Low-Intensity, High-Frequency Grazing Strategy Increases Herbage Production and Beef Cattle Performance on Sorghum Pastures.

We assessed the effects of high-intensity and low-frequency (HILF) vs. low-intensity and high-frequency (LIHF) grazing on herbage production and performance of beef cattle grazing sorghum pastures. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with two treatments and four replicates (paddocks), carried out in 2014/15. The management target of 50 and 30 cm for pre- and post-grazing, respectively, a LIHF grazing management strategy oriented to maximize beef cattle herbage intake per unit time, was compared with a HILF grazing management strategy of 80 and 20 cm for pre- and post-grazing, respectively, aiming to maximize herbage accumulation and harvest efficiency. Sixteen Brangus steers of 15-month-old and 265 ± 21 kg of live weight (LW) were randomly distributed to paddocks (experimental units). The LIHF resulted in shorter rest periods when compared with the HILF. The greater leaf lamina mass in LIHF allowed greater sward light interception at post-grazing, resulting in greater total herbage production than HILF (7581 and 4154 kg DM/ha, respectively). The average daily gain (ADG) of steers was greater for the LIHF than for the HILF treatment (0.950 and 0.702 kg/animal, respectively); however, even with a greater stocking rate in the HILF, there was no difference for LW gain per ha, with an average of 4 kg LW/ha/day. Our findings demonstrated that the LIHF strategy that is based on offering to the animals an optimal sward structure to favor the maximum herbage intake rate fosters greater herbage production, harvesting efficiency, and ADG without compromising LW gain per area of beef steers, despite the lower herbage harvested per stocking cycle.

Does grazing management provide opportunities to mitigate methane emissions by ruminants in pastoral ecosystems?

Agriculture, and livestock production in particular, is criticized for being a contributor to global environmental change, including emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Methane (CH4) from grazing ruminants accounts for most of livestock's carbon footprint because a large share of them are reared under suboptimal grazing conditions, usually resulting in both low herbage intake and animal performance. Consequently, the CH4 quota attributed to animal maintenance is spread across few or no animal outputs, increasing the CH4 intensity [g CH4/kg live weight (LW) gain or g CH4/kg milk yield]. In this review, the generalized idea relating tropical pastures with low quality and intrinsically higher CH4 intensity is challenged by showing evidence that emissions from animals grazing tropical pastures can equal those of temperate grasses. We demonstrate the medium-to-high mitigation potential of some grazing management strategies to mitigate CH4 emissions from grazing ruminants and stress the predominant role that sward canopy structure (e.g., height) has over animal behavioral responses (e.g., intake rate), daily forage intake and resulting CH4 emissions. From this ecological perspective, we identify a grazing management concept aiming to offer the best sward structure that allows animals to optimize their daily herbage intake, creating opportunities to reduce CH4 intensity. We show the trade-off between animal performance and CH4 intensity, stressing that mitigation is substantial when grazing management is conducted under light-to-moderate intensities and optimize herbage intake and animal performance. We conclude that optimizing LW gain of grazing sheep and cattle to a threshold of 0.14 and 0.7 kg/day, respectively, would dramatically reduce CH4 intensity to approximately 0.2 kg CH4/kg LW gain, as observed in some intensive feeding systems. This could represent a mitigation potential of around 55% for livestock commodities in pasture-based systems. Our results offer new insights to the debate concerning mitigation of environmental impacts of pastoral ecosystems.

A comparison of two rotational stocking strategies on the foraging behaviour and herbage intake by grazing sheep.

An understanding of the processes involved in grazing behaviour is a prerequisite for the design of efficient grassland management systems. The purpose of managing the grazing process is to identify sward structures that can maximize animal forage daily intake and optimize grazing time. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of different grazing management strategies on foraging behaviour and herbage intake by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass under rotational stocking. The experiment was carried out in 2015 in southern Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with two grazing management strategies and four replicates. The grazing management treatments were a traditional rotational stocking (RT), with pre- and post-grazing sward heights of 25 and 5 cm, respectively, and a 'Rotatinuous' stocking (RN) with pre- and post-grazing sward heights of 18 and 11 cm, respectively. Male sheep with an average live weight of 32 ± 2.3 kg were used. As intended, the pre- and post-grazing sward heights were according to the treatments. The pre-grazing leaf/stem ratio of the Italian ryegrass pasture did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05) (~2.87), but the post-grazing leaf/stem ratio was greater (P < 0.001) in the RN than in the RT treatment (1.59 and 0.76, respectively). The percentage of the non-grazed area was greater (P < 0.01) in post-grazing for RN compared with RT treatment, with an average of 29.7% and 3.49%, respectively. Herbage nutritive value was greater for the RN than for the RT treatment, with greater CP and lower ADF and NDF contents. The total time spent grazing, ruminating and resting did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05), with averages of 439, 167 and 85 min, respectively. The bite rate, feeding stations per min and steps per min by sheep were greater (P < 0.05) in the RN than in the RT treatment. The grazing time per hour and the bite rate were greater (P < 0.05) in the afternoon than in the morning in both treatments. The daily herbage intake by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass was greater (P < 0.05) in the RN than in the RT treatment (843.7 and 707.8 g organic matter/sheep, respectively). Our study supports the idea that even though the grazing time was not affected by the grazing management strategies when the animal behaviour responses drive management targets, such as in 'Rotatinuous' stocking, the sheep herbage intake is maximized, and the grazing time is optimized.

Sheep production during the rainy season in marandu palisadegrass swards previously utilized under deferred grazing / Produção de ovinos no período das águas em pastagens com capim-marandu previamente utilizadas sob pastejo diferido

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu syn. Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu (Marandu palisadegrass) in late winter on pasture structure, apparent selectivity, and sheep production during spring and early summer. The conditions of deferred pastures at the end of winter were: low (15.1cm and 4600kg/ha of DM), medium (23.2cm and 5940kg/ha of DM), high (31.4cm and 7640kg/ha of DM) and high/mowed (31.3cm and 7200kg/ha of DM, mowed to 8cm). The experiment was conducted in split plot design (sward conditions at the end of winter: low, medium, tall and tall/lowered) during time (early, middle and late spring/summer) and completely randomized design with three replications. The percentages of live leaf laminae in available forage and in simulated grazing samples were higher in tall/lowered sward and lower in high sward, oppositely to percentage of dead tissue. Only at the beginning of the grazing period the high/lowered sward had lower forage mass and bulk density. This remained high in high sward during all the grazing period. The sheep performance and the animal production per area were higher in low sward and lower in tall swards. The low sward has better structure and higher sheep production starting at spring. The lower of the marandu palisade grass at late winter improves this structure and increases sheep production during spring and early summer.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da condição do pasto diferido de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu syn. Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu (capim-marandu) no fim do inverno sobre a estrutura do pasto, a seletividade aparente e a produção de ovinos durante a primavera e o início do verão. As condições dos pastos diferidos no fim do inverno foram: baixo (15,1cm e 4.600kg/ha de MS), médio (23,2cm e 5.940kg/ha de MS), alto (31,4cm e 7.640kg/ha de MS) e alto/roçado (31,3cm e 7.200kg/ha de MS, rebaixado para 8cm). O experimento foi conduzido em esquema de parcela (condições dos pastos ao fim do inverno: baixo, médio, alto e alto/roçado) subdividida no tempo (início, meio e fim da primavera/verão) e delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três repetições. Os percentuais de lâmina foliar viva na forragem disponível e na amostra de simulação de pastejo foram maiores no pasto alto/roçado e menores no pasto alto, contrariamente ao percentual de tecido morto. Apenas no início do período de pastejo, o pasto alto/roçado apresentou menores massa e densidade volumétrica de forragem. Esta se manteve alta no pasto alto durante todo o período de pastejo. No início do período de pastejo, os pastos apresentaram pior composição morfológica na FD. O desempenho dos ovinos e a produção animal por área foram maiores no pasto baixo e menores no pasto alto. O pasto baixo, no fim do inverno, apresenta melhor estrutura e maior produção de ovinos a partir da primavera. A roçada do pasto de capim-marandu no fim do inverno melhora sua estrutura e aumenta a produção animal durante a primavera e o início do verão.(AU)

Mechanisms and implications of a type IV functional response for short-term intake rate of dry matter in large mammalian herbivores.

The functional response (i.e. the relationship between consumers' intake rate and resource density) is central in plant-herbivore interactions. Its shape and the biological processes leading to it have significant implications for both foraging theory and ecology of grazing systems. A type IV functional response (i.e. dome-shaped relationship) of short-term intake rate of dry matter (intake while grazing) has rarely been reported for large herbivores and the conditions that can lead to it are poorly understood. We report a type IV functional response observed in heifers grazing monocultures of Cynodon sp. and Avena strigosa. The mechanisms and consequences of this type of functional response for grazed system dynamics are discussed. Intake rate was higher at intermediate than at short or tall sward heights in both grass species. The type IV functional response resulted from changes in bite mass instead of a longer time needed to encounter and process bites. Thus, the decrease of intake rate of dry matter in tall swards is not explained by a shift from process 3 (potential bites are concentrated and apparent) to process 2 (potential bites are apparent but dispersed, Spalinger & Hobbs 1992). Bite mass was smaller in tall than in intermediate swards due to a reduction of bite volume possibly caused by the greater proportion of stem and sheath acting as a physical barrier to bite formation. It is generally accepted that potential bites are abundant and apparent in most grassland and meadow systems, as they were in the present experiments. Therefore, a type IV response of intake rate not directly related to digestive constraints may determine the dynamics of intake and defoliation under a much larger set of conditions than previously thought. These results have implications for foraging theory and stability of grazing systems. For example, if animals prefer patches of intermediate stature that yield the highest intake rate, grazing should lead to the widely observed bimodal distribution of plant mass per unit area, even when tall patches are not of significantly lower digestive quality than the pasture average.

Seletividade aparente de bovinos em pastos de capim-braquiária sob períodos de diferimento / Apparent selectivity of cattle on signalgrass pasture under deferring periods

Objetivou-se compreender o efeito do período de diferimento sobre a seletividade aparente de bovinos pelos componentes morfológicos e de valor nutritivo do pasto de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk. Adotaram-se o esquema de parcela subdividida e o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com duas repetições. Foram estudados quatro períodos de diferimento (73, 103, 131 e 163 dias) e duas amostras de forragem (disponível na pastagem (DP) e obtida pela simulação de pastejo (SP)). As percentagens de lâmina foliar viva (LFV), matéria seca potencialmente digestível (MSPD) e proteína bruta (PB) foram maiores na amostra de SP, quando esta foi comparada à forragem DP. Padrão de resposta contrário ocorreu com os percentuais de colmo vivo (CV), colmo morto (CM) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). De modo geral, o maior período de diferimento resultou em pior composição morfológica e valor nutritivo das forragens. Os índices de seletividade aparente (ISA) da LFV, do CV e da lâmina foliar morta (LFM) aumentaram linearmente com o período de diferimento. O ISA do CM apresentou maiores valores em pastos sob períodos intermediários de diferimento. Com o aumento do período de diferimento, os ISA da FDN e da MSPD permaneceram constantes, os ISP da FDN potencialmente digestível e da PB reduziram linearmente, e o ISP da FDN indigestível incrementou de maneira linear. O ISA permite a compreensão da seletividade dos componentes morfológicos e das entidades nutricionais do pasto pelos bovinos. A redução do período de diferimento melhora a estrutura do pasto e otimiza a seletividade dos bovinos.(AU)

The experiment was carried out aiming to understand the effect of deferring period on morphology and nutritive value of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk pasture and on hand-plucking sample with cattle. Subdivided plots were used according to a randomized block design with two replicates. Four deferring periods (73, 103, 131 and 163 days) and two forage samples (available in pasture (AP) and obtained by hand-plucking (HP)) were studied. The live leaf laminae (LLL), potentially digestible dry matter (PDDM) and crude protein (CP) percentages were higher in HP samples, when compared to AP forage. The opposite response pattern occurred for live stem (LS), dead stem (DS) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) percentages. In general, the longest deferring period resulted in a worse morphological composition and nutritive value of forages. The potential selectivity index (PSI) of LLL, LS and dead leaf lamina (DLL) increased linearly with deferring period. The PSI of DS was highest in grasslands under interim deferring periods. With increase in deferring period, the PSI of the NDF and PDDM remained constant, the PSI of potentially digestible NDF and CP decreased linearly and the PSI of indigestible NDF increased linearly. The PSI allows the understanding of selectivity of morphological components and nutritional entities for cattle grazing. The deferring period reduction improves the sward structure and optimizes the cattle selectivity.(AU)

Sward characteristics, nutritive value and choice by cattle of conterminous monocultures of centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum).

In south-western Japan, centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides; CG) offers a novel option for a warm-season perennial for grazing use in areas where bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum; BG) can be grown. However, the potential of CG as a forage has not been fully explored because of the short history as a forage crop. We conducted four experiments to evaluate CG (cv. TifBlair) in comparison with BG (cv. Pensacola) in terms of sward characteristics, nutritive value and choice by animals. In each experiment, four Japanese Black cows (Bos taurus) were individually allowed to graze conterminous monocultures of CG and BG (5 × 10 m each) for 30 min. Irrespective of regrowth durations and fertilizer rates, CG was consistently shorter, leafier and denser, contained lower acid detergent fiber and cellulose, and was preferred or equally selected by cows, as compared with BG. Furthermore, CG maintained sufficient levels of crude protein (80-89 g/kg DM) to ensure voluntary intake of ruminant animals under extended regrowth(‡) and without fertilizer, whereas BG failed to do so (65 g/kg DM). CG provided higher digestible dry matter than BG when crude protein concentration exceeded 86 g/kg DM. The results indicate advantages of CG as a forage.

Initial height and nitrogen fertilization on deferred signalgrass / Altura inicial e adubação nitrogenada em pastos diferidos de capim-braquiária

Thus study was conducted with the objective of evaluating production and forage characteristics of Signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk) deferred at different initial heights and nitrogen doses. Three initial sward heights (low - 10 cm, medium - 20 cm and high - 30 cm), three nitrogen doses (40, 80 and 120 kg/ha) and a control treatment, of no fertilization were evaluated. The experimental design utilized was of completely randomized blocks with three replications, in a subdivided-plot arrangement. There was no interaction between sward initial height and nitrogen dose for the variables analyzed. The Signalgrass deferred at an elevated initial height presented greater masses of forage, live stem, dead stem and dead leaves; higher percentage of dead stem and falling rate; and lower number of vegetative tillers, percentage of live leaves and live leaf/live stem ratio. Elevation in the nitrogen dose increase along with the number of live and vegetative tillers; masses of forage, live stem, dead stem, dead leaves and live leaves; percentage of live stem; and live tissue/dead tissue ratio; and reduced the percentage of dead leaves and the live leaf/live stem ratio. Signalgrass can be deferred at low and medium initial heights and varied nitrogen doses, according to the objectives and possibilities of the farmer.

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as características e produção de forragem de capim braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk) diferida sob diferentes alturas iniciais e doses de nitrogênio. Três alturas iniciais do pasto (baixo - 10 cm, médio - 20 cm e alto - 30 cm), três doses de nitrogênio (40,80 e 120 kg/ha) e um tratamento controle, sem adubação, foram avaliados. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completamente casualizados com três repetições em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Não houve interação entre altura inicial do pasto e dose de nitrogênio para as variáveis analisadas. O capim-braquiária diferido com maior altura inicial do dossel apresentou maiores massas de forragem, de colmo vivo, de colmo morto e de folha morta, número de perfilhos reprodutivos, porcentagem de colmo morto e índice de tombamento, bem como menor número de perfilhos vegetativos, porcentagem de folha viva, relação folha viva/colmo vivo. A elevação na dose de nitrogênio aumentou o número de perfilhos vivos e vegetativos, a massa de forragem, de colmo vivo, de colmo morto, de folha morta e de folha viva, a porcentagem de colmo vivo, a relação tecidos vivos/tecidos mortos e diminuiu a porcentagem de folhas mortas e a relação folha viva/colmo vivo. O capim-braquiária pode ser diferido com altura inicial baixa e média e doses de nitrogênio variadas, de acordo com os objetivos e possibilidades do pecuarista.

Beef heifers grazing behavior and herbage intake in natural grassland under rotational grazing / Comportamento ingestivo e consumo de forragem de novilhas de corte em pastagem natural manejada com pastoreio rotativo

It was evaluated the effect of two rest intervals between grazing occupations in rotational grazing; 375 and 750 DD (degree-days); based on the cumulative thermal sum necessary for leaf expansion of native grasses of two functional groups over the grazing behavior variables from beef heifers with 12 months old. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized block design, with two treatments, three replications and measures repeated over time. Grazing behavior was assessed in three occasions (Nov 2011, Jan and Mar 2012), with 24h each. The herbage intake was estimated using an external marker (Cr2O3). The leaf mass was similar among the rest intervals, with a mean of 1261kg DM ha-1. The average grazing time was 627.4min day-1 and bite rate was 37.1 bites min-1. The average number of daily meals was 5.9 with an average of 118.5 minutes. Number of feeding stations visited per minute was 6.1 and the feeding stations permanence time was of 12 seconds. There was a reduction only on grazing time and bite rate over the periods. The range of thermal sums evaluated to define the rest intervals in rotational grazing proved no effect on heifers' grazing behavior and herbage intake.

Foram testados os efeitos de dois intervalos de descanso entre pastoreios, 375 e 750 graus-dia, baseado na soma térmica para a expansão foliar de gramíneas nativas de dois grupos funcionais sobre o comportamento ingestivo de novilhas de corte. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com dois tratamentos, três repetições de área e medidas repetidas no tempo. Foram realizadas três avaliações (nov/11, jan e mar/12), com 24h cada, utilizando novilhas de corte com 12 meses. Estimou-se o consumo de forragem com marcador externo (Cr2O3). A massa de lâminas foliares foi semelhante entre os tratamentos, apresentando média de 1261kg MS ha-1. O tempo médio dispendido pelos animais em pastejo foi de 627,4 minutos e a taxa de bocados média foi de 37,1 bocados minuto-1. O número médio de refeições foi de 5,9 refeições dia-1, com uma média de 118,5 minutos por refeição. Os animais visitaram, em média, 6,1 estações alimentares por minuto e permaneceram nessas estações por 12 segundos. Houve diferença no tempo de pastejo e taxa de bocado nos períodos, com uma redução ao longo do tempo. Os intervalos de descanso testados provaram ter pouco efeito no comportamento ingestivo e no consumo de forragem das novilhas.

Fatores causadores de variabilidade espacial do pasto de capim-braquiária: manejo do pastejo, estação do ano e topografia do terreno / Factors causing spatial variability of the signalgrass pasture: grazing management, seasonal and land surveying

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do manejo do pastejo, da estação do ano e do relevo do terreno sobre a variabilidade espacial do pasto de Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk manejado em lotação contínua com bovinos. Foram avaliados dois relevos do piquete (plano e inclinado), duas regiões do mesmo piquete com relevo inclinado (inferior e superior), duas estratégias de manejo (caracterizadas pela manutenção dos pastos com 15 ou 25 cm), e três estações do ano (inverno, primavera e verão). Determinou-se o coeficiente de variação (CV) da altura das plantas para expressar a variabilidade espacial da vegetação. Durante o inverno, a altura média do pasto não influenciou o CV da altura das plantas (34,8%). A altura média do pasto de capim-braquiária foi menor no inverno (23,1 cm) e na primavera (24,2 cm), em relação ao verão (25,9 cm). Contrariamente, o CV da altura das plantas foi maior no inverno (39,0%) do que na primavera (29,0%) e no verão (27,1%). Em todas as estações do ano, o piquete com relevo inclinado (35,4%) apresentou maior CV da altura das plantas do que aquele com relevo plano (25,5%). A altura média das plantas (26,4 cm) e o CV da altura das plantas (33,4%) foram maiores na parte inferior do piquete em relação à parte superior (altura de 22,5 cm e CV de 29,6%). Existe variabilidade espacial da vegetação em pastos de B. decumbens manejados em lotação contínua com bovinos. A estação do ano e o relevo do terreno modificam a estrutura horizontal da B. decumbens.

This study was conducted to evaluate the influences of grazing manegement, season and terrain relief on spatial variability of Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk managed under continuous stocking with cattle. Two reliefs paddock (inclined and plane), two regions in same paddock with sloping topography (lower and upper), two management strategies (characterized by the maintenance of pastures with 15 or 25 cm), and three seasons (winter, spring and summer) were evaluated. The coefficient of variation (CV) of plant height was determined to express a spatial variability of vegetation. During winter, an average sward height did not influence the CV of plant height (34.8%). The average sward height was lower in winter (23.1 cm) and spring (24.2 cm) compared to summer (25.9 cm). In contrast, the CV of plant height was greater in winter (39809%) than in spring (29.0%) and summer (27.1%). In all seasons, the paddock with sloping topography (35.4%) showed higher CV for plant height than those with plan topography (25.5%). The average sward height (26.4 cm) and the CV of plant height (33.4%) were higher in lower paddock over the top (height of 22.4 cm and CV of 29.6%). There is spatial variability of vegetation in B. decumbens pastures under continuous stocking with cattle. The season and topography change the horizontal structure of B. decumbens.

Características do pasto e eficiência agronômica de nitrogênio em capim-tanzânia sob pastejo contínuo, adubado com doses de nitrogênio / Sward characteristics and agronomic efficiency of nitrogen on Tanzania grass under continuous grazing fertilized with nitrogen levels

O experimento foi conduzido visando a avaliar os efeitos das doses de nitrogênio (N) 100, 200, 300 e 400kg ha-1 sobre as características do pasto e sobre a eficiência agronômica de N, em pastagens de capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. ‘Tanzânia-1’) utilizadas com o método de pastejo contínuo. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com duas repetições. Foram utilizados três tourinhos testadores nas pastagens com a dose de N de 100kg ha-1 e quatro tourinhos testadores nas pastagens das demais doses de N, da raça Nelore (Bos indicus) e com peso médio inicial de 300kg, mantidos de 10/11/2001 a 15/4/2002. A altura do pasto foi mantida em 60 cm por ajustes da taxa de lotação. As massas de forragem, de folha verde, de forragem verde e de colmo elevaram-se linearmente com o aumento da adubação de N. Regressão linear negativa foi verificada entre as doses de N e a razão folha:colmo. A participação de colmo se elevou e a de material morto se reduziu na estrutura do pasto com o aumento da adubação de N. Não houve efeito das doses de N na proporção de folha verde na estrutura do pasto. Aplicações de N em pastagens de capim-tanzânia utilizadas com o método de pastejo contínuo alteram características do pasto. A eficiência agronômica de N, definida em termos da razão acúmulo de matéria seca (MS) kg-1 de N aplicado, reduziu-se com o aumento da dose de N.

The experiment evaluated the effects of nitrogen (N) levels (100, 200, 300, 400kg ha-1) on sward characteristics, and agronomic efficiency of N on Tanzania grass pastures (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. ‘Tanzânia-1’) with continuous grazing method. The design experimental used was completely randomized with two replications. Three tester Nellore (Bos indicus) young bulls per pasture with N level of 100kg ha-1, and four tester Nellore young bulls per pasture of the other N levels, with 300kg initial weight grazed continuously from 10 November 2001 to 15 April 2002. Sward height levels at experimental pastures were maintaining at 60cm with adjusting of stocking rate. The herbage mass, green leaf mass, green herbage mass, and culm mass, increased linearly as the N fertilization increased. Negatively linear relationship was found between the N fertilization and leaf/culm ratio. The culm proportion increased and dead material decreased on sward structure with increased N levels applied at pasture. There were no effects of N levels on green leaf proportion at sward structure. N applications in Tanzania grass pastures change sward characteristics. The agronomic efficiency of N defined in terms of dry matter (DM) accumulation/kg of N applied decreased with the increase of N levels.

Relationship between diurnal grazing time and herbage intake in dairy cows in rotational grazing / Inter-relação entre o tempo de pastejo diurno e o consumo de forragem em vacas leiteiras em pastejo rotativo

The aim of this study was describe the relationship between grazing time and herbage intake and identify tools to grazing management of dairy cows grazing Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) on a rotational grazing method. Six dairy cows in mid-lactation period were allowed to graze paddocks during three grazing cycles. During each cycle cows grazed two paddocks with 9 days of occupation by paddock and an herbage allowance of 30kg DM cow-1 day-1. Measurements were made in the last 9 days of each period and during intervals between cycles cows grazed an adjacent area with a mixed of temperate species. It was compared three grazing cycles and cows eating similar herbage amount with different daily grazing time. Independently of herbage intake, daily grazing time increased 12min by cm of the reduction on leaf height. Reductions on efficiency to graze are clearly associated to structural traits of canopy as proximity to ground level and stems + pseudo-stems content on the graze layer. In conclusion, under rotational grazing, daily grazing time is strongly associated with leaf height in the grazing layer, but it is not a good indicator of DM herbage intake. Structural traits of canopy are clearly associated with efficiency to graze, independently of daily herbage intake.

Objetivou-se descrever a relação entre o tempo de pastejo e o consumo de forragem e identificar possíveis indicadores de manejo para vacas leiteiras em pastos de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) no método rotativo. Foram utilizadas seis vacas leiteiras no terço médio de lactação durante três ciclos de pastejo. Em cada ciclo, os animais tiveram acesso a dois piquetes com nove dias de ocupação e oferta de forragem de 30kg MS vaca-1 dia-1. As medidas foram realizadas nos últimos nove dias de cada ciclo e, nos intervalos entre ciclos, os animais permaneceram em área adjacente com acesso a uma mistura de espécies forrageiras de clima temperado. Comparando os três ciclos, foi possível observar que as vacas obtiveram semelhante consumo de forragem com diferentes tempos de pastejo diário. Independente da quantidade de forragem ingerida, o tempo de pastejo diário aumentou 12min por cm de redução na altura residual de lâminas foliares e reduções na eficiência de pastejo foram claramente associadas a características estruturais da pastagem, como, a proximidade ao solo e a proporção de colmos + pseudocolmos no estrato pastejado. Em conclusão, sob pastejo rotativo, o tempo de pastejo está intimamente associado com a altura residual de folhas, mas não é um bom indicador do consumo de forragem. As características estruturais do pasto são claramente associadas à eficiência de pastejo, independente do consumo diário de forragem.