 52600 was sequenced and phylogenomic analysis supported monophyletic clades for the Order Polyporales and classification of this species within the family Laetiporaceae. Additionally, the plasticity of its metabolism was revealed in growth analysis on mono- and disaccharides, and polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, and polygalacturonic acid. The response of this fungus to the presence of lignocellulosic substrates was analyzed by transcriptomics and proteomics and evidenced the occurrence of an integrated oxidative-hydrolytic metabolism. The transcriptomic profile in response to a short cultivation period on sugarcane bagasse revealed 125 upregulated transcripts, which included CAZymes (redox enzymes and hemicellulases) as well as non-CAZy redox enzymes and genes related to the synthesis of low-molecular-weight compounds. The exoproteome produced in response to extended cultivation time on Avicel, and steam-exploded sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane straw, and Eucalyptus revealed 112 proteins. Contrasting with the mainly oxidative profile observed in the transcriptome, the secretomes showed a diverse hydrolytic repertoire including constitutive cellulases and hemicellulases, in addition to 19 upregulated CAZymes. The secretome induced for 7 days on sugarcane bagasse, representative of the late response, was applied in the saccharification of hydrothermally pretreated grass (sugarcane straw) and softwood (pine) by supplementing a commercial cocktail. CONCLUSION: This study shows the singularity of L. sulphureus ATCC 52600 compared to other Polyporales brown rots, regarding the presence of cellobiohydrolase and peroxidase class II. The multi-omics analysis reinforces the oxidative-hydrolytic metabolism involved in lignocellulose deconstruction, providing insights into the overall mechanisms as well as specific proteins of each step.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Liquid vinasse (LV) has probiotic properties and low pH. It is fed to animals as a solution to the disposal problem of this by-product. Objective: To evaluate the effects of increasing dietary levels of LV on growing performance, egg quality and economic viability for Japanese quails. Methods: One hundred sixty Japanese quails were included in a randomized study with five dietary treatments and four replicates per treatment. The treatments consisted of adding 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, or 10% LV to a commercial quail feed for 84 d. Results: The LV inclusion resulted in a linear decrease in daily intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), gross energy, calcium, phosphorus, and in the feed conversion ratio. However, it resulted in a linear increase in egg-specific weight, eggshell weight, CP content in the DM, and a quadratic change in the ether extract content of the egg. The price per dozen eggs decreased linearly with the inclusion of LV. Conclusion: The best results were obtained by adding 10% LV, which made egg production more profitable.
Resumen Antecedentes: La vinaza líquida (LV) tiene propiedades probióticas y bajo pH, por lo que se ha utilizado como alimento para animales como una solución para el problema de la eliminación de este sub-producto. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos del aumento de los niveles de la LV en el desempeño productivo de la codorniz japonesa, la calidad interna y externa del huevo y la viabilidad económica de la utilización de este sub-producto. Métodos: Ciento sesenta codornices japonesas fueron incluidas en un estudio al azar con cinco tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones cada uno. Los tratamientos consistieron en la adición de 0, 2,5, 5, 7,5 o 10% de LV a un alimento comercial para codornices durante 84 d. Resultados: La inclusión de LV resultó en una disminución lineal en la ingestión diaria de materia seca (DM), proteína bruta (CP), energía bruta, calcio, fósforo, y en la tasa de conversión del alimento. Sin embargo, dio lugar a un aumento lineal en el peso específico del huevo, el peso de la cáscara, el contenido de CP en la DM y cuadráticamente alteró el contenido de extracto etéreo de los huevos. El precio de una docena de huevos disminuyó linealmente con la inclusión de LV. Conclusión: Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con un nivel de LV de 10%, que resultó en la producción de huevos más rentable.
Resumo Antecedentes: A vinhaça líquida (LV) tem propriedades probióticas e pH baixo, e tem sido utilizada como alimentos para animais; uma solução para o problema da eliminação deste co-produto. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de níveis crescentes de LV sobre o desempenho produtivo de codornas japonesas, qualidade interna e externa do ovo, e a viabilidade econômica da utilização deste coproduto. Métodos: cento e sessenta codornas japonesas foram utilizadas em delineamneto inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições cada um. Os tratamentos consistiram de adição 0, 2,5, 5, 7,5 ou 10% LV à ração comercial para codornas, durante 84 d. Resultados: A inclusão de LV resultou em uma redução linear no consumo diário de matéria seca (DM), proteína bruta (CP), energia bruta, cálcio, fósforo, e da taxa de conversão alimentar. No entanto, resultou em um aumento linear no peso específico do ovo, peso da casca e teor de CP na DM e alterou de forma quadrática o teor de extrato etéreo dos ovos. O preço da dúzia de ovos dimuniu linearmente com a inclusão de LV. Conclusão: Economicamente, os melhores resultados foram obtidos com o nível de 10% de LV, o que tornou a produção de ovos mais rentável.
