Theodor Kocher (1841-1917) and his outstanding contributions to surgery

Theodor Kocher (1841-1917), an exceptional Swiss surgeon who described a technique for the safe removal of enlarged thyroid unraveled the true function of this endocrine gland but also made significant contributions to many other fields of surgery. Kocher was the first surgeon awarded the Nobel prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1909 for his work on the physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland. He was professor and clinical director at Insel Hospital during 45 years. Kocher created the prominent Surgeon's School in Bern. He was the first president of the International Society of Surgery in 1903 and the founding president of the Swiss Society of Surgery in 1913.

Theodor Kocher (1841-1917), excepcional cirujano suizo que describió una técnica para la extirpación segura del agrandamiento del tiroides y desentrañó la verdadera función de esta glándula endocrina, pero también hizo importantes aportaciones a muchos otros campos de la cirugía. Kocher fue el primer cirujano galardonado con el premio Nobel de Fisiología y Medicina en 1909 por sus trabajos sobre la fisiología, patología y cirugía de la glándula tiroides. Fue profesor y director clínico del Hospital Insel durante 45 años. Kocher creó la destacada Escuela de Cirujanos de Berna. Fue el primer presidente de la Sociedad Internacional de Cirugía en 1903 y el presidente fundador de la Sociedad Suiza de Cirugía en 1913.

Spatial mismatch between wild bee diversity hotspots and protected areas.

Wild bees are critical for multiple ecosystem functions but are currently threatened. Understanding the determinants of the spatial distribution of wild bee diversity is a major research gap for their conservation. We modeled wild bee α and ß taxonomic and functional diversity in Switzerland to uncover countrywide diversity patterns and determine the extent to which they provide complementary information, assess the importance of the different drivers structuring wild bee diversity, identify hotspots of wild bee diversity, and determine the overlap between diversity hotspots and the network of protected areas. We used site-level occurrence and trait data from 547 wild bee species across 3343 plots and calculated community attributes, including taxonomic diversity metrics, community mean trait values, and functional diversity metrics. We modeled their distribution with predictors describing gradients of climate, resource availability (vegetation), and anthropogenic influence (i.e., land-use types and beekeeping intensity). Wild bee diversity changed along gradients of climate and resource availability; high-elevation areas had lower functional and taxonomic α diversity, and xeric areas harbored more diverse bee communities. Functional and taxonomic ß diversities diverged from this pattern, with high elevations hosting unique species and trait combinations. The proportion of diversity hotspots included in protected areas depended on the biodiversity facet, but most diversity hotspots occurred in unprotected land. Climate and resource availability gradients drove spatial patterns of wild bee diversity, resulting in lower overall diversity at higher elevations, but simultaneously greater taxonomic and functional uniqueness. This spatial mismatch among distinct biodiversity facets and the degree of overlap with protected areas is a challenge to wild bee conservation, especially in the face of global change, and calls for better integrating unprotected land. The application of spatial predictive models represents a valuable tool to aid the future development of protected areas and achieve wild bee conservation goals.

Desajuste espacial entre los puntos calientes de diversidad de abejas silvestres y las áreas protegidas Resumen Las abejas silvestres son de suma importancia para muchas funciones ecosistémicas, pero hoy en día se encuentran amenazadas. Conservarlas requiere de investigación para entender las determinantes de su distribución espacial. Modelamos la diversidad funcional y taxonómica α y ß de las abejas silvestres en Suiza para revelar los patrones de diversidad en el país y determinar el grado al que proporcionan información complementaria. También analizamos la importancia de los diferentes impulsores que estructuran la diversidad de las abejas silvestres, identificamos puntos calientes para su diversidad y determinamos el traslape entre estos puntos calientes y la red de áreas protegidas. Usamos datos de los rasgos y la existencia a nivel de sitio de 547 especies de abejas silvestres en 3343 parcelas y calculamos los atributos comunitarios, incluyendo las medidas de diversidad taxonómica, los valores medios de las características de la comunidad y las medidas de diversidad funcional. Modelamos la distribución de las especies de abejas con indicadores que describieron las gradientes climáticas, de disponibilidad de recursos (vegetación) y de influencia antropogénica (es decir, tipos de uso de suelo e intensidad de apicultura). La diversidad de abejas silvestres cambió junto con los gradientes climáticos y de disponibilidad de recursos; las áreas elevadas tuvieron una diversidad funcional y taxonómica α más baja y las áreas xerófilas albergaron comunidades de abejas más diversas. Las diversidades funcional y taxonómica ß difirieron de este patrón pues las áreas elevadas albergaron especies y combinaciones de características únicas. La proporción de los puntos calientes de diversidad incluidos en las áreas protegidas dependieron de la faceta de la biodiversidad, aunque la mayoría de los puntos calientes se ubicaron en suelo no protegido. Los gradientes climáticos y de disponibilidad de recursos fueron factores en los patrones espaciales de la diversidad de abejas silvestres, lo que resultó en una diversidad general más baja en las áreas elevadas, pero a la vez con una mayor singularidad taxonómica y funcional. Este desfase espacial entre las diferentes facetas de la biodiversidad y el traslape con las áreas protegidas es un reto para la conservación de las abejas silvestres, especialmente de cara al cambio global, y requiere de una mejor integración del suelo no protegido. La aplicación de los modelos espaciales predictivos es una herramienta importante de apoyo para el desarrollo de áreas protegidas en el futuro y para lograr los objetivos de conservación de las abejas silvestres.

Nuevo escenario en el ámbito de los productossanitarios en la Unión Europea: Suiza y Reino Unido se convierten en terceros países / New scenario in the field of medical devices in the European Union: Switzerland and the United Kingdom become third countries

Objetivo: Comparar las medidas que se han tomado por parte dela Unión Europea, Suiza y Reino Unido para mantener la continuidadde mercado cumpliendo con los requisitos regulatorios del Reglamento 745/2017 de Productos Sanitarios.Método: Para realizar este trabajo se han revisado las webs oficialesde la Comisión Europea, la Agencia Española del Medicamento y Productos Sanitarios, la Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products y la Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency del Reino Unido y se hanrealizado búsquedas bibliográficas en PubMed y en internet (Google)con términos como “withdrawal Mutual Recognition Agreement of certificates of conformity European Union Switzerland medical devices, newregulation medical devices UK” y similares para un periodo comprendidoentre enero de 2020 y diciembre de 2021.Resultados: Como resultado del cese del marco legal que sosteníael libre comercio entre Suiza y Reino Unido de la Unión Europea, ladistribución de productos sanitarios se ha convertido en una importación,teniendo que cumplir con los requisitos legales pertinentes. Los distribuidores han pasado a ser importadores, y las declaraciones de conformidady certificados de Conformidad Europea han perdido su validez. Además,los Organismos Notificados ya no son reconocidos por la Comisión Europea. En consecuencia, Suiza, Reino Unido y la Unión Europea han tenidoque conceder periodos de gracia para permitir a las agencias reguladoras y operadores económicos adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones. (AU)

Objective: To compare the measures taken by the European Union, Switzerland and the United Kingdom to ensure the continuity of the medicaldevices market, complying with the requirements of Regulation 2017/745.Method: To carry out this work, a review was made of the official websites of the European Commission, the Spanish Agency for Medicines andHealth Products, the Swiss Agency for Therapeutic Products and the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency of the United Kingdom.Bibliographic searches were also conducted on Pubmed and the internet(Google), using terms such as “withdrawal of the Mutual Recognition Agreement of Swiss European Union medical device conformity certificates,new UK medical device regulation”, for a period extending from January2020 to December 2021.Results: As a result of the disappearance of the legal framework thatsupported free trade between Switzerland, the United Kingdom and theEuropean Union, products that used to be unrestrictedly distributed inEurope have become imports having to comply with the relevant legalrequirements. Distributors for their part have become importers, and declarations of conformity and CE certificates have lost their validity. Furthermore, notified bodies from Switzerland and the United Kingdom are nolonger recognized by the European Commission. Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the European Union have had to grant grace periods toallow regulatory agencies and economic operators to adapt to the newsituation. (AU)

Salud integral y migración: abordaje transcultural del Proceso Enfermero en un caso clínico del Programa de Salud Migratoria de Ginebra, Suiza / Integral Health and Migration: cross cultural approach of the Nursing Process in a clinical case of the Migratory Health Program of Geneva, Switzerland / Saúde integral e migração: abordagem intercultural do Processo de Enfermagem em um caso clínico do Programa de Saúde Migradora de Genebra, Suíça

Resumen: La ola migratoria que se inició en Europa en 2015 alteró notablemente la relativa estabilidad política y social asentada desde hacía más de una década en el continente. El aumento inesperado de la cantidad de refugiados y solicitantes de asilo y su procedencia extra europea, sus diferencias culturales y lingüísticas y los motivos trágicos de su exilio, no podían sino plantear nuevos y urgentes retos en cuanto a su integración y atención socio sanitaria en los Estados de destino. Suiza recibió entre 2011 y 2016 más de 140.000 solicitudes de asilo y 2015 fue el año de mayor afluencia con casi 40.000 solicitudes, contra poco más de 27.000 en 2016. El 5,6% del total nacional fue asignado al Cantón de Ginebra, donde todo individuo relacionado con el trámite de asilo es asistido por programas de atención socio sanitaria públicos y específicos, que garantizan su accesibilidad a todos los servicios de salud. El objetivo es, a través del Modelo Transcultural de los Cuidados Enfermeros, poner de manifiesto aspectos relevantes de la atención sanitaria de solicitantes de asilo. Este trabajo se presenta como un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal y se basa en el Proceso Enfermero de un caso clínico, realizado en el Programa de Salud Migratoria de Ginebra, en enero de 2017

Abstract: The migratory wave that began in Europe in 2015 markedly modified the relative political and social stability that had been established in the continent for more than a decade. The abrupt increase in the number of refugees and asylum seekers and their extra-European origin, their cultural and linguistic differences and the tragic reasons of their exile, could not but raise new and urgent challenges in terms of their integration and socio-health care in the States of destination. Switzerland received more than 140,000 asylum applications between 2011 and 2016 and 2015 was the year of greatest influx with almost 40,000 applications, versus just over 27,000 in 2016. 5.6% of the country´s total was allocated to the canton of Geneva, in which specific health care programs assisted them. This work is based on the Nursing Process of a clinical case carried out in the Migratory Health Program of the Canton of Geneva, in January 2017. The objective is, through the Cross-Cultural Model of Nursing Care, to highlight aspects of care health of asylum seekers and identify the impact of the cross-cultural approach in the Health Process of this population

Resumo: A onda migratória que começou na Europa em 2015 modificou marcadamente a relativa estabilidade política e social que havia sido estabelecida no continente por mais de uma década. O aumento abrupto do número de refugiados e requerentes de asilo e a sua origem extra-europeia, as suas diferenças culturais e linguísticas e as trágicas razões do seu exílio não poderiam deixar de criar desafios novos e urgentes em termos de integração e cuidados sócio-sanitários em os Estados de destino. A Suíça recebeu mais de 140 mil pedidos de asilo entre 2011 e 2016 e 2015 foi o ano do maior afluxo com quase 40 mil pedidos, contra pouco mais de 27 mil em 2016. Foram atribuídos 5,6% do total do país ao cantão de Genebra, em que específicos Os programas de cuidados de saúde os assistiram. Este trabalho baseia-se no Processo de Enfermagem de um caso clínico realizado no Programa de Saúde Migratório do Cantão de Genebra, em janeiro de 2017. O objetivo é, através do Modelo Transcultural de Cuidados de Enfermagem, destacar aspectos da saúde do cuidado de requerentes de asilo e identificar o impacto da abordagem transcultural no Processo de Saúde desta população

Selection of multiple umbrella species for functional and taxonomic diversity to represent urban biodiversity.

Surrogates, such as umbrella species, are commonly used to reduce the complexity of quantifying biodiversity for conservation purposes. The presence of umbrella species is often indicative of high taxonomic diversity; however, functional diversity is now recognized as an important metric for biodiversity and thus should be considered when choosing umbrella species. We identified umbrella species associated with high taxonomic and functional biodiversity in urban areas in Switzerland. We analyzed 39,752 individuals of 574 animal species from 96 study plots and 1397 presences of 262 plant species from 58 plots. Thirty-one biodiversity measures of 7 taxonomic groups (plants, spiders, bees, ground beetles, lady bugs, weevils and birds) were included in within- and across-taxa analyses. Sixteen measures were taxonomical (species richness and species diversity), whereas 15 were functional (species traits including mobility, resource use, and reproduction). We used indicator value analysis to identify umbrella species associated with single or multiple biodiversity measures. Many umbrella species were indicators of high biodiversity within their own taxonomic group (from 33.3% in weevils to 93.8% in birds), to a lesser extent they were indicators across taxa. Principal component analysis revealed that umbrella species for multiple measures of biodiversity represented different aspects of biodiversity, especially with respect to measures of taxonomic and functional diversity. Thus, even umbrella species for multiple measures of biodiversity were complementary in the biodiversity aspects they represented. Thus, the choice of umbrella species based solely on taxonomic diversity is questionable and may not represent biodiversity comprehensively. Our results suggest that, depending on conservation priorities, managers should choose multiple and complementary umbrella species to assess the state of biodiversity.

Futebol e "imaginário nacional" helvético (1920-1942): os jogos Suíça-Alemanha no entreguerras vistos pela imprensa suíça francófona / The soccer and the helvetian national Imaginary (1920-1942): Switzerland against Germany between the wars, by the francophone swiss press / Fútbol y "imaginario nacional" helvético (1920-1942): los juegos Suiza-Alemania entre las guerras, según la prensa suiza francófona

Nosso objetivo é procurar circunscrever o processo de construção de representações nacionais helvéticas por meio de uma sucessão de eventos esportivos: as partidas de futebol entre os times nacionais suíços e alemães entre 1920 e 1942. Os elementos destacados testemunham a celebração de um imaginário nacional helvético. Neutros, unidos, indomáveis, homogêneos, os jogadores de futebol suíços são a parte em movimento de um imaginário nacional, definindo-se diante de um Outro, alemão. E, se os resultados não são sempre favoráveis, a caracterização nacional, que se coloca igualmente nos relatos dos defeitos helvéticos, permite-nos afirmar o caráter perene dessas representações.

Our ambition is to try to circumscribe the construction process of some Swiss national representations, through a succession of major sporting events: football matches between national teams Swiss and German between 1920 and 1942. The elements highlighted emphasize the celebration of a Swiss imagined communities. Neutral, united, fierce, homogeneous, the Swiss football players are the moving portion of an Imagined communities, constantly redefining itself toward an Other German. And if the results are not always favorable, national characterization operating also in the Swiss accounts of defeats, allows us to affirm the sustainable nature of these representations.

Nuestro objetivo es procurar circunscribir el proceso de construcción de representaciones nacionales helvéticas por medio de una serie de eventos deportivos: los partidos de fútbol entre los equipos nacionales suizos y alemanes entre 1920 y 1942. Los elementos destacados testimonian la celebración de un imaginario social helvético. Neutrales, unidos, indomables, homogéneos, los futbolistas suizos son la parte en movimiento de un imaginario nacional, definiéndose frente al Otro alemán. Si los resultados no siempre son favorables, la caracterización nacional, que se pone igualmente en los relatos de los defectos helvéticos, nos permite afirmar el carácter perenne de esas representaciones.