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1.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38428580

ABSTRACT

Atrial fibrillation (AF) causes progressive structural and electrical changes in the atria that can be summarized within the general concept of atrial remodeling. In parallel, other clinical characteristics and comorbidities may also affect atrial tissue properties and make the atria susceptible to AF initiation and its long-term persistence. Overall, pathological atrial changes lead to atrial cardiomyopathy with important implications for rhythm control. Although there is general agreement on the role of the atrial substrate for successful rhythm control in AF, the current classification oversimplifies clinical management. The classification uses temporal criteria and does not establish a well-defined strategy to characterize the individual-specific degree of atrial cardiomyopathy. Better characterization of atrial cardiomyopathy may improve the decision-making process on the most appropriate therapeutic option. We review current scientific evidence and propose a practical characterization of the atrial substrate based on 3 evaluation steps starting with a clinical evaluation (step 1), then assess outpatient complementary data (step 2), and finally include information from advanced diagnostic tools (step 3). The information from each of the steps or a combination thereof can be used to classify AF patients in 4 stages of atrial cardiomyopathy, which we also use to estimate the success on effective rhythm control.

2.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 50(6)dic. 2023.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1550796

ABSTRACT

Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate glucose metabolism (GM) in skeletal muscle by improving the translocation of GLUT4. Antioxidant supplementation could block this physiological effect, altering glucose signaling during exercise. However, there is limited evidence in humans on whether antioxidant intake affects GM. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of an antioxidant cocktail (AOC) on GM at rest and during metabolic challenges. Methods: Ten healthy male subjects received AOC supplementation (1000 mg of Vitamin C, 600 IU of Vitamin E, and 600 mg of α-lipoic acid) or placebo (2.000 mg of talc) before two trials conducted 7 days apart. Trial 1: AOC 120 and 90 minutes before an endurance exercise (EEX) bout at 60 % of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max); Trial 2: AOC 120 and 90 minutes before an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 75 g glucose). Measurements of gas exchange and capillary blood samples were collected every 15 minutes during both trials. Results: AOC supplementation increased resting glucose levels (p<0.05). During Trial 1 (EEX), the AOC increased carbohydrate oxidation (CHOox) (p= 0.03), without effect in glucose blood levels. During Trial 2 (OGTT), the AOC supplementation had no significant effect on GM parameters. Conclusion: Acute supplementation with AOC increased resting glucose levels and CHOox during EEX in healthy subjects, with no effect on GM during the OGTT.


Antecedentes: Las especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS) regulan el metabolismo de la glucosa (GM) en el músculo esquelético al mejorar la translocación de GLUT4. La suplementación con antioxidantes podría bloquear este efecto fisiológico, alterando la señalización de la glucosa durante el ejercicio. Sin embargo, existe evidencia limitada en humanos sobre si la ingesta de antioxidantes afecta el GM. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo fue determinar el efecto de un cóctel de antioxidantes (AOC) en el GM en reposo y durante desafíos metabólicos. Métodos: Sujetos sanos (sexo masculino; n= 10) recibieron suplementos de AOC (1.000 mg de vitamina C, 600 UI de vitamina E y 600 mg de ácido α-lipoico) o placebo (2.000 mg de talco) previo a dos pruebas realizadas con 7 días de diferencia. Prueba 1: AOC 120 y 90 minutos antes de una serie de ejercicio de resistencia (EEX) al 60% del consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max); prueba 2: AOC 120 y 90 minutos antes de una prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa (OGTT; 75 g de glucosa). Se obtuvieron datos de intercambio de gaseoso y muestras de sangre capilar cada 15 minutos durante ambas pruebas. Resultados: la suplementación con AOC aumentó los niveles de glucosa en reposo (p<0,05). Durante la prueba 1 (EEX), el AOC aumentó la oxidación de carbohidratos (CHOox) (p= 0,03), sin efecto en los niveles de glucosa en sangre. Durante la prueba 2 (OGTT), la suplementación con AOC no tuvo un efecto significativo en los parámetros de GM. Conclusión: Una suplementación aguda con AOC aumentó los niveles de glucosa en reposo y la CHOox durante EEX en sujetos sanos, sin efecto sobre el GM durante la OGTT.

3.
Rev. tecnol. (St. Tecla, En línea) ; (15): 27-30, ene.-dic. 2022. tab.^c28 cm.
Article in Spanish | BISSAL, LILACS | ID: biblio-1412635

ABSTRACT

En el beneficiado del cacao se producen una gran cantidad de residuos, las mazorcas generalmente son desechadas dentro de los mismos cultivos y genera problemáticas como la proliferación de insectos y microorganismos patógenos. De estos desechos las cáscaras son las de mayor relevancia. La Escuela de Ingeniería Química de ITCA-FEPADE evaluó añadirle valor a este subproducto, incorporando desechos de cáscara de cacao en la formulación de un sustrato para el cultivo de plántulas de hortalizas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue obtener un sustrato orgánico que sirva de soporte material y nutritivo a partir de cáscaras de cacao criollo. La biomasa vegetal se caracterizó teniendo en cuenta parámetros como el porcentaje de humedad, pH, porcentaje de cenizas, contenido de potasio, nitrógeno y fósforo. Se ejecutaron pruebas comparativas de formulación del sustrato, siembra, cultivo y crecimiento de las plántulas de hortalizas de tomate y pepino, obteniendo como resultado la fórmula óptima de un sustrato y abono orgánico y el mejor medio de desarrollo. De los resultados obtenidos se concluye que, a partir de un adecuado procesamiento y aprovechamiento de las cáscaras de cacao, se puede transformar este desecho en un producto biomaterial alternativo que genera una opción de bioprospección agroindustrial. Los valores obtenidos en la caracterización fisicoquímica de las cáscaras de las mazorcas, dependen de condiciones como el tipo de suelo, variables agrometeorológicas, calidad de agua, abono y especie de la planta de cacao. El escenario de siembra condiciona el desarrollo óptimo de las plántulas; los factores como requerimiento de agua, distribución de nutrientes y estabilidad de las plántulas, se ven afectados por la relación del espacio de germinación. Como resultado de la caracterización fisicoquímica, se obtuvo: pH de 5.7, cenizas 18.83%, humedad 73.56%, celulosa 21.39%, lignina 39.81%, nitrógeno total 0.02%, fósforo total 0.02% y ausencia de potasio.


In the cacao beneficiation, a large amount of waste is produced, generally, the cacao pods are discarded within the same crops and generate problems such as the proliferation of insects and pathogenic microorganisms. The shell are the most relevant this waste. In Escuela de Ingeniería Química of ITCA-FEPADE the incorporation of cacao shell waste in the formulation of a substrate for growing vegetables was evaluated because the giving benefit to these by-products. The objective of this research was to obtain a substrate that serves as material and nutritional support for vegetable seedlings, from creole cacao shells. The vegetal biomass was characterized taking into account parameters such as moisture percentage, pH, ash percentage, potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus content. Subsequently, comparative tests of formulation, planting and growth of vegetable tomato and cucumber seedlings were carry out, obtaining as result, the optimal formula for the substrate and the best development environment. It concludes that, through an adequate processing and use of the cacao shell, it is possible to transform a waste into an alternative biomaterial product that generates an agro industrial bioprospecting option. The values obtained in the physicochemical characterization of the shells of cacao pods depend on conditions such as soil type, agrometeorological variables, water quality, fertilizer and cacao plant species. The planting environment determines the optimal development of the seedlings, factors such as water requirement, nutrient distribution and seedling stability seems affected because relation of the germination space. The results of the characterization were a pH of 5.7, ashes 18.83%, humidity 73.56%, cellulose 21.39%, lignin 39.81%, total nitrogen 0.02%, total phosphorus 0.02%, and total phosphorus 0.02% and an absence of potassium.


Subject(s)
Cacao/chemistry , Composting/methods , Garbage , Waste Products , Nutrients , Fertilizers , Bioprospecting
4.
Rev. clín. esp. (Ed. impr.) ; 222(9): 529-542, nov. 2022. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-212052

ABSTRACT

Revisión de la evidencia científica sobre el tratamiento oral de pacientes adultos con enfermedad de Gaucher tipo 1 (EG1), con formato de guía clínica, según la normativa Agree II. Se describen las principales diferencias entre los 2 tratamientos orales disponibles actualmente para el tratamiento de esta entidad (miglustat y eliglustat).En esta revisión se recuerda que los criterios para iniciar el tratamiento oral en los pacientes con EG1 deben valorarse de forma individualizada. Si bien miglustat y eliglustat son inhibidores de la enzima glucosilceramida sintetasa, los 2 presentan diferentes mecanismos de acción y propiedades farmacológicas y nunca se deben considerar como equivalentes. Miglustat está indicado en pacientes con EG1 no grave que no pueden recibir otro tratamiento de primera línea, mientras que eliglustat está indicado en pacientes con EG1 con cualquier gravedad, en primera línea y sin necesidad de estabilización previa con tratamiento de reemplazo enzimático. Es importante enfatizar que para iniciar tratamiento con eliglustat debemos conocer el fenotipo metabólico CYP2D6 y que su asociación con fármacos metabolizados a través de los citocromos CYP2D6 y CYP3A4 –o bien que utilicen la glucoproteína P– se debe evaluar individualmente. Durante el embarazo se debe evitar el uso de eliglustat, pudiéndose emplear únicamente el tratamiento de reemplazo enzimático. A diferencia de miglustat, cuyos efectos adversos han limitado su utilización, eliglustat no solo ha demostrado una eficacia similar a la del tratamiento de reemplazo enzimático, sino que ha demostrado mejoría en la calidad de vida de los pacientes EG1. (AU)


This work is a review of the scientific evidence on the oral treatment of adult patients with Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1) with a clinical guideline format according to the Agree II regulations. It describes the main differences between the 2 oral treatments currently available for treating this disease (miglustat and eliglustat).This review reminds us that the criteria for starting oral treatment in patients with GD1 must be assessed individually. Although miglustat and eliglustat are both glucosylceramide synthase enzyme inhibitors, they have different mechanisms of action and pharmacological properties and should never be considered equivalent. Miglustat is indicated in patients with non-severe GD1 who cannot receive other first-line treatments, while eliglustat is indicated as first-line treatment for patients with GD1 of any severity without the need for prior stabilization with enzyme replacement therapy. It is important to emphasize that in order to start treatment with eliglustat, we must know the CYP2D6 metabolic phenotype and its association with drugs metabolized through the CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 cytochromes –or alternatively those that use P-Glycoprotein– must be evaluated on an individual basis. During pregnancy, the use of eliglustat should be avoided; only enzyme replacement therapy can be used. Unlike miglustat, whose adverse effects have limited its use, eliglustat has not only demonstrated similar efficacy to enzyme replacement therapy but has also been shown to improve the quality of life of patients with GD1. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Gaucher Disease/drug therapy , Administration, Oral , Severity of Illness Index
5.
Rev Clin Esp (Barc) ; 2022 Jun 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35676195

ABSTRACT

This work is a review of the scientific evidence on the oral treatment of adult patients with Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1) with a clinical guideline format according to the Agree II regulations. It describes the main differences between the two oral treatments currently available for treating this disease (miglustat and eliglustat). This review reminds us that the criteria for starting oral treatment in patients with GD1 must be assessed individually. Although miglustat and eliglustat are both glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) enzyme inhibitors, they have different mechanisms of action and pharmacological properties and should never be considered equivalent. Miglustat is indicated in patients with non-severe GD1 who cannot receive other first-line treatments, while eliglustat is indicated as first-line treatment for patients with GD1 of any severity without the need for prior stabilization with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). It is important to emphasize that in order to start treatment with eliglustat, we must know the CYP2D6 metabolic phenotype and its association with drugs metabolized through the CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 cytochromes-or alternatively those that use P-Glycoprotein must be evaluated on an individual basis. During pregnancy, the use of eliglustat should be avoided; only ERT can be used. Unlike miglustat, whose adverse effects have limited its use, eliglustat has not only demonstrated similar efficacy to ERT but has also been shown to improve the quality of life of patients with GD1.

6.
Rev. bras. med. esporte ; 28(1): 53-55, Jan.-Mar. 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1357115

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Introduction: High-intensity Intermittent Training (HIIT) ranked first in the ACSM "2013 Global Training Methodology Survey". Objective: To explore the influence of different speed training intervals on athlete reaction speed. Methods: Sixteen male bicycle athletes were randomly divided into two groups. The two groups then completed a six-week training routine (NT). The two groups then completed a six-week training routine , started 6 weeks of Sprint Interval Training (SIT) (a total of 12 lessons), with SIT instead of Normal Training (NT) live endurance training, and another training remains unchanged. Results: After 6 weeks of NT, Pmax GXT in the CG and DG groups decreased by 0.7% and 1.7%, respectively,as compared to the pre-training numbers. The difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). And after 6 weeks of SIT, Pmax GXT increased significantly (P<0.05) in both experimental groupss,with increases of 9.2% and 10.2% for the CG and DG groups, respectively. Conclusions: The results show that intermittent training can effectively improve the aerobic metabolism of short-haul cyclists. As the power bicycle load and the training intensity and volume of the deceleration intermittent training program increase, the more significant the changes in aerobic capacity that can result in adaptability. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.


RESUMO Introdução: Treinamento intermitente de alta intensidade (HIIT) classificado em primeiro lugar na ACSM "2013 Global Training Methodology Survey". Objetivo: Explorar a influência de diferentes intervalos de treinamento de velocidade na velocidade de reação do atleta. Métodos: Dezesseis ciclistas do sexo masculino foram divididos randomicamente em dois grupos. Os dois grupos completaram uma rotina de treinamento de seis semanas (NT), começaram 6 semanas de SIT (total de 12 aulas), com SIT em vez de treinamento de resistência ao vivo NT, e outro treinamento permanece inalterado. Resultados: Depois 6 semanas de NT, o GXT da Pmáx nos grupos GC e GD diminuiu 0,7% e 1,7%, respectivamente, em comparação com os valores pré-treinamento. A diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa (P > 0,05). Depois de 6 semanas de SIT, o GXT da Pmáx aumentou significativamente (P < 0,05) em ambos os grupos experimentais, com aumentos de 9,2% e 10,2% para os grupos GC e GD, respectivamente. Conclusões: Os resultados mostram que o treinamento intermitente pode melhorar efetivamente o metabolismo aeróbico de ciclistas de curta distância. À medida que a carga da bicicleta motorizada e a intensidade e volume do treinamento do programa intermitente de desaceleração aumentam, mais significativas são as mudanças da capacidade aeróbica que podem resultar em adaptabilidade. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.


RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad (HIIT) ocupó el primer lugar en la ACSM "2013 Global Training Methodology Survey". Objetivo: Explorar la influencia de diferentes intervalos de entrenamiento de velocidad en la velocidad de reacción de los atletas. Métodos: Dieciséis ciclistas masculinos fueron divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos. Ambos grupos llevaron a cabo una rutina de entrenamiento de seis semanas (NT), iniciaron 6 semanas de SIT (total 12 clases), con SIT en lugar de entrenamiento de resistencia en vivo NT, y el resto del entrenamiento permanece sin modificaciones. Resultados: Tras 6 semanas de TN, el GXT de Pmáx en los grupos GC y GD disminuyó un 0,7% y un 1,7%, respectivamente, en comparación con los valores previos al entrenamiento. La diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (P > 0,05). Tras 6 semanas de SIT, el GXT de Pmáx aumentó significativamente (P < 0,05) en ambos grupos experimentales, con incrementos del 9,2% y del 10,2% para los grupos GC y GD, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los resultados demuestran que el entrenamiento de intervalos puede mejorar eficazmente el metabolismo aeróbico de ciclistas de corta distancia. A medida que aumenta la carga de la bicicleta motorizada y la intensidad y el volumen de entrenamiento del programa de desaceleración intermitente, más significativos son los cambios en la capacidad aeróbica que pueden dar lugar a la adaptabilidad. Nivel de Evidencia II;Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

7.
Rev. peru. biol. (Impr.) ; 28(1): e19745, Jan-Mar 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1289886

ABSTRACT

Abstract Species lists available from floristic and phytosociological studies contain important information about species distributions that are useful for making biogeographical inferences and even to evaluate conservation status of species and ecosystems. In the case of the Caatinga, this information may contribute to challenging the pre-established idea that it is a homogeneous vegetation unit. The strong relation between the substrate and the plant assemblages of the Caatinga may characterise different types of vegetation. In this way, the objective of the present study is to evaluate whether differences in the distribution of Cactaceae relate to distinctive types of substrate (sedimentary and crystalline) as much in terms of floristic richness as species density. Concomitantly, we evaluated the conservation status of the Caatinga areas studied. To obtain the data, we undertook a bibliographic revision of floristic and phytosociological studies in the Caatinga and constructed a similarity matrix using the selected floristic studies in order to evaluate the relation among different areas of Caatinga. We found that 48 areas included Cactaceae species; 33 species distributed in 14 genera were recorded. Among these taxa, Cereus jamacaru was the species that presented the largest number of occurrences, appearing in 17 areas, followed by Pilosocereus gounellei (=Xiquexique gounellei), found in 11 studies, and Tacinga inamoena in 10. The grouping analysis resulted in the formation of 10 groups, with a remarkable relationship between species and soil type. There were differences in both the diversity and density of species related with the degree of conservation of the Caatinga, noticeable from the direct relationship between conservation and richness and, indirectly, between density and number of species.


Resumen Las listas de especies presentadas en trabajos florísticos o fitosociológicos proporcionan importante información sobre distribución, útil para realizar inferencias biogeográficas y evaluar el estado de conservación de especies o incluso de ecosistemas. En el caso de los bosques secos del nordeste de Brasil, conocidos como Caatinga, el análisis de esas listas puede contribuir para confrontar ideas previamente establecidas sobre la homogeneidad de esa unidad de vegetación. La fuerte relación entre el sustrato y los ensambles de plantas de la Caatinga pueden caracterizar distintos tipos de vegetación. Es así como, el objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar sí la distribución de Cactaceae está relacionada con los tipos de sustrato (sedimentar y cristalino), sea con la riqueza florística o la densidad de las especies. Al mismo tiempo, evaluamos el estado de conservación de las áreas estudiadas de la Caatinga. Los datos fueron obtenidos a partir de revisiones bibliográficas, de estudios de florística y fitosociología en la Caatinga. Para evaluar las distintas áreas, con los estudios florísticos seleccionados se preparó una matriz de similaridad. Se encontró que, 48 áreas tenían especies de Cactaceae; 33 especies distribuidas en 14 géneros fueron listadas. Cereus jamacaru fue la especie con el mayor número de puntos en 17 áreas, seguido por Pilosocereus gounellei (=Xiquexique gounellei), encontrado en 11 estudios y Tacinga inamoena, en 10. El análisis resultó en la formación de 10 grupos con fuertes relaciones entre especies y tipos de sustratos. También, encontramos diferencias en diversidad de especies en relación con el estado de conservación de la Caatinga, notable por las relaciones directas entre conservación y riqueza de especies, e indirectas entre densidad y número de especies.

8.
Rev. biol. trop ; 68mar. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1507634

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La distribución de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos en los ríos puede estar determinada por el tipo del sustrato, la forma del canal del río, el régimen hidrológico y las interacciones con factores bióticos y abióticos. En Costa Rica se desconoce en gran parte de los ríos, las variaciones en la distribución de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos producto de las transiciones y consecuentes variaciones en características fisicoquímicas e hidrológicas. Objetivos : 1) Estudiar el cambio del ensamblaje de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en dos sitios dentro del cauce del Río Naranjo, durante los cuatro periodos hidrológicos del año; 2) determinar la relación entre las variables fisicoquímicas, sustrato y el caudal con el ensamblaje. Metodología: El estudio se realizó en el Río Naranjo, Costa Rica, en dos sitios de muestreo durante un año, evaluando los cuatro periodos hidrológicos del año. En cada sitio de muestreo se obtuvieron valores de velocidad y profundidad del agua, caudal, oxígeno disuelto, pH, conductividad, sulfatos, amonio, nitrato, silicatos, fosfatos y sustrato, y se obtuvo una muestra de macroinvertebrados acuáticos por cada tipo de microhábitat determinado por la velocidad del agua. Se realizó una prueba PERMANOVA de dos vías, para determinar si existe una diferencia entre la abundancia de macroinvertebrados acuáticos, por periodo y entre sitios. Se hizo un análisis de correspondencia canónica para observar la relación entre los macroinvertebrados acuáticos y los factores ambientales. Por último, se realizó una prueba de Spearman para determinar la relación positiva o negativa de las variables con los macroinvertebrados Resultados: Hubo una mayor abundancia durante la estación seca, mientras que durante la transición de la estación seca a la lluviosa se registró la menor abundancia de organismos. El ACC indicó que el primer eje presentó una relación positiva con el sustrato limo y arena, y una relación negativa para las variables velocidad de corriente y sustrato rocoso. El segundo eje presentó una relación positiva con el caudal y los nitratos, y negativa para el sustrato canto rodado. La mayoría de los organismos mostraron una respuesta negativa al aumento del flujo y los nitratos. Discusión: Conforme aumenta el caudal, aumenta la velocidad del agua y no todos los organismos registrados en el Río Naranjo cuentan con características para sobrevivir a estas condiciones. Además, la profundidad también aumenta junto con la fuerza de arrastre, provocando el movimiento de los sustratos de menor tamaño y una remoción de organismos. El aumento de nitratos puede generar una disminución de los organismos más sensibles como Plecoptera y Ephemeroptera. A pesar de las variaciones fisicoquímicas y de caudal registradas en el Río Naranjo, éstas no fueron lo suficientemente fuertes como para variar el ensamblaje de macroinvertebrados acuáticos, por lo que la cuenca por el momento no cuenta con factores estresantes que elimine organismos durante uno o varios meses del año.


Introduction: The distribution of aquatic macroinvertebrates in rivers may be determined by the type of substrate, the shape of the river channel, the hydrological regime, and interactions with biotic and abiotic factors. Variations in the distribution of aquatic macroinvertebrates due to transitions and variations in physicochemical and hydrological characteristics are unknown in most rivers. Objectives: 1) to study the change in the aquatic macroinvertebrates assemblages in two sites in Naranjo River, during the four hydrological seasons; 2) to determine the relationship between the physicochemical variables, substrate and flow with the assemblages. Methodology: The study was conducted in the Naranjo River, Costa Rica, at two sampling sites during one year, evaluating the four seasons of the year. In each station we measure, values of water velocity and depth, flow rate, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, sulfates, ammonium, nitrate, silicates, phosphates, and substrate were obtained, and a sample of aquatic macroinvertebrates was obtained for each type of microhabitat determined by water velocity. Two-way PERMANOVA was made to determine if there is a difference among aquatic macroinvertebrate abundance, per period and between sites. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to observe the relationship between aquatic macroinvertebrates and environmental factors. Finally, a Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was performed to determine the positive or negative relationship of variables with macroinvertebrates. Results: There was a greater abundance during the dry season, while during the transition from dry to the rainy season, the lowest abundance of organisms was recorded. The CCA indicates that the first axis presented a positive relationship with the silt and sand substrate and a negative relationship for the current velocity and rock substrate variables. The second axis showed a positive relationship with flow and nitrates and negative for the pebble substrate. Most organisms showed a negative response to increased flow and nitrates. Discussion: As flow increases, current velocity increases, and not all organisms recorded in the Naranjo River have the characteristics to survive these conditions. In addition, the depth also increases along with the drag force, causing movement of smaller substrates and removal of organisms. Increased nitrates can lead to a decrease in more sensitive organisms, such as Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera. In spite of the physicochemical and flow variations registered in the Naranjo River, these were not strong enough to vary the assemblages of aquatic macroinvertebrates, so the basin does not have stressful factors that eliminate organisms during one or several months of the year.

9.
Rev. biol. trop ; 67oct. 2019.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1507471

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Rhodoliths are biogenic structures distributed worldwide, formed by several types of calcareous algae. They may host a great diversity of marine invertebrates, among which polychaetes are conspicuous and diversified representatives. Rhodolith beds are notwithstanding vulnerable to several human activities (e.g. exploitation of commercial species associated with rhodoliths, petroleum exploration, fishing activities, effluent discharges, and tourism), which may compromise that diversity. Tourism is presently increasing its impact on rhodolith beds. Global warming and ocean acidification are also determinant factors in faunal change. Objective: to analyse the polychaete assemblages associated with rhodolith beds subject to different intensities of touristic pressure at Seixas Beach (NE Brazil), where tourism is gradually increasing over time. Methods: Effects were evaluated at two depths, 1.5 m and 4.0 m. Sampling was done every two months during 2015, encompassing the two marked seasons of the year in the region (rainy and dry). Quadrats of 15 x 15 cm were placed in each depth during sampling. All rhodoliths present within the quadrat were collected (usually four to five rhodoliths). Our hypothesis was that the deeper depth and the samples from the dry season months would be increasingly subject to the impact of tourism. Results: Overall, 49 species were found (from 21 different families), and a total of 733 individuals were collected. The most abundant species was Eunice wasinensis (280 individuals, 38.2% of total abundance). The species Eurythoe complanata, Eunice biannulata, E. wasinensis, Lysidice ninetta, Oxydromus pugettensis and Ceratonereis (Ceratonereis) singularis appeared in all months. The study detected a tendency for higher diversity to occur at the depth of 1.5 m for all indices, but only the Shannon-Wiener values were significantly higher there (p < 0.05). No clear differences were found regarding months or season. Conclusions: These results suggest that a higher potential pressure due to tourism may occur at 4.0 m due to more intense craft shipping activities (traffic of catamaran boats transporting tourists to and from the reefs) in that area.


Introducción: Rodolitos son estructuras biogénicas distribuidas en todo el mundo, formadas por varios tipos de algas calcáreas. Pueden albergar una gran diversidad de invertebrados marinos, entre los cuales los poliquetas son representantes conspicuos y diversificados. No obstante, los fondos de los rodolitos son vulnerables a varias actividades humanas (por ejemplo, la explotación de especies comerciales asociadas con rodolitos, exploración petrolera, actividades de pesca, descargas de efluentes y turismo), que pueden comprometer esa diversidad. El turismo está aumentando su impacto en los fondos de rodolitos. El calentamiento global y la acidificación de los océanos también son factores determinantes en el cambio de fauna. Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar los conjuntos de poliquetos asociados con fondos de rodolitos sujetos a diferentes intensidades de presión turística en la playa de Seixas (Nordeste de Brasil), donde el turismo está aumentando gradualmente con el tiempo. Métodos: Los efectos fueron evaluados a dos profundidades, 1.5 m y 4.0 m. El muestreo se realizó cada dos meses durante 2015, abarcando las dos estaciones marcadas del año en la región (lluviosa y seca). Se colocaron cuadrantes de 15 x 15 cm en cada profundidad durante el muestreo. Se recolectaron todos los rodolitos presentes dentro del cuadrante (generalmente de four a five rodolitos). Nuestra hipótesis era que la mayor profundidad y las muestras de la estación seca estarían cada vez más sujetas al impacto del turismo. Resultados: En total, se encontraron 49 especies (de 21 familias diferentes) y se recolectó un total de 733 individuos. La especie más abundante fue Eunice wasinensis (280 individuos, 38.2 % de la abundancia total). La especie Eurythoe complanata, Eunice biannulata, E. wasinensis, Lysidice ninetta, Oxydromus pugettensis y Ceratonereis (Ceratonereis) singularis aparecieron en todos los meses. El estudio detectó una tendencia a mayor diversidad en la profundidad de 1,5 m para todos los índices, pero solo los valores de Shannon-Wiener fueron significativamente mayores allí (p < 0.05). No se encontraron diferencias con respecto a los meses. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que puede haber una mayor presión potencial debido al turismo a 4.0 m debido a actividades de embarcaciones más intensas (tráfico de catamaranes que transportan turistas hacia y desde los arrecifes) en esa área. Nuestros resultados aumentan nuestro conocimiento sobre la diversidad de poliquetos asociados con los fondos de rodolitos en áreas tropicales, y resaltan la necesidad de estudios de monitoreo para probar el impacto de los factores de estrés locales en estos conjuntos.

10.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 51(3): 201-207, set. 2019. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1041825

ABSTRACT

The consumption of soybean isoflavones (IS) is associated with several beneficial properties on human health. Some lactic acid bacteria possess ß-glucosidase enzyme, that allows to obtain the active form of IS (aglycone). The solid state fermentation (SSF) has received great attention in the last years in order to obtain several valuable compounds. SSF, using soybean as substrate and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL 981 as starter, was studied in the present work. Sucrose was added into soybean paste to study the effect on the behavior of the selected strain. The development of L. rhamnosus CRL 981 through pH and recount measures, sugar intake, organic acid production, ß-glucosidase activity and IS conversion were analyzed. No significant differences in growth and acidity were observed between soybean pastes with and without sucrose added, but the production of lactic acid was higher in the latter paste. The ß-glucosidase activity was detected in both pastes and the complete hydrolysis of IS at 12 h of fermentation was observed. Also, this strain was able to increase the free amino acids in soybean paste. SSF, using soybean as substrate and L. rhamnosus CRL 981 as starter culture, is an alternative process to obtain a soybean product bio-enriched in active IS with attractive nutritional characteristics.


El consumo de isoflavonas de soja (IS) está asociado a diversos beneficios para la salud humana. Ciertas bacterias lácticas poseen la enzima ß-glucosidasa, que permite obtener la forma bioactiva (agliconas) de las IS. La fermentación en sustrato sólido (FSS) ha recibido gran atención en los últimos anos debido a sus numerosas ventajas, y permite la obtención de productos con valor agregado. En el presente trabajo se estudió la FSS utilizando soja como sustrato y Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL981 como cultivo iniciador. Con el fin de estudiar el efecto de una fuente de carbono externa sobre el comportamiento de la cepa seleccionada, se adicionó sacarosa a la pasta de soja. Se evaluó el crecimiento de L. rhamnosus CRL 981 a través de medidas de pH y recuento en placa. Además, se analizó el consumo de azúcares, producción de ácidos orgánicos, actividad ß-glucosidasa y conversión de IS. No se observaron diferencias significativas en el crecimiento y acidez entre las pastas de soja sin adición de sacarosa y con ella, sin embargo, la producción de ácido láctico fue mayor en esta última. La actividad de ß-glucosidasa se detectó en ambas pastas y se observó la hidrólisis completa de IS a las 12 h de fermentación. Además, esta cepa fue capaz de aumentar los aminoácidos libres en la pasta de soja. La FSS, utilizando soja como sustrato y L. rhamnosus CRL 981 como cultivo iniciador, es un proceso alternativo para obtener un producto de soja bioenriquecido en IS bioactivas con características nutricionales atractivas.


Subject(s)
Glycine max/metabolism , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/metabolism , Fermentation , Vegetable Products/analysis , Isoflavones/biosynthesis , Sucrose/pharmacology , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , beta-Glucosidase/metabolism , Lactic Acid/biosynthesis , Food Microbiology , Amino Acids/metabolism , Hydrolysis
11.
Arch Bronconeumol (Engl Ed) ; 55(6): 306-311, 2019 Jun.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30448045

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary endothelial barrier disruption is a key pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying LPS-impaired permeability of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) are not fully understood. METHODS: Rat PMVECs were isolated and monolayered cultured, then challenged with different doses of LPS (0.1mg/L, 1mg/L, and 10mg/L). Trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TER) was utilized to measure the integrity of the endothelial barrier. Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) activity and the phosphorylation of Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin proteins (ERM) were assessed by pulldown assay and Western Blotting. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibition of Rac1 and Moesin were applied to evaluate the effect of PMVEs permeability and related pathway. RESULTS: LPS induced dose and time-dependent decreases in TER and increase in ERM threonine phosphorylation, while inactivated Rac1 activity in PMVEC. siRNA study demonstrated that both Rac1 and Moesin were involved in the mediation of the LPS-induced hyperpermeability in PMVECs monolayers, and Rac1 and Moesin could regulate each other. CONCLUSION: Phosphorylated ERM mediates LPS induced PMVECs permeability through negatively regulating Rac1 activity.


Subject(s)
Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology , Lung/blood supply , Microfilament Proteins/physiology , rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/physiology , Animals , Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects , Cells, Cultured , Cytoskeletal Proteins/physiology , Male , Membrane Proteins/physiology , Microcirculation , Microfilament Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Microfilament Proteins/chemistry , Microfilament Proteins/genetics , Phosphorylation , Phosphothreonine/metabolism , Protein Processing, Post-Translational , RNA Interference , RNA, Small Interfering/genetics , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Time Factors , rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/antagonists & inhibitors , rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
12.
Rev Argent Microbiol ; 51(3): 201-207, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30558854

ABSTRACT

The consumption of soybean isoflavones (IS) is associated with several beneficial properties on human health. Some lactic acid bacteria possess ß-glucosidase enzyme, that allows to obtain the active form of IS (aglycone). The solid state fermentation (SSF) has received great attention in the last years in order to obtain several valuable compounds. SSF, using soybean as substrate and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL 981 as starter, was studied in the present work. Sucrose was added into soybean paste to study the effect on the behavior of the selected strain. The development of L. rhamnosus CRL 981 through pH and recount measures, sugar intake, organic acid production, ß-glucosidase activity and IS conversion were analyzed. No significant differences in growth and acidity were observed between soybean pastes with and without sucrose added, but the production of lactic acid was higher in the latter paste. The ß-glucosidase activity was detected in both pastes and the complete hydrolysis of IS at 12h of fermentation was observed. Also, this strain was able to increase the free amino acids in soybean paste. SSF, using soybean as substrate and L. rhamnosus CRL 981 as starter culture, is an alternative process to obtain a soybean product bio-enriched in active IS with attractive nutritional characteristics.


Subject(s)
Fermentation , Glycine max/metabolism , Isoflavones/biosynthesis , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/metabolism , Vegetable Products/analysis , Amino Acids/metabolism , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Food Microbiology , Hydrolysis , Lactic Acid/biosynthesis , Sucrose/pharmacology , beta-Glucosidase/metabolism
13.
Rev. colomb. biotecnol ; 20(2): 124-131, jul.-dic. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-985450

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Agave marmorata R. es una planta que se adapta a terrenos someros y fertilidad baja, también sirve para la retención y conservación de agua de lluvia reduciendo la erosión del suelo. Actualmente se encuentra de forma silvestre y escasa en la Mixteca Poblana (México) donde es intensamente aprovechada en gastronomía y como planta medicinal. Por ello, se propuso la propagación in vitro como estrategia de rescate y conservación a partir de brotes in vitro de Agave marmorata en un medio de cultivo básico de Murashige y Skoog (1962) 100 %, suplementado con azúcar de caña 3 %, myoinositol 100 mg-L-1, agar 0.7 % y 0.40 mg-L-1 de tiamina-HCl, donde se agregaron por separado diferentes concentraciones de 6-Bencil-adenina (BA) y ácido indol-3-acético (AIA) mediante un arreglo factorial 5x5. Se evaluó el número y longitud de brotes y de raíces obtenidos in vitro. Para [as plantas en aclimatación sólo se evaluó el porcentaje de sobrevivencia en diferentes sustratos. Los datos de las variables se sometieron a un análisis de varianza y a una prueba de medias de Tukey (p=0.05). La mejor respuesta para longitud de brotes, número y longitud de raíces fue en el medio MS 100 % adicionando 10 mg-L-1 de AIA y la proliferación de nuevos brotes fue promovida con la adición de BA y AIA en igual concentración. Finalmente, se obtuvo el 100 % de sobrevivencia de las plántulas en los sustratos de peat moss más agrolita y peat moss más arena de río.


ABSTRACT Agave marmorata R. is a plant that adapts to shallow lands and low fertility, it also serves for the retention and conservation of rainwater reducing soil erosion. It is currently found in a wild and scarce form in the Mixteca Poblana (Mexico) where it is intensively used in gastronomy and as a medicinal plant. For this reason, in vitro propagation was proposed as a rescue and conservation strategy from in vitro shoots of Agave marmorata in a basic culture medium of Murashige and Skoog (1 962) 100 %, supplemented with 3 % sugar cane, myo- inositol 100 mg-L-1, agar 0.7 % and 0.40 mg-L-1 thiamine-HCl, where different concentrations of 6-Benzyl-adenine (BA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were added separately by a 5x5 factorial arrangement. The number and length of shoots and roots obtained in vitro were evaluated. For the plants in acclimation only the percentage of survival in different substrates was evaluated. Los datos de las variables se sometieron a un análisis de varianza y a una prueba de medias de Tukey (p=0.05). The best response for shoot length, number and length of roots was in the MS 100 % medium adding 10 mg-L-1 of IAA and the proliferation of new shoots was promoted with the addition of BA and IAA in the same concentration. Finally, 100 % survival of the seedlings was obtained in the substrates of peat moss plus agrolita and peat moss plus river sand.

14.
Vitae (Medellín) ; 25(1): 17-25, 2018. Ilustraciones
Article in English | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-994920

ABSTRACT

Background: the growth of world aquaculture has generated important environmental impacts as discard residues that are important sources of protein, which has been used to manufacture low-value products, such as animal food, fish flour and fertilizers. Objectives: to evaluate the effect of enzyme and substrate concentration on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of proteins in the red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) viscera (RTV). Methods: the commercial alcalase 2.4 L enzyme was used at different concentrations to hydrolyse the proteins in RTV at 53.5°C and a pH of 9.5 in a 1 L magnetically stirred, jacketed, glass batch reactor connected to an automatic titrator. Each experiment was conducted over 6 h in which every consumed volume of base was recorded every 5 min to determine the corresponding DH at each point. Results: the results indicated that increasing the enzyme concentration produced an increase in the DH and in the reaction rate, while increasing the substrate concentration produced a decrease in both parameters. For this reason, a mathematical model was adjusted for the inhibition of substrate from the exponential kinetic equation d(DH)/dt = a* EXP[-b* (DH)] to explain the behavior of the DH as a function of substrate concentration in this hydrolytic process. The parameters a and b were estimated from a nonlinear regression. Based on these results, the reaction constants were determined as Ks = 456.75 g L-1, K2 = 1.2191 min-1, Kd = 0.2224 min-1, KM = 1.8963 and K3 = 0.1173 L g-1 min-1, which allowed the generation of a good correlation between the predicted and experimental values at the different evaluated operating conditions. This correlation was supported by a low average relative error (ARE) of 3.26%. Conclusion: under evaluated experimental conditions, the kinetics of the hydrolysis reaction followed a substrate inhibition mechanism without product inhibition, which was adjusted through a typical exponential Equation that involves two parameters (a and b) associated with the kinetic constants (Ks, K2, and Kd).


Antecedentes: el crecimiento de la acuicultura en el mundo ha provocado importantes impactos ambientales como el descarte de residuos que son importantes fuentes de proteína, los cuales han sido usados para manufacturar productos de bajo valor tales como: alimento para animales, harina de pescado y fertilizantes. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de la concentración de enzima y de sustrato sobre el grado de hidrolisis (GH) de las proteínas presentes en las vísceras de tilapia roja (Oreochromis sp.) (VTR). Métodos: se empleó la enzima commercial alcalasa 2.4 L a diferentes concentraciones para hidrolizar las proteínas presentes en la VTR a 53°C y a un pH de 9.5 en un reactor de vidrio de 1 L con chaqueta, magnéticamente agitado y conectado a un titulador automático. Cada experimento se llevó cabo por 6 h registrando cada 5 min el volumen de base cosumido para determinar el grado de hidrolisis correspondiente a cada punto. Resultados: los resultados indicaron que un incremento en la concentración de enzima producía un incremento en el GH y en la velocidad de reacción, mientras que un aumento en la concentración de sustrato provocaba una disminución en ambos parámetros. Por esta razón, se ajustó un modelo matemático para la inhibición de sustrato a partir de la ecuación de cinética exponencial d(GH)/dt = a*EXP[-b*(GH)] para explicar el comportamiento del GH como una función de la concentración de sustrato en este proceso hidrolítico. Los parámetros a y b fueron evaluados mediante una regresión no lineal. Con base en estos resultados, las constantes de reacción fueron determinadas como Ks = 456.75 g L-1, K2 = 1.2191 min-1, Kd = 0.2224 min-1, KM = 1.8963 and K3 = 0.1173 L g-1 min-1, los cuales permitieron obtener una buena correlación entre los valores experimentales y los predichos a las diferentes condiciones de operación. Esta correlación fue soportada por un bajo error medio relativo del 3.26%. Conclusión: bajo las condiciones experimentales evaluadas, la cinética de la reacción de hidrólisis siguió un mecanismo de inhibición por sustrato sin inhibición por producto, el cual fue ajustado mediante una ecuación típica exponencial que involucra dos parámetros (a and b) asociados a las constantes cinéticas Ks, K2, and Kd.


Subject(s)
Humans , Hydrolysis , Kinetics , Tilapia , Models, Theoretical
15.
Pediátr. Panamá ; 46(2): 93-98, agosto-septiembre 2017.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-848341

ABSTRACT

Resumen La mayoría de los Errores Innatos del Metabolismo (EIM) no tienen un tratamiento efectivo. Las terapias tradicionales tratan de reducir los sustratos, reemplazar el producto no formado, que puede ser esencial y suplementar con cofactores. También se emplea la activación de vías alternativas para la eliminación de productos intermedios tóxicos, como en el caso de los defectos del ciclo de la urea y para algunas condiciones, se dispone de la terapia de reemplazo enzimático (TRE), del trasplante de células hematopoyéticas y del trasplante hepático. En los últimos años se han desarrollado nuevas estrategias e caces para tratar estas enfermedades. Con esta revisión, se busca explicar de forma sencilla las distintas opciones terapéuticas más recientes, y en algunos casos, tratamientos prometedores para ciertos errores innatos de metabolismo (EIM). En concreto se hará referencia en primer lugar al uso terapéutico de pequeñas moléculas activas, que han surgido en las últimas dos décadas como un enfoque promisorio para el tratamiento de este heterogéneo grupo de trastornos, que incluyen terapia para restauración de la lectura, chaperonas farmacológicas, reguladores de la proteostasis, inhibidores de sustrato e inductores de autofagia. Estas pequeñas moléculas actúan en diferentes niveles celulares, y el conocimiento de los distintos procesos proporciona nuevas herramientas para establecer un tratamiento innovador.


Abstract Most Inborn Errors of Metabolism diseases do not have an effective treatment. Traditional therapies try to reduce substrates, replace non-formed product, which may be essential and supplement with cofactors. Activation of alternative routes for the disposal of toxic intermediates is also employed, as in the case of urea cycle defects for some conditions, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation and liver transplantation are available. In recent years new effective strategies have been developed to treat these diseases. This review seeks to explain in a simple way the different therapeutic options and, in some cases, promising treatments for certain inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). Specifically, reference will be made first to the therapeutic use of small active molecules, which have emerged in the last two decades as a promising approach for the treatment of this heterogeneous group of disorders, including: read-through therapy, pharmacological chaperones, protease inhibitors, substrate inhibitors and autophagy inducers. These small molecules act on different cellular levels, and the knowledge of the different processes provides new tools to establish an innovative treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Metabolism, Inborn Errors
16.
Rev Argent Microbiol ; 49(1): 93-104, 2017.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28298253

ABSTRACT

An ectomycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis of paramount importance in forestry and tree production. One of the selection criteria of ectomycorrhizal fungi that has currently gained importance is their edibility due to the economic, ecological and cultural relevance of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms as a non-timber forest product. The effect of the inoculation with three edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms: Laccaria laccata, Laccaria bicolor y Hebeloma leucosarx, which are widely sold in Mexico, on the growth and nutrient contents of Pinus greggii grown in an experimental substrate and a commercial substrate enriched with a slow-release fertilizer, was evaluated. Two years after sowing, differences in terms of shoot and root biomass and macro and micronutrient contents between inoculated and non-inoculated plants, were recorded independently of the fungal species and the substrate. Despite the fact that plants grown in the commercial substrate had higher growth and nutrient contents, their ectomycorrhizal colonization percentages were smaller than those of the plants grown in the experimental substrate. The differences in the nutrient transfer to the inoculated plant shoots among the evaluated fungal species were recorded. Ca mobilization by L. laccata, Na by L. bicolor and Mn by H. leucosarx were observed in the plants growing in the experimental substrate. It has been demonstrated that the selection of substrates constitutes an important factor in the production of ectomycorrhizal plants and that the three evaluated species of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms have an enormous potential in the controlled mycorrhization of P. greggii.


Subject(s)
Mycorrhizae , Pinus , Agaricales , Mexico , Nutrients , Pinus/growth & development , Pinus/microbiology , Plant Roots , Seedlings
17.
Rev Argent Microbiol ; 49(1): 62-69, 2017.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28292554

ABSTRACT

At present, consumers are looking for more natural foods so as to improve health through their active compounds. Within this context, soybean is an excellent substrate due to its beneficial effects on consumers' health. Moreover, lactic cultures are widely used in the food industry to improve the technological, nutritional and functional characteristics of fermented foods. It is interesting to find new matrices in which to transport these starter cultures (potentially probiotic microorganisms). The aim of this research was to obtain a solid state fermentation system from soybean to analyze the behavior of selected lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, with the potential to develop a functional vegetarian food to serve as carrier for the microorganisms. A soybean solid substrate system was optimized by selecting the relationship of the main processing parameters. Homogeneous soybean pastes with different moisture content (60-80%) were obtained and used as substrate and support for solid substrate fermentation. Moisture, inoculum size and temperature were optimized: 80%, 4%, 37°C, respectively. L. rhamnosus CRL 981 was chosen as the best starter to use in this kind of fermentation, showing high acidification and cell counts at 24h of fermentation and increased specific growth rate in tested soybean pastes. It was demonstrated that the selected soybean paste could be used as a carrier of these microorganisms having probiotic potential for the production of vegetarian foods. Moreover, these microorganisms are able to modify the substrate to enhance their nutritional and functional characteristics, which would change the soybean into a more attractive product for consumers.


Subject(s)
Bifidobacterium , Fermentation , Lactobacillus , Probiotics , Glycine max
18.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 49(1): 62-69, mar. 2017. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-843184

ABSTRACT

At present, consumers are looking for more natural foods so as to improve health through their active compounds. Within this context, soybean is an excellent substrate due to its beneficial effects on consumers' health. Moreover, lactic cultures are widely used in the food industry to improve the technological, nutritional and functional characteristics of fermented foods. It is interesting to find new matrices in which to transport these starter cultures (potentially probiotic microorganisms). The aim of this research was to obtain a solid state fermentation system from soybean to analyze the behavior of selected lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, with the potential to develop a functional vegetarian food to serve as carrier for the microorganisms. A soybean solid substrate system was optimized by selecting the relationship of the main processing parameters. Homogeneous soybean pastes with different moisture content (60-80%) were obtained and used as substrate and support for solid substrate fermentation. Moisture, inoculum size and temperature were optimized: 80%, 4%, 37 °C, respectively. L. rhamnosus CRL 981 was chosen as the best starter to use in this kind of fermentation, showing high acidification and cell counts at 24 h of fermentation and increased specific growth rate in tested soybean pastes. It was demonstrated that the selected soybean paste could be used as a carrier of these microorganisms having probiotic potential for the production of vegetarian foods. Moreover, these microorganisms are able to modify the substrate to enhance their nutritional and functional characteristics, which would change the soybean into a more attractive product for consumers.


Actualmente los consumidores están en la búsqueda de alimentos naturales, a fin de mejorar la salud a través de sus compuestos activos. En este contexto, la soja es un excelente sustrato debido a sus efectos beneficiosos sobre la salud del consumidor. En la industria alimentaria se emplean cultivos lácticos para mejorar las características tecnológicas, nutricionales y funcionales de los alimentos fermentados. Es interesante encontrar nuevas matrices para transportar estos cultivos iniciadores, que potencialmente son microorganismos probióticos. El objetivo de este estudio fue obtener un sistema de fermentación en estado sólido a partir de soja para analizar el comportamiento de lactobacilos y bifidobacterias seleccionadas, con potencial para desarrollar un alimento vegetariano funcional que sirva de portador de los microorganismos. El sistema de sustrato sólido de soja se optimizó mediante la selección de la relación de parámetros principales de procesamiento. Se obtuvieron pastas de soja homogéneas con diferente contenido humedad (60-80%) y se utilizaron como sustrato y soporte para la fermentación en sustrato sólido. Las variables humedad, tamaño del inóculo y temperatura fueron optimizadas en 80%, 4% y 37°C, respectivamente. Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL 981 fue elegido como el mejor cultivo iniciador para utilizar en este tipo de fermentación; este mostró acidificación y recuentos celulares altos en 24 horas de fermentación, y mayor velocidad específica de crecimiento en las condiciones evaluadas. Se demostró que la pasta de soja seleccionada podría ser utilizada como portadora de estos microorganismos con potencial probiótico para la elaboración de alimentos vegetarianos. Además, estos microorganismos son capaces de modificar el sustrato y mejorar sus características nutritivas y funcionales, lo que convertiría a la soja en un producto más atractivo para los consumidores.


Subject(s)
Bifidobacterium , Fermentation , Lactobacillus , Glycine max , Probiotics
19.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 49(1): 93-104, mar. 2017. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-843188

ABSTRACT

La ectomicorriza es una simbiosis mutualista de enorme importancia en la producción de árboles de valor forestal. Uno de los criterios de selección de hongos ectomicorrícicos de gran interés es su comestibilidad, por la importancia económica, ecológica y cultural de los hongos comestibles ectomicorrícicos como un producto forestal no maderable. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de la inoculación con los hongos comestibles ectomicorrícicos, Laccaria laccata, Laccaria bicolor y Hebeloma leucosarx, en el crecimiento y el contenido nutricional de Pinus greggii, crecido en un sustrato experimental, o en un sustrato comercial enriquecido con un fertilizante de liberación lenta. Dos años después de la siembra, se observaron diferencias en el crecimiento aéreo y radical y en el contenido de macro- y micronutrientes entre plantas inoculadas y no inoculadas, independientemente de la especie fúngica y del sustrato utilizado. Las plantas crecidas en el sustrato comercial tuvieron mayor crecimiento y contenido de nutrientes; sin embargo, sus porcentajes de colonización fueron menores que los de plantas crecidas en el sustrato experimental. Existieron diferencias en la transferencia de nutrientes a la parte aérea de las plantas inoculadas, al comparar entre las especies fúngicas implicadas. Se observó transferencia de Ca por L. laccata, de Na por L. bicolor y de Mn por H.leucosarx en el sustrato experimental. La selección de sustratos constituye un factor clave en la producción de plantas ectomicorrizadas y las tres especies de hongos comestibles ectomicorrícicos evaluados tienen un potencial relevante para la micorrización controlada de P. greggii.


An ectomycorrhiza is a mutualistic symbiosis of paramount importance in forestry and tree production. One of the selection criteria of ectomycorrhizal fungi that has currently gained importance is their edibility due to the economic, ecological and cultural relevance of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms as a non-timber forest product. The effect of the inoculation with three edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms: Laccaria laccata, Laccaria bicolor y Hebeloma leucosarx, which are widely sold in Mexico, on the growth and nutrient contents of Pinus greggii grown in an experimental substrate and a commercial substrate enriched with a slow-release fertilizer, was evaluated. Two years after sowing, differences in terms of shoot and root biomass and macro and micronutrient contents between inoculated and non-inoculated plants, were recorded independently of the fungal species and the substrate. Despite the fact that plants grown in the commercial substrate had higher growth and nutrient contents, their ectomycorrhizal colonization percentages were smaller than those of the plants grown in the experimental substrate. The differences in the nutrient transfer to the inoculated plant shoots among the evaluated fungal species were recorded. Ca mobilization by L. laccata, Na by L. bicolor and Mn by H. leucosarx were observed in the plants growing in the experimental substrate. It has been demonstrated that the selection of substrates constitutes an important factor in the production of ectomycorrhizal plants and that the three evaluated species of edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms have an enormous potential in the controlled mycorrhization of P. greggii.


Subject(s)
Pinus , Mycorrhizae , Nutrients , Plant Roots , Pinus/microbiology , Pinus/growth & development , Agaricales , Seedlings , Mexico
20.
Rev. biol. trop ; 64(3): 1209-1222, jul.-sep. 2016. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-958207

ABSTRACT

AbstractTreehoppers are known for their substrate-borne communication and some of them also for their subsocial behavior. Following a more general study of the natural history and substrate-borne signal repertoire of the treehopper Ennya chrysura, the objective of this paper was to explore in greater depth the signals and other behaviors associated specifically to egg-guarding. Theese were studied both in natural and laboratory conditions between July, 2000 and March, 2004. The spatial distribution of egg guarding females was studied in the natural population; recording equipment and playback experiments were used in the laboratory and then analyzed digitally. Under natural conditions (San Antonio de Escazú, Costa Rica), female E. chrysura guard their egg masses and egg-guarding was associated with lower parasitism of the eggs from the wasps Gonatocerus anomocerus and Schizophragma sp. (Mymaridae). Females tended to place their eggs close to other egg-guarding females and they produced substrate-borne vibrations when disturbed. An aggregated pattern under natural conditions was confirmed by calculating dispersion indices from egg-clutch data obtained from 66 leaves in the field. The disturbance signal was characterized from laboratory recordings of substrate-borne vibrations of 10 egg-guarding females. Experiments conducted in the laboratory with 18 egg-guarding females showed that those which were previously exposed to the disturbance signal of another female moved slightly or vibrated more during playbacks and that they reacted more quickly and exhibited more deffensive behaviors in response to a tactile stimulus. The signals produced while defending against egg parasites may therefore function as an alarm and favor aggregating behavior of egg-guarding females. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1209-1222. Epub 2016 September 01.


ResumenDespués de un estudio más general sobre la historia natural y la comunicación por vibraciones de sustrato del membrácido Ennya chrysura, este artículo explora con mayor profundidad los comportamientos específicamente relacionados con el cuido de los huevos. En condiciones naturales (San Antonio de Escazú, Costa Rica), las hembras de E. chrysura con frecuencia protegen sus masas de huevos, y el cuido está asociado con un menor porcentaje de parasitismo causado por las avispas parasitoides de huevos Gonatocerus anomocerus and Schizophragma sp. (Mymaridae). Las hembras tendían a poner sus huevos en la cercanía de otras hembras con huevos, y producían vibraciones de sustrato en respuesta a disturbios. Se confirmó un patrón agregado bajo condiciones naturales, calculando índices de dispersión a partir del número de masas de huevos en 66 hojas. La señal fue descrita a partir de grabaciones hechas en el laboratorio con 10 hembras que protegían sus huevos. Los experimentos conducidos con 18 hembras mostraron que aquellas que fueron expuestas a la señal de disturbio de otra hembra, se movieron ligaramente o vibraron más durante el experimento, y reaccionaron a un estímulo táctil más rápidamente y con un mayor número de comportamientos defensivos. Las señales producidas durante la defensa de huevos podrían entonces funcionar como alarma, y favorecer la agrupación con otras hembras que también protegen sus huevos.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Ovum/parasitology , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Hemiptera/physiology , Appetitive Behavior , Reference Values , Social Behavior , Time Factors , Vibration , Sex Factors , Statistics, Nonparametric , Plant Leaves/parasitology , Clutch Size , Animal Distribution/physiology
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