Activity pattern of Tityus serrulatus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in an urban area in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

Tityus serrulatus Lutz & Mello (Scorpiones: Buthidae) is a scorpion endemic to Brazil adapted to synanthropic life, colonising and proliferating in the most populous urban areas in the country. Here, we evaluated its activity pattern in an urban cemetery in the municipality of Americana, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Additionally, we tested the effects of species reproduction and climatic seasons on the activity pattern. The Saudade Municipal Cemetery was sampled between 17:00 and 22:00 h during 455 nights from April 2006 to December 2013. The circular mean and the peak of activity were quantified for the total number of specimens, and for specimens with and without broods. Activity patterns were inferred using a rosette diagram. Circular analysis of variance was used to investigate if activity patterns changed across climatic seasons (wet and dry seasons). A total of 25,969 records (467 specimens with broods) were obtained in the field. The circular mean varied between 19:44 and 19:48 h, and the peak of activity occurred between 18:00 and 20:00 h for all groups. Peaks of activity differed from that recorded under laboratory conditions (between 21:00 and 23:00 h). Activity patterns did not differ for specimens with broods, suggesting that the reproductive condition does not alter the species activity pattern. The activity pattern differed between wet and dry seasons for all specimens and specimens without broods, but differences were small and probably biologically irrelevant, probably because the species tolerates a wide variation in abiotic conditions. Deepening the knowledge of the behaviour activity of T. serrulatus can have practical applications for health surveillance agencies, aiming to increase the effectiveness of scorpion control in urban areas.

Tityus serrulatus Lutz & Mello (Scorpiones: Buthidae) é um escorpião endêmico do Brasil adaptado à vida sinantrópica, colonizando e proliferando nas áreas urbanas mais populosas do país. Aqui avaliamos seu padrão de atividade em um cemitério urbano no município de Americana, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Adicionalmente, testamos os efeitos da reprodução da espécie e das estações climáticas sobre o padrão de atividade. O Cemitério Municipal da Saudade foi amostrado entre 17:00 h e 22:00 h durante 455 noites, de abril de 2006 a dezembro de 2013. A média circular e o pico de atividade foram quantificados para o número total de espécimes, espécimes com e sem ninhadas. Os padrões de atividade foram inferidos usando um diagrama de roseta. Análises de variância circular foram utilizadas para investigar se os padrões de atividade mudavam com as estações climáticas (estações chuvosa e seca). Um total de 25.969 registros (467 espécimes com ninhadas) foram obtidos em campo. A média circular variou entre 19:44 h e 19:48 h e o pico de atividade ocorreu entre 18:00 h e 20:00 h para todos os grupos. Os picos de atividade diferiram dos registados em condições de laboratório (entre 21:00 h e 23:00 h). Os padrões de atividade não diferiram para os espécimes com ninhadas, sugerindo que a condição reprodutiva não altera o padrão de atividade da espécie. O padrão de atividade diferiu entre as estações chuvosa e seca para todos os espécimes e os espécimes sem ninhadas, mas as diferenças foram pequenas e provavelmente biologicamente irrelevantes, provavelmente porque a espécie tolera uma grande variação nas condições abióticas. Preencher lacunas sobre o comportamento de T. serrulatus pode ter aplicações práticas para órgãos de vigilância sanitária, visando aumentar a eficácia do controle de escorpiões em áreas urbanas.

New carrion-visiting flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from tropical dry forests of Colombia and their phylogenetic affinities.

Many flesh flies of the subfamily Sarcophaginae are very competitive carrion visitors and breeders, and several are synanthropic species of medical and forensic importance. The knowledge of these taxa is still limited, which is more noticeable in sub-sampled ecosystems such as the tropical dry forests of Colombia. Four new species, Blaesoxipha (Gigantotheca) wajiira sp. nov., Lepidodexia deborarangoa sp. nov., Oxysarcodexia luriza sp. nov. and Udamopyga iku sp. nov., are described from tropical dry forests in the Colombian departments of Atlántico, Bolívar, Cesar and La Guajira, all collected using Van Someren-Rydon traps baited separately with fermented fruit, decomposing fish and human feces. The species B. (G.) wajiira sp. nov. is probably synanthropic, while the remaining three new species avoid habitats in and around built-up areas. A phylogenetic parsimony analysis based on 222 morphological characters across 121 taxa of flesh flies recovers each new species nested within their respective genus. The subgeneric affiliation of L. deborarangoa sp. nov. within the large and diverse genus Lepidodexia (sensu lato) is inconclusive, and potential issues of relying solely on external morphological characters for generic and subgeneric classifications are highlighted. The species Lepidodexia (Notochaeta) woodi (Lopes), Oxyvinia wicharti (Lopes) and Sarcofahrtiopsis spinetta Mulieri & Dufek are new records for Colombia. COI sequence data are provided for U. iku sp. nov., L. (N.) woodi and O. wicharti.

Influence of montane altitudinal ranges on species distribution models; evidence in Andean blow flies.

BACKGROUND: Blow flies are a family of dipterans of medical, veterinary and sanitary importance. We aim to predict the current geographical distribution of six neotropical blowfly species with different altitudinal ranges of distribution (high, medium, and lowlands) and degree of synanthropy (eusynanthropic, hemisynanthropic and asynanthropic) based on their existing fundamental niche (EA) in Northwestern South America. METHODS: Geographical records were compiled based on data from museum specimens and literature. The accessible area hypothesis (M) was calculated based on three criteria: (1) Altitudinal range, (2) Synanthropy values deducted based on the Human Influence Index (HII) raster dataset, and (3). The mean dispersal capability of flies. The modeling was performed using the Maxent entropy modeling software. The selection of parameters was made with the R Program ENMeval package. RESULTS: The models were assessed using the area under the operator-partial receiver curve (ROCp). The high statistical performance was evidenced in every modeling prediction. The modeling allowed identifying possible taxonomic inaccuracies and the lack of exhaustive collection in the field, especially for lowlands species. Geographical distribution predicted by the modeling and empirical data was remarkably coherent in montane species. DISCUSSION: The data obtained evidence that montane elevational ranges affect the performance of the distribution models. These models will allow a more precise predicting of medium and high elevation blow flies than lowlands species. Montane species modeling will accurately predict the fly occurrence to use such biological information for medical, legal, veterinary, and conservation purposes.

Occurrence and seasonality of muscoids dipterous (Diptera, Calliphoridae) at Colégio Pedro II campus Niterói, Barreto, Niterói, RJ, Brazil / Ocorrência e sazonalidade de dípteros muscóides (Diptera, Calliphoridae) no campus do Colégio Pedro II, Barreto, Niterói, RJ, Brasil

Este trabalho foi realizado por alunos do Ensino Médio do campus Niterói do Colégio Pedro II, no período de 2015 a 2016, com o apoio do Programa de incentivo a Projetos de Pesquisa de Iniciação Científica Júnior da Pró-Reitoria de PósGraduação, Pesquisa, Extensão e Cultura do Colégio Pedro II (PROPGPEC). Teve o objetivo de conhecer a entomofauna de Calliphoridae (Diptera) presente no bairro do Barreto, Niterói, RJ, Brasil, quantificando as espécies predominantes da localidade. Assim, contribuiu para que os alunos vivenciassem a aplicação do método científico. As moscas foram capturadas no campus Niterói do Colégio Pedro II, através de coletas semanais, com auxílio de armadilhas cilíndricas de metal, que continham sardinha como isca. Foram capturados, ao todo, 1.308 exemplares, preservados em álcool e, posteriormente identificados com o auxílio de chaves dicotômicas apropriadas. Chrysomya Megachephala (Fabricius, 1794) foi a espécie mais abundante. De uma forma geral, as espécies do gênero Chrysomya (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) mostram forte associação com o ambiente modificado pelo homem. Devido à grande capacidade competitiva com espécies autóctones e à importância médico-veterinária que apresenta, a continuidade dos estudos populacionais dessa espécie, ao longo do território nacional, pode contribuir com programas de controle e combate desses insetos.(AU)

This study was carried out by a group of high school students of Colegio Pedro II, campus Niterói, from 2015 through 2016 and was supported by the Junior Scientific Initiation Program supervised by the Dean of Graduate Studies, Research, Extension and Culture of this same institution. The purpose of the program is to familiarize students with scientific research methods and analytical tools. The research presented in this article aimed at knowing the fauna of Calliphoridae (Diptera) in Barreto, a borough in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, focusing on the quantity of predominant species found in the area. Flies were weekly captured at Colégio Pedro II campus Niterói, with the help of a cylindrical metal trap, containing sardine baits. The data collected consisted of 1308 specimens, which were properly identified using a stereoscopic microscope and properly dichotomous keys. Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) was the most abundant species collected. Chrysomya species (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) usually have a strong connection to the environment modified by man. They compete with native species and they have a medical and veterinary significant role. It is important that studies continue to be carried out across the Brazilian territory so that they could help create programs to control and fight these insects.(AU)

Occurrence and seasonality of muscoids dipterous (Diptera, Calliphoridae) at Colégio Pedro II campus Niterói, Barreto, Niterói, RJ, Brazil / Ocorrência e sazonalidade de dípteros muscóides (Diptera, Calliphoridae) no campus do Colégio Pedro II, Barreto, Niterói, RJ, Brasil

Este trabalho foi realizado por alunos do Ensino Médio do campus Niterói do Colégio Pedro II, no período de 2015 a 2016, com o apoio do Programa de incentivo a Projetos de Pesquisa de Iniciação Científica Júnior da Pró-Reitoria de PósGraduação, Pesquisa, Extensão e Cultura do Colégio Pedro II (PROPGPEC). Teve o objetivo de conhecer a entomofauna de Calliphoridae (Diptera) presente no bairro do Barreto, Niterói, RJ, Brasil, quantificando as espécies predominantes da localidade. Assim, contribuiu para que os alunos vivenciassem a aplicação do método científico. As moscas foram capturadas no campus Niterói do Colégio Pedro II, através de coletas semanais, com auxílio de armadilhas cilíndricas de metal, que continham sardinha como isca. Foram capturados, ao todo, 1.308 exemplares, preservados em álcool e, posteriormente identificados com o auxílio de chaves dicotômicas apropriadas. Chrysomya Megachephala (Fabricius, 1794) foi a espécie mais abundante. De uma forma geral, as espécies do gênero Chrysomya (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) mostram forte associação com o ambiente modificado pelo homem. Devido à grande capacidade competitiva com espécies autóctones e à importância médico-veterinária que apresenta, a continuidade dos estudos populacionais dessa espécie, ao longo do território nacional, pode contribuir com programas de controle e combate desses insetos.

This study was carried out by a group of high school students of Colegio Pedro II, campus Niterói, from 2015 through 2016 and was supported by the Junior Scientific Initiation Program supervised by the Dean of Graduate Studies, Research, Extension and Culture of this same institution. The purpose of the program is to familiarize students with scientific research methods and analytical tools. The research presented in this article aimed at knowing the fauna of Calliphoridae (Diptera) in Barreto, a borough in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, focusing on the quantity of predominant species found in the area. Flies were weekly captured at Colégio Pedro II campus Niterói, with the help of a cylindrical metal trap, containing sardine baits. The data collected consisted of 1308 specimens, which were properly identified using a stereoscopic microscope and properly dichotomous keys. Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) was the most abundant species collected. Chrysomya species (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) usually have a strong connection to the environment modified by man. They compete with native species and they have a medical and veterinary significant role. It is important that studies continue to be carried out across the Brazilian territory so that they could help create programs to control and fight these insects.

Ecology of phlebotomine sand flies in a Brazilian area with recent leishmaniasis transmission (Itaúna, in Minas Gerais state)

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Leishmaniasis constitutes a serious but neglected tropical disease. Recently, socio-environmental, biological and physical changes have altered the range of leishmaniasis, causing it to spread into urban areas. In Minas Gerais, the disease is endemic, exhibiting regional differences and reaching urban centers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate entomological aspects related to the ecoepidemiology of leishmaniasis in Itaúna. METHODS: Monthly catches with HP traps were carried out from June 2017 to May 2018, in three ecological areas (urban, rural, and forest). The adaptability of the species to anthropic environments was assessed using the synanthropy index (SI). RESULTS: We collected 1306 specimens of phlebotomine sand flies. Of the species of medical importance, Lutzomyia longipalpis, the vector of Leishmania infantum, represented 90.4% of the specimens identified at species level (n=1260). Nyssomyia whitmani, the vector of Leishmania braziliensis, represented 1.6% of the total. Lu. longipalpis displayed an SI of +95.8, a value that denotes a marked preference for human environments. For Ny. whitmani, the SI was -25, expressing the tendency of this species to occupy uninhabited areas. The population of the three most numerous species captured increased with rain, high temperatures, and high relative humidity. Although captured at low numbers, Ny. whitmani showed a different profile concerning the climate variables analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the epidemiology of the disease may assist the health services in formulating effective control measures for improving community health and contributing to the establishment of a dynamic relationship and a global awareness of the health/disease process.

Antarctophthirus microchir infestation in synanthropic South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens) males diagnosed by a novel non-invasive method.

Antarctophthirus microchir is a sucking louse species belonging to the family Echinophthiriidae and has been reported to parasitize all species of the subfamily Otariinae, the sea lions. Former studies on this ectoparasite mainly required fixation, immobilization, or death of host species and especially examinations of adult male sea lions are still very rare. Between March and May 2018, adult individuals of a unique "urban" bachelor group of South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) living directly in the city of Valdivia, Chile, were studied regarding their ectoparasite infestation status. For first time, a non-invasive method in the form of a lice comb screwed on a telescopic rod and grounded with adhesive tape was used for sample taking process. Overall, during combing different stages of A. microchir were detected in 4/5 O. flavescens individuals, especially at the junction between the back and hind flippers. Our findings represent the first report of A. microchir infesting individuals of this synanthropic colony and fulfilling complete life cycle in a sea lion group despite inhabiting freshwater and in absence of females/pups. Our "telescopic lice comb apparatus" offers a new strategy to collect different stages of ectoparasites and a range of epidermal material, such as fur coat hair and superficial skin tissue for a broad spectrum of research fields in wildlife sciences in an unmolested and stress reduced manner.

To boldly go: on invasive goblin spiders in Brazil (Araneae, Oonopidae) / Audaciosamente indo: aranhas gnomo invasoras no Brasil (Araneae, Oonopidae)

Twelve non-native species of the spider family Oonopidae are recorded in Brazil: Brignolia dasysterna Platnick, Dupérré, Ott & Kranz-Baltensperger, 2011, B. parumpunctata (Simon, 1893), Triaeris stenaspis Simon, 1892, Ischnothyreus peltifer (Simon, 1892), I. velox Jackson, 1908, Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859), O. deserticola Simon, 1892, Pelicinus marmoratus Simon, 1892, Heteroonops spinimanus (Simon, 1892), Gamasomorpha parmata (Thorell, 1890) (herein restored to its original combination in Xestaspis), Orchestina pavesiiformis Saaristo, 2007 and O. dentifera (Simon, 1893). Among these species, six new synonyms were detected: Hytanis oblonga Simon, 1893, Xestaspis bipeltis Thorell, 1895, Gamasomorpha insularis Simon, 1907 and Opopaea lutzi Petrunkevitch, 1929 with Xestaspis parmata Thorell, 1890; Gammasomorpha humilis Mello-Leitão, 1920 with Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859) and Gamasomorpha rufa Banks, 1898 with Opopaea deserticola Simon, 1891. Since Hytanis oblonga is the type species of the genus, its synonymy with Xestaspis parmata imply in the synonymy of Hytanis Simon, 1893 with Xestaspis Simon, 1884. The partenogenetic species T. stenaspis is the most distributed synanthropic oonopid in Brazil, occurring all over the country, mainly in urban areas. Some species are reported here to occur in the interior of natural caves, a finding that should raise conservation concerns.

Doze aranhas consideradas não-nativas da família Oonopidae são registradas em áreas urbanas no Brasil: Brignolia dasysterna Platnick, Dupérré, Ott & Kranz-Baltensperger, 2011, B. parumpunctata (Simon, 1893), Triaeris stenaspis Simon, 1892, Ischnothyreus peltifer (Simon, 1892), I. velox Jackson, 1908, Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859), O. deserticola Simon, 1892, Pelicinus marmoratus Simon, 1892, Heteroonops spinimanus (Simon, 1892), Gamasomorpha parmata (Thorell, 1890) (aqui restaurada para sua combinação original em Xestaspis), Orchestina pavesiiformis Saaristo, 2007 and O. dentifera (Simon, 1893). Entre estas espécies, seis novos sinônimos foram detectados: Hytanis oblonga Simon, 1893, Xestaspis bipeltis Thorell, 1895, Gamasomorpha insularis Simon, 1907 e Opopaea lutzi Petrunkevitch, 1929 com Xestaspis parmata Thorell, 1890; Gammasomorpha humilis Mello-Leitão, 1920 com Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859) e Gamasomorpha rufa Banks, 1898 with Opopaea deserticola Simon, 1891. Uma vez que Hytanis oblonga é a espécie-tipo do gênero, sua sinonímia com Xestaspis parmata implica na sinonímia de Hytanis Simon, 1893 com Xestaspis Simon, 1884. Triaeris stenaspis, uma espécie partenogenética, é o oonopídeo sinantrópico com distribuição mais ampla no Brasil, ocorrendo de norte a sul do país, principalmente em áreas urbanas. Algumas espécies relatadas aqui ocorrem no interior de cavernas naturais, uma descoberta que deve levantar preocupações em relação à conservação das espécies nativas de cavernas.

To boldly go: on invasive goblin spiders in Brazil (Araneae, Oonopidae)

Twelve non-native species of the spider family Oonopidae are recorded in Brazil: Brignolia dasysterna Platnick, Dupérré, Ott & Kranz-Baltensperger, 2011, B. parumpunctata (Simon, 1893), Triaeris stenaspis Simon, 1892, Ischnothyreus peltifer (Simon, 1892), I. velox Jackson, 1908, Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859), O. deserticola Simon, 1892, Pelicinus marmoratus Simon, 1892, Heteroonops spinimanus (Simon, 1892), Gamasomorpha parmata (Thorell, 1890) (herein restored to its original combination in Xestaspis), Orchestina pavesiiformis Saaristo, 2007 and O. dentifera (Simon, 1893). Among these species, six new synonyms were detected: Hytanis oblonga Simon, 1893, Xestaspis bipeltis Thorell, 1895, Gamasomorpha insularis Simon, 1907 and Opopaea lutzi Petrunkevitch, 1929 with Xestaspis parmata Thorell, 1890; Gammasomorpha humilis Mello-Leitão, 1920 with Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859) and Gamasomorpha rufa Banks, 1898 with Opopaea deserticola Simon, 1891. Since Hytanis oblonga is the type species of the genus, its synonymy with Xestaspis parmata imply in the synonymy of Hytanis Simon, 1893 with Xestaspis Simon, 1884. The partenogenetic species T. stenaspis is the most distributed synanthropic oonopid in Brazil, occurring all over the country, mainly in urban areas. Some species are reported here to occur in the interior of natural caves, a finding that should raise conservation concerns.(AU)

Doze aranhas consideradas não-nativas da família Oonopidae são registradas em áreas urbanas no Brasil: Brignolia dasysterna Platnick, Dupérré, Ott & Kranz-Baltensperger, 2011, B. parumpunctata (Simon, 1893), Triaeris stenaspis Simon, 1892, Ischnothyreus peltifer (Simon, 1892), I. velox Jackson, 1908, Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859), O. deserticola Simon, 1892, Pelicinus marmoratus Simon, 1892, Heteroonops spinimanus (Simon, 1892), Gamasomorpha parmata (Thorell, 1890) (aqui restaurada para sua combinação original em Xestaspis), Orchestina pavesiiformis Saaristo, 2007 and O. dentifera (Simon, 1893). Entre estas espécies, seis novos sinônimos foram detectados: Hytanis oblonga Simon, 1893, Xestaspis bipeltis Thorell, 1895, Gamasomorpha insularis Simon, 1907 e Opopaea lutzi Petrunkevitch, 1929 com Xestaspis parmata Thorell, 1890; Gammasomorpha humilis Mello-Leitão, 1920 com Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859) e Gamasomorpha rufa Banks, 1898 with Opopaea deserticola Simon, 1891. Uma vez que Hytanis oblonga é a espécie-tipo do gênero, sua sinonímia com Xestaspis parmata implica na sinonímia de Hytanis Simon, 1893 com Xestaspis Simon, 1884. Triaeris stenaspis, uma espécie partenogenética, é o oonopídeo sinantrópico com distribuição mais ampla no Brasil, ocorrendo de norte a sul do país, principalmente em áreas urbanas. Algumas espécies relatadas aqui ocorrem no interior de cavernas naturais, uma descoberta que deve levantar preocupações em relação à conservação das espécies nativas de cavernas.(AU)

To boldly go: on invasive goblin spiders in Brazil (Araneae, Oonopidae)

Twelve non-native species of the spider family Oonopidae are recorded in Brazil: Brignolia dasysterna Platnick, Dupérré, Ott & Kranz-Baltensperger, 2011, B. parumpunctata (Simon, 1893), Triaeris stenaspis Simon, 1892, Ischnothyreus peltifer (Simon, 1892), I. velox Jackson, 1908, Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859), O. deserticola Simon, 1892, Pelicinus marmoratus Simon, 1892, Heteroonops spinimanus (Simon, 1892), Gamasomorpha parmata (Thorell, 1890) (herein restored to its original combination in Xestaspis), Orchestina pavesiiformis Saaristo, 2007 and O. dentifera (Simon, 1893). Among these species, six new synonyms were detected: Hytanis oblonga Simon, 1893, Xestaspis bipeltis Thorell, 1895, Gamasomorpha insularis Simon, 1907 and Opopaea lutzi Petrunkevitch, 1929 with Xestaspis parmata Thorell, 1890; Gammasomorpha humilis Mello-Leitão, 1920 with Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859) and Gamasomorpha rufa Banks, 1898 with Opopaea deserticola Simon, 1891. Since Hytanis oblonga is the type species of the genus, its synonymy with Xestaspis parmata imply in the synonymy of Hytanis Simon, 1893 with Xestaspis Simon, 1884. The partenogenetic species T. stenaspis is the most distributed synanthropic oonopid in Brazil, occurring all over the country, mainly in urban areas. Some species are reported here to occur in the interior of natural caves, a finding that should raise conservation concerns.

Doze aranhas consideradas não-nativas da família Oonopidae são registradas em áreas urbanas no Brasil: Brignolia dasysterna Platnick, Dupérré, Ott & Kranz-Baltensperger, 2011, B. parumpunctata (Simon, 1893), Triaeris stenaspis Simon, 1892, Ischnothyreus peltifer (Simon, 1892), I. velox Jackson, 1908, Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859), O. deserticola Simon, 1892, Pelicinus marmoratus Simon, 1892, Heteroonops spinimanus (Simon, 1892), Gamasomorpha parmata (Thorell, 1890) (aqui restaurada para sua combinação original em Xestaspis), Orchestina pavesiiformis Saaristo, 2007 and O. dentifera (Simon, 1893). Entre estas espécies, seis novos sinônimos foram detectados: Hytanis oblonga Simon, 1893, Xestaspis bipeltis Thorell, 1895, Gamasomorpha insularis Simon, 1907 e Opopaea lutzi Petrunkevitch, 1929 com Xestaspis parmata Thorell, 1890; Gammasomorpha humilis Mello-Leitão, 1920 com Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859) e Gamasomorpha rufa Banks, 1898 with Opopaea deserticola Simon, 1891. Uma vez que Hytanis oblonga é a espécie-tipo do gênero, sua sinonímia com Xestaspis parmata implica na sinonímia de Hytanis Simon, 1893 com Xestaspis Simon, 1884. Triaeris stenaspis, uma espécie partenogenética, é o oonopídeo sinantrópico com distribuição mais ampla no Brasil, ocorrendo de norte a sul do país, principalmente em áreas urbanas. Algumas espécies relatadas aqui ocorrem no interior de cavernas naturais, uma descoberta que deve levantar preocupações em relação à conservação das espécies nativas de cavernas.

To boldly go: on invasive goblin spiders in Brazil (Araneae, Oonopidae)

ABSTRACT Twelve non-native species of the spider family Oonopidae are recorded in Brazil: Brignolia dasysterna Platnick, Dupérré, Ott & Kranz-Baltensperger, 2011, B. parumpunctata (Simon, 1893), Triaeris stenaspis Simon, 1892, Ischnothyreus peltifer (Simon, 1892), I. velox Jackson, 1908, Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859), O. deserticola Simon, 1892, Pelicinus marmoratus Simon, 1892, Heteroonops spinimanus (Simon, 1892), Gamasomorpha parmata (Thorell, 1890) (herein restored to its original combination in Xestaspis), Orchestina pavesiiformis Saaristo, 2007 and O. dentifera (Simon, 1893). Among these species, six new synonyms were detected: Hytanis oblonga Simon, 1893, Xestaspis bipeltis Thorell, 1895, Gamasomorpha insularis Simon, 1907 and Opopaea lutzi Petrunkevitch, 1929 with Xestaspis parmata Thorell, 1890; Gammasomorpha humilis Mello-Leitão, 1920 with Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859) and Gamasomorpha rufa Banks, 1898 with Opopaea deserticola Simon, 1891. Since Hytanis oblonga is the type species of the genus, its synonymy with Xestaspis parmata imply in the synonymy of Hytanis Simon, 1893 with Xestaspis Simon, 1884. The partenogenetic species T. stenaspis is the most distributed synanthropic oonopid in Brazil, occurring all over the country, mainly in urban areas. Some species are reported here to occur in the interior of natural caves, a finding that should raise conservation concerns.

RESUMO Doze aranhas consideradas não-nativas da família Oonopidae são registradas em áreas urbanas no Brasil: Brignolia dasysterna Platnick, Dupérré, Ott & Kranz-Baltensperger, 2011, B. parumpunctata (Simon, 1893), Triaeris stenaspis Simon, 1892, Ischnothyreus peltifer (Simon, 1892), I. velox Jackson, 1908, Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859), O. deserticola Simon, 1892, Pelicinus marmoratus Simon, 1892, Heteroonops spinimanus (Simon, 1892), Gamasomorpha parmata (Thorell, 1890) (aqui restaurada para sua combinação original em Xestaspis), Orchestina pavesiiformis Saaristo, 2007 and O. dentifera (Simon, 1893). Entre estas espécies, seis novos sinônimos foram detectados: Hytanis oblonga Simon, 1893, Xestaspis bipeltis Thorell, 1895, Gamasomorpha insularis Simon, 1907 e Opopaea lutzi Petrunkevitch, 1929 com Xestaspis parmata Thorell, 1890; Gammasomorpha humilis Mello-Leitão, 1920 com Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859) e Gamasomorpha rufa Banks, 1898 with Opopaea deserticola Simon, 1891. Uma vez que Hytanis oblonga é a espécie-tipo do gênero, sua sinonímia com Xestaspis parmata implica na sinonímia de Hytanis Simon, 1893 com Xestaspis Simon, 1884. Triaeris stenaspis, uma espécie partenogenética, é o oonopídeo sinantrópico com distribuição mais ampla no Brasil, ocorrendo de norte a sul do país, principalmente em áreas urbanas. Algumas espécies relatadas aqui ocorrem no interior de cavernas naturais, uma descoberta que deve levantar preocupações em relação à conservação das espécies nativas de cavernas.

Use of herbarium data to evaluate weediness in five congeners.

It is often desirable to quantify a plant's relative weediness or synanthropy, that is, the degree to which a species associates with human-caused disturbance, in order to study and understand the biology, ecology and evolution of weeds and invasive plants. Herbarium specimens are among the most accessible and verifiable sources of data on distribution and habitat. However, the habitat distribution of species may not be reflected accurately by herbarium specimen data, due to well-known biases in plant collection. Here, we assess how well herbarium specimens reflect species' weediness, when compared with direct field surveys. We used five species of Melampodium (Asteraceae) and classified their degree of weediness with a modification of Nuorteva's synanthropy index, based on herbarium specimens. We then modelled the distribution of our focal species in Mexico using MaxEnt and identified a polygon of ∼3000 km(2) in the state of Nayarit, Mexico, where there was a high probability of finding all five species. Systematic field searches in the target area documented all visible populations of four species along major and minor roads. Then we, again, classified their degree of weediness with the synanthropy index, based now on field data, and compared. We found that herbarium data were an accurate predictor of a species' weediness relative to its congeners despite the well-documented skew of herbarium data towards natural areas, which our data reflected as well. So, herbarium data can be used to classify species' weediness relative to each other, but not in absolute terms, if the specimens were correctly identified and none of the species were subject to particular collection bias. This study is the first attempt to compare herbarium and field data on this subject and may be relevant for other types of investigations based on herbarium data. Our work also highlights the usefulness of distribution models based on herbarium specimens.

First report of brown widow spider sightings in Peninsular Malaysia and notes on its global distribution

Background: The brown widow spider (Latrodectus geometricus Koch, 1841) has colonised many parts of the world from its continent of origin, Africa. By at least 1841, the species had successfully established populations in South America and has more recently expanded its range to the southern states of North America. This highly adaptable spider has been far more successful in finding its niche around the world than its famous cousins, the black widow, Latrodectus mactans, found in the south-eastern states of North America, and the red-back, Latrodectus hasselti, found mostly in Australia, New Zealand and Japan. Methods: We performed an extensive web search of brown widow sightings and mapped the location of each sighting using ArcGIS. Specimens reputedly of the species L. geometricus were collected at three localities in Peninsular Malaysia. The spiders were identified and documented based on an examination of morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding. Results: The spiders found in Peninsular Malaysia were confirmed to be Latrodectus geometricus based on their morphological characteristics and DNA barcodes. We recorded 354 sightings of the brown widow in 58 countries, including Peninsular Malaysia. Conclusion: Reports from the Americas and the Far East suggest a global-wide invasion of the brown widow spider. Herein we report the arrival of the brown widow spider in Peninsular Malaysia and provide notes on the identification of the species and its recently expanded range.(AU)

First report of brown widow spider sightings in Peninsular Malaysia and notes on its global distribution.

BACKGROUND: The brown widow spider (Latrodectus geometricus Koch, 1841) has colonised many parts of the world from its continent of origin, Africa. By at least 1841, the species had successfully established populations in South America and has more recently expanded its range to the southern states of North America. This highly adaptable spider has been far more successful in finding its niche around the world than its famous cousins, the black widow, Latrodectus mactans, found in the south-eastern states of North America, and the red-back, Latrodectus hasselti, found mostly in Australia, New Zealand and Japan. METHODS: We performed an extensive web search of brown widow sightings and mapped the location of each sighting using ArcGIS. Specimens reputedly of the species L. geometricus were collected at three localities in Peninsular Malaysia. The spiders were identified and documented based on an examination of morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding. RESULTS: The spiders found in Peninsular Malaysia were confirmed to be Latrodectus geometricus based on their morphological characteristics and DNA barcodes. We recorded 354 sightings of the brown widow in 58 countries, including Peninsular Malaysia. CONCLUSION: Reports from the Americas and the Far East suggest a global-wide invasion of the brown widow spider. Herein we report the arrival of the brown widow spider in Peninsular Malaysia and provide notes on the identification of the species and its recently expanded range.

Fauna de morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) e a ocorrência de vírus da raiva na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil / Bat (Mammalia, Chiroptera) survey and rabies virus occurrence in São Paulo city, Brazil / La fauna de murciélagos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) y ocurrencia del virus de la rabia en la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil

Os morcegos constituem o segundo maior grupo e os mais versáteis dentre os mamíferos na exploração de alimento e abrigo. No Brasil são registradas 167 espécies, a maioria (70%) possui hábito alimentar insetívoro e os demais distribuídos entre frugívoros, nectarívoros, hematófagos, carnívoros, onívoros e piscívoros. Os que vivem em áreas urbanas são amplamente favorecidos por encontrar nas cidades abrigo e alimento. Utilizam com frequência as habitações humanas como abrigos diurnos e, por isso, já são considerados animais sinantrópicos. Esta proximidade com pessoas e/ou seus animais de estimação pode acarretar riscos de ocorrência de raiva. O Centro de Controle de Zoonoses da cidade de São Paulo (CCZ-SP) mantém um serviço que atente a população sobre problemas relacionados a morcegos e um laboratório de diagnóstico de raiva para realizar testes através de Imunofluorescência Direta e inoculação em camundongos em todos os morcegos coletados. O objetivo desse artigo é apresentar e analisar os dados do atendimento ocorrido entre 2004 e 2013. Nesse período foram atendidas 6945 solicitações e 4248 morcegos de 43 diferentes espécies foram capturados no município de São Paulo. Destes, 38 foram diagnosticados positivos para raiva, sendo 33 insetívoros, quatro frugívoros e um nectarívoro. A maioria destes animais foi encontrada em situações atípicas e em horários e locais não habituais para a espécie. Ações de educação continuada para esclarecimento da população sobre a importância dos morcegos para eliminar os mitos que os cercam são necessárias para estimular a convivência harmoniosa entre as pessoas e esses animais. Orientações técnicas sobre medidas preventivas que evitem ou eliminem seu abrigo em edificações, são fundamentais para diminuir o risco de acidentes às pessoas.

Bats are the second largest group of mammals and the most versatile of them, the diversity in their diets is not found in any other kind of mammals. Brazil holds 167 species, most has insectivorous feeding habits (70%) and the other species are distributed in frugivorous, nectarivorous, hematophagous, omnivorous and piscivorous. Bats that live in urban areas are widely favored by the large supply of food and shelter present in big cities. The human buildings are often used by these species as day roost and the easy adaptation makes bats synanthropic animals. The proximity to people and also domestic animals may represent risk of rabies transmission. The Center for Zoonosis Control in São Paulo maintains a service to attend the population that claim having problems caused by bats and a rabies laboratory that performed diagnosis by Direct Fluorescent and Mouse Inoculation tests in all bats collected. This paper presents and analysis attendance data as well as the rabies diagnosis for the period between 2004 and 2013. In this period 6945 requests were made and 4248 bats from 43 different species were captured in São Paulo City. Rabies virus was isolated in 38 bats: 33 insectivorous, four frugivorous and one nectarivorous. As for the location where positive bats were captured, most of them were found in atypical situation for their species. Programs of continuing education, aiming at instructing the population on the importance of bats and demystifying the common sense for the bats among people, as well as a technical guindance and support are necessary to stimulate the harmonious coexistence between people and these animals. Preventive measures to avoid or eliminate their shelter in buildings are essential to lower the risk of accidents with bats.

Los murciélagos son el segundo grupo más grande y el más versátil entre los mamíferos en la exploración de alimento y refugio. En Brasil se registró 167 especies, la mayoría (70%) tiene hábitos de alimentación insectívora y otros distribuidos entre los frugívoros, nectarívoros, hematófagos, carnívoros, omnívoros y piscívoros. Los que viven en las zonas urbanas son ampliamente favorecidos por las ciudades donde encuentran refugio y alimento. A menudo utilizar la habitación humana como dormideros día y por lo tanto ya se consideran animales sinantrópicos Esta proximidad a las personas y/o sus animales domésticos puede llevar a un riesgo de aparición de la rabia. El Centro de Controle de Zoonosis, en São Paulo (CCZ-SP) mantiene un servicio para informar al público sobre temas relacionados con los murciélagos y un laboratorio para la prueba de la rabia por imunofluorescencia directa e inoculación en ratones en todos los murciélagos capturados. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los datos en que el servicio se produjo entre 2004 y 2013. Durante este período se cumplieron 6945 solicitudes y se capturaron 4248 murciélagos de 43 especies diferentes en São Paulo. De estos, 38 fueran diagnosticados positivos para la rabia, incluyendo 33 insectívoros, cuatro frugívoros y uno nectarívoro. La mayoria de estos animales se encuentra en situaciones atípicas e inusuales en momentos y lugares para la especie. Acciones continuas para educar al público sobre la importancia de los murciélagos para eliminar los mitos que los rodean son necesarias para estimular la coexistencia armoniosa entre la gente y los murciélagos. Orientación técnica sobre las medidas preventivas para evitar o eliminar su refugio en los edificios son fundamentales para reducir el riesgo de accidentes para las personas.

First report of brown widow spider sightings in Peninsular Malaysia and notes on its global distribution

Background: The brown widow spider (Latrodectus geometricus Koch, 1841) has colonised many parts of the world from its continent of origin, Africa. By at least 1841, the species had successfully established populations in South America and has more recently expanded its range to the southern states of North America. This highly adaptable spider has been far more successful in finding its niche around the world than its famous cousins, the black widow, Latrodectus mactans, found in the south-eastern states of North America, and the red-back, Latrodectus hasselti, found mostly in Australia, New Zealand and Japan. Methods: We performed an extensive web search of brown widow sightings and mapped the location of each sighting using ArcGIS. Specimens reputedly of the species L. geometricus were collected at three localities in Peninsular Malaysia. The spiders were identified and documented based on an examination of morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding. Results: The spiders found in Peninsular Malaysia were confirmed to be Latrodectus geometricus based on their morphological characteristics and DNA barcodes. We recorded 354 sightings of the brown widow in 58 countries, including Peninsular Malaysia. Conclusion: Reports from the Americas and the Far East suggest a global-wide invasion of the brown widow spider. Herein we report the arrival of the brown widow spider in Peninsular Malaysia and provide notes on the identification of the species and its recently expanded range.

First report of brown widow spider sightings in Peninsular Malaysia and notes on its global distribution

Background:The brown widow spider (Latrodectus geometricus Koch, 1841) has colonised many parts of the world from its continent of origin, Africa. By at least 1841, the species had successfully established populations in South America and has more recently expanded its range to the southern states of North America. This highly adaptable spider has been far more successful in finding its niche around the world than its famous cousins, the black widow, Latrodectus mactans, found in the south-eastern states of North America, and the red-back, Latrodectus hasselti, found mostly in Australia, New Zealand and Japan.Methods:We performed an extensive web search of brown widow sightings and mapped the location of each sighting using ArcGIS. Specimens reputedly of the species L. geometricus were collected at three localities in Peninsular Malaysia. The spiders were identified and documented based on an examination of morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding.Results:The spiders found in Peninsular Malaysia were confirmed to be Latrodectus geometricus based on their morphological characteristics and DNA barcodes. We recorded 354 sightings of the brown widow in 58 countries, including Peninsular Malaysia.Conclusion:Reports from the Americas and the Far East suggest a global-wide invasion of the brown widow spider. Herein we report the arrival of the brown widow spider in Peninsular Malaysia and provide notes on the identification of the species and its recently expanded range.(AU)

Parasitic and fungal infections in synanthropic rodents in an area of urban expansion, Aracaju, Sergipe State, Brazil / Infecções parasitárias e fúngicas em roedores sinantrópicos coletados em área de expansão urbana, Aracaju, Estado do Sergipe, Brasil

This study analysed the prevalence of parasitic and fungal infections in rodents in an area of urban expansion, Aracaju, Brazil. Traps were placed in the area from December 2011 to January 2013. Blood samples, faeces and hair were collected from the animals. We collected a total of 47 rodents; 44 were Rattus rattus, and 3 were Mus musculus. Parasitological evaluation revealed the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta infection in both rodent species. The nematodes Aspiculuris tetraptera and Syphacia obvelata were found in M. musculus, and the commensal Entamoeba coli was found in R. rattus. We observed that 69.2% of the R. rattus and 33.3% of the M. musculus were infected with the haemoparasite Babesia sp. The differential leukocyte count revealed normal (72.3%), neutrophilic (15.9%) and lymphocytic (11.4%) profiles. The evaluation showed the following species of fungi in the rodents: Aspergillus sp. (77.1%), Penicillium sp. (28.6%), Cladosporium sp. (14.3%), Mucor sp. (14.3%), Curvularia sp. (8.6%), Acremonium sp. (8.6%), Chrysosporium sp. (2.9%), Syncephalostrum sp. (2.9%), Alternaria sp. (2.9%), Trichophyton sp. (2.9%) and Scopulariopsis sp. (2.9%). The parasites and fungi found in rodents are potentially zoonotic, and the presence of these household animals demonstrates their potential role as reservoirs and disseminators of fungal and parasitic infections.(AU)

Este estudo objetivou analisar a prevalência de infecções parasitárias e fúngicas em roedores em área de expansão de Aracaju, Brasil. Foram colocadas armadilhas com iscas no período de dezembro de 2011 a janeiro de 2013. Os animais coletados foram submetidos à coleta de amostras sanguíneas, fecais e de pelos. Foram coletados 47 roedores sendo 44 Rattus rattus e três Mus musculus e a avaliação parasitológica revelou infecção pelo cestódeo Hymenolepis diminuta em ambas as espécies, pelos nematódeos Aspiculuris tetraptera e Syphacia obvelata em M. musculus e pelo enterocomensal Entamoeba coli em R. rattus. Observou-se também que 69,2% de R. rattus e 33,3% de M. musculus estavam infectados pelo hemoparasita Babesia sp. A contagem diferencial dos leucócitos revelou perfil normal (72,3%), neutrofílico (15,9%) e linfocitário (11,4%). A avaliação micológica apresentou variabilidade qualitativa de fungos: Aspergillus sp. (77,1%), Penicillium sp. (28,6%), Cladosporium sp. (14,3%), Mucor sp. (14,3%), Curvularia sp. (8,6%), Acremonium sp. (8,6%), Chrysosporium sp. (2,9%), Syncephalostrum sp. (2,9%), Alternaria sp. (2,9%), Trichophyton sp. (2,9%) e Scopulariopsis sp. (2,9%). Os parasitas e fungos encontrados nos roedores são potencialmente zoonóticos sendo que a presença destes animais no peridomicílio evidencia o seu papel como reservatórios e disseminadores de infecções parasitárias e fúngicas.(AU)

Parasitic and fungal infections in synanthropic rodents in an area of urban expansion, Aracaju, Sergipe State, Brazil / Infecções parasitárias e fúngicas em roedores sinantrópicos coletados em área de expansão urbana, Aracaju, Estado do Sergipe, Brasil

This study analysed the prevalence of parasitic and fungal infections in rodents in an area of urban expansion, Aracaju, Brazil. Traps were placed in the area from December 2011 to January 2013. Blood samples, faeces and hair were collected from the animals. We collected a total of 47 rodents; 44 were Rattus rattus, and 3 were Mus musculus. Parasitological evaluation revealed the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta infection in both rodent species. The nematodes Aspiculuris tetraptera and Syphacia obvelata were found in M. musculus, and the commensal Entamoeba coli was found in R. rattus. We observed that 69.2% of the R. rattus and 33.3% of the M. musculus were infected with the haemoparasite Babesia sp. The differential leukocyte count revealed normal (72.3%), neutrophilic (15.9%) and lymphocytic (11.4%) profiles. The evaluation showed the following species of fungi in the rodents: Aspergillus sp. (77.1%), Penicillium sp. (28.6%), Cladosporium sp. (14.3%), Mucor sp. (14.3%), Curvularia sp. (8.6%), Acremonium sp. (8.6%), Chrysosporium sp. (2.9%), Syncephalostrum sp. (2.9%), Alternaria sp. (2.9%), Trichophyton sp. (2.9%) and Scopulariopsis sp. (2.9%). The parasites and fungi found in rodents are potentially zoonotic, and the presence of these household animals demonstrates their potential role as reservoirs and disseminators of fungal and parasitic infections.

Este estudo objetivou analisar a prevalência de infecções parasitárias e fúngicas em roedores em área de expansão de Aracaju, Brasil. Foram colocadas armadilhas com iscas no período de dezembro de 2011 a janeiro de 2013. Os animais coletados foram submetidos à coleta de amostras sanguíneas, fecais e de pelos. Foram coletados 47 roedores sendo 44 Rattus rattus e três Mus musculus e a avaliação parasitológica revelou infecção pelo cestódeo Hymenolepis diminuta em ambas as espécies, pelos nematódeos Aspiculuris tetraptera e Syphacia obvelata em M. musculus e pelo enterocomensal Entamoeba coli em R. rattus. Observou-se também que 69,2% de R. rattus e 33,3% de M. musculus estavam infectados pelo hemoparasita Babesia sp. A contagem diferencial dos leucócitos revelou perfil normal (72,3%), neutrofílico (15,9%) e linfocitário (11,4%). A avaliação micológica apresentou variabilidade qualitativa de fungos: Aspergillus sp. (77,1%), Penicillium sp. (28,6%), Cladosporium sp. (14,3%), Mucor sp. (14,3%), Curvularia sp. (8,6%), Acremonium sp. (8,6%), Chrysosporium sp. (2,9%), Syncephalostrum sp. (2,9%), Alternaria sp. (2,9%), Trichophyton sp. (2,9%) e Scopulariopsis sp. (2,9%). Os parasitas e fungos encontrados nos roedores são potencialmente zoonóticos sendo que a presença destes animais no peridomicílio evidencia o seu papel como reservatórios e disseminadores de infecções parasitárias e fúngicas.

On the taxonomy of Latonigena auricomis (Araneae, Gnaphosidae), with notes of geographical distribution and natural history / Sobre a taxonomia de Latonigena auricomis (Araneae, Gnaphosidae), com notas da distribuição geográfica e história natural

The male of Latonigena auricomis Simon, 1893 is described for the first time and the female is redescribed. New records are provided for Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Notes on the natural history and a potential distribution model of the species are presented in the Neotropical Region.(AU)

O macho de Latonigena auricomis Simon, 1893 é descrito pela primeira vez e a fêmea é redescrita. Novos registros são fornecidos pra Argentina, Brasil e Uruguai. São apresentadas notas sobre a história natural e um modelo de distribuição potencial da espécie na Região Neotropical.(AU)