A bipolar fuzzy decision-making system for assessing high-risk coexisting tuberculosis disease in pregnant women.

Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis poses a formidable challenge in global healthcare, particularly impacting older individuals and pregnant women. Diagnosing TB disease during pregnancy and in comorbid patients is more challenging due to overlapping symptoms with normal pregnancy conditions and existing treatments for other diseases, necessitating careful assessment to differentiate TB symptoms from those of other underlying conditions. To address this issue, this study designs a novel bipolar fuzzy decision-support system by integrating the concept of complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) and a technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) approaches using bipolar heptagonal fuzzy numbers. The approach is utilized to assess the high-risk of TB coinfection disease in pregnant women. The bipolar fuzzy set provides positive and negative membership degrees of an element, which divulge a balanced perspective by both the presence and absence of the disease. Additionally, a defuzzification algorithm is proposed for bipolar heptagonal fuzzy numbers, converting bipolar heptagonal fuzzy into a bipolar crisp score (CBHpFBCS). The bipolar fuzzy entropy measure is utilized to weight the criteria. The findings highlight that TB+HIV (G3) coinfection is more severe in pregnant women compared to other TB comorbidities. Finally, sensitivity and comparative analyses are executed across diverse criteria weight scenarios and with existing fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods to validate the robustness of the proposed method and its outcomes.

Optimizing microbial strain selection for pyrethroid biodegradation in contaminated environments through a TOPSIS-based decision-making system.

Improved and contemporary agriculture relies heavily on pesticides, yet some can be quite persistent and have a stable chemical composition, posing a significant threat to the ecology. Removing harmful effects is upon their degradability. Biodegradation must be emphasized to lower pesticide degradation costs, especially in the soil. Here, a decision-making system was used to determine the best microbial strain for the biodegradation of the pyrethroid-contaminated soil. In this system, the criteria chosen as: pH (C1), Temp (C2), RPM (C3), Conc. (C4), Degradation (%) (C5) and Time required for degradation(hrs) (C6); and five alternatives were Bacillus (A1), Acinetobacter (A2), Escherichia (A3), Pseudomonas (A4), and Fusarium (A5). The best alternative was selected by applying the TOPSIS (technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution) method, which evaluates based on their closeness to the ideal solution and how well they meet specific requirements. Among all the specified criteria, Acinetobacter (A2) was the best and optimal based on the relative closeness value (( R i ∗ ) = 0.740 (A2) > 0.544 (A5) > 0.480 (A1) > 0.403 (A4) > 0.296 (A3)). However, the ranking of the other alternatives is also obtained in the order Fusarium (A5), Bacillus (A1), Pseudomonas (A4), Escherichia (A3). Hence this study suggests Acinetobacter is the best microbial strain for biodegradation of pyrethroids; while least preference should be given to Escherichia. Acinetobacter, versatile metabolic nature with various xenobiotic compounds' degradation ability, is gram-negative, aerobic, coccobacilli, nonmotile, and nonspore forming bacteria. Due to less study about Acinetobacter it is not in that much frame as the other microorganisms. Hence, considering the Acinetobacter strain for the biodegradation study will give more optimal results than the other microbial strains. Novelty of this study, the TOPSIS method is applied first time in selecting the best microbial strain for the biodegradation of pyrethroid-contaminated soil, considering this selection process as multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem.

Assessing indoor positioning system: A q-spherical fuzzy rough TOPSIS analysis.

This study investigates advanced data collection methodologies and their implications for understanding employee and customer behavior within specific locations. Employing a comprehensive multi-criteria decision-making framework, we evaluate various technologies based on four distinct criteria and four technological alternatives. To identify the most effective technological solution, we employ the q-spherical fuzzy rough TOPSIS method, integrating three key parameters: lower set approximation, upper set approximation, and parameter q (where q ≥ 1). Our novel approach combines the TOPSIS method with q-spherical fuzzy rough set theory, providing deeper insights into data-driven decision-making processes in corporate environments. By comparing our proposed framework with existing multi-criteria decision-making methodologies, we demonstrate its strength and competitiveness. This research contributes to enhancing decision-making capabilities in corporate settings and beyond.

Evaluation of the water quality monitoring network layout based on driving-pressure-state-response framework and entropy weight TOPSIS model: A case study of Liao River, China.

The establishment of river water quality monitoring network is crucial for watershed protection. However, the evaluation process of monitoring network layout involves significant subjectivity and has not yet to form a complete indicator system. This study constructed an indicator system based on the DPSR (Driving-Pressure-State-Response) framework in the Liao River Basin, China. SWAT model and ArcGIS were used to quantify the indicators. And the entropy weight-TOPSIS method was employed to rank monitoring points. The results showed that pressure and state indicators had a greater impact on the network layout, with the indicator for proportion of land use in residential areas carrying the largest weight of 0.136. It suggested that the risk of river pollution remained high, and the governance strategies needed to be improved. Priority monitoring points were mainly located in the east and middle of the basin, consistent with the distribution of human activities such as urban areas and farmland. In addition, the redundancy of points should be avoided, and evaluation results should be adjusted based on the actual situation. The study provided an evaluation method for the layout of monitoring points.

Application of hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach to analyze wastewater microalgae culture systems for bioenergy production.

Bioenergy generation from microalgae can significantly contribute to climate mitigation and renewable energy production. In this regard, several multi-criteria decision-making method were employed to prioritize appropriate microalgae culture system for bioenergy production. Entropy weight, Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) were the employed MCDA method. Fourteen microalgae culture systems were selected as a case study, which contain teen monoculture and four dual-culture. Initially, through ans in-depth review of the literature and expert views, four categories total eight indicators were selected as the evaluation indices of the study, namely 1) Proliferation: Half growth cycle and Max growth rate,2) Biomass output: Bio-crude yield and Lipid yield, 3) Nutrient utilization: residual concentration of total Nitrogen and total Phosphorus, and, 4) Stability: coefficient of variation of Bio-crude yield and Lipid yield. The result indicated that "Pediastrum sp. & Micractinium sp." was identified as the most bioenergy potential microalgae culture system, and the evaluation results of entropy weight method and CRITIC method are similar. It is pertinent to note that 1)the entropy weight method exhibits lower sample size requirements, 2) the critic method excels when dealing with larger sample sizes, and 3) the TOPSIS method necessitates the incorporation of appropriate weighting methods to ensure credible results. In the application stage, the key indicators related to cost can be further included in the evaluation indices.

Measurement and spatial correlation analysis of high-quality development Level: A case study of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration in China.

Against the backdrop of slowing economic growth and increasing environmental pressure, the Yangtze River Delta city cluster, as one of the largest city clusters in the world, has become more driven in its pursuit of high-quality development. We constructed a system of 24 evaluation indexes and used entropy-weighted TOPSIS to calculate and study the high-quality development index of urban agglomerations in the region. First, the level of high quality development (HQD) of the Yangtze River Delta city cluster generally improved from 2010 to 2021, with 2017 was the best year, while 2010 was the worst year. Second, in the multidimensional evaluation of HQD, Jiangsu excels in innovation and people's livelihood with 0.524 and 0.534, respectively; Shanghai (0.531) excels in coordinated development; Zhejiang excels in green and economic development with 0.557 and 0.484, respectively; and Anhui lags behind in all aspects. Third, the development process of HQD in the Yangtze River Delta region is uneven, and the level of HQD development varies greatly among the city clusters in the province. The measurement results show that Shanghai (0.511) has the highest score, followed by Zhejiang (0.484), Jiangsu (0.440) and Anhui (0.435). Fourth, spatial correlation analysis shows that Shanghai and Jiangsu are mainly distributed in the double-high region, Zhejiang is distributed in the high-low region, while Anhui is concentrated in the low-low region. The results of this study help us understand more deeply the characteristics and challenges of high-quality development in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomerations and provide a scientific basis for more precise urban development policies.

Comprehensive quality evaluation of Guge fengtong tablets / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To establish a method for the content determination of 11 components such as protodioscin in Guge fengtong tablets， and to evaluate the comprehensive quality of Guge fengtong tablets by combining with chemometric analysis and entropy weight-technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution （EW-TOPSIS） method. METHODS HPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column with a mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile- 0.2% phosphoric acid solution at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min by gradient elution. The column temperature was set at 30 ℃ . The detection wavelengths were set at 203 nm （0-28 min， protodioscin， methyl protodioscin， pseudoprotodioscin， dioscin） and 280 nm （28-60 min， catechin， epicatechin， liquiritigenin， medicarpin， 6-gingerol， 8-gingerol， 10-gingerol）； the sample size was 10 μL. Using epicatechin as the internal reference， quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker （QAMS） method was used to determine the contents of protodioscin， methyl protodioscin， pseudoprotodioscin， dioscin， catechin， liquiritigenin， medicarpin， 6-gingerol， 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol， which were compared with the results of the external standard method. SPSS 26.0 software and SIMCA 14.1 software were used for principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis， with variable importance in projection （VIP） value greater than 1 as the standard， to screen for differential markers that affect the quality； the EW-TOPSIS method was adopted to evaluate the quality of 15 batches of samples comprehensively.RESULTS The contents of protodioscin， methyl protodioscin， pseudoprotodioscin， dioscin， catechin， liquiritigenin， medi-carpin， 6-gingerol， 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol determined by HPLC combined with QAMS were 6.330-10.863， 1.150-2.274， 0.431- 0.740， 2.818-4.823， 0.826-1.510， 0.043-0.094， 0.079-0.231， 0.479-1.020， 0.146-0.288， 0.118-0.318 mg/g， respectively； there were no statistical significances， compared with the external standard method （P＞0.05）. A total of 15 batches of samples were clustered into 3 groups， with S1-S6， S7-S10， and S11-S15 clustered into one group， respectively. The VIP values of protodioscin， epicatechin， dioscin and 6-gingerol were greater than 1. Euclidean closeness values of the optimal solution （C）i for 15 batches of samples were 0.163 5 to 0.703 7， and Ci values of S11-S15 were all higher than 0.6. CONCLUSIONS The established QAMS method is accurate and simple， and can be used for comprehensive quality evaluation of Guge fengtong tablets， by combining with chemometric analysis and EW-TOPSIS method. Protodioscin， epicatechin， dioscin and 6-gingerol are the differential markers that affect the quality of Guge fengtong tablets. Samples S11-S15 have better quality.

Development of an integrated scenario-based stochastic rolling-planning multistage logistics model considering various risks.

In this study, a new integrated scenario-based stochastic rolling-planning multistage logistics model is proposed to reduce overall logistics costs. To achieve this goal, two phases were considered in the model. In the first phase, a multi-criteria group decision-making model was developed to select a trustworthy supplier. In the second stage, the selected suppliers were integrated with other stakeholders to develop a rolling-planning-based logistics model using a variety of risky scenarios. Several risk factors including price variability, demand, and quality risks were considered in the model. By considering these risk factors, a new risk-embedded rolling-planning logistics method was established that regulates inventory, stock-out, and overstock problems by constantly controlling the production volume at the manufacturing site based on actual demands. In this model, the supplier's side material quality, price fluctuation risks, and customer-side demand risks were considered simultaneously. To evaluate the performance of the proposed model, a numerical example was set up, and the obtained results were compared with those of another model where fixed volume production and delivery approach was used instead of the rolling-planning approach. To verify the superiority and robustness of the proposed model, its performance was verified through a sensitivity analysis under different experimental conditions. The findings show that in a risk environment, the proposed model estimates lower logistics costs of 2697648.00 units compared to another model whose costs were 2721843.00 units.

Comprehensive evaluation of the international competitiveness of solar photovoltaic products in China, Japan, and Korea under RCEP background.

Under the background of global energy transformation and structural upgrading, the development of solar photovoltaic industry in various countries has been paid attention to, and solar photovoltaic products occupy an important position in the international trade of renewable energy. The signing of the RCEP agreement can create favorable external conditions for the trade and industrial cooperation of solar photovoltaic products, which has attracted global attention. Therefore, based on the background of RCEP, it is of practical significance to analyze the development and export competitiveness of solar energy products in the agreement countries. This paper uses TOPSIS to establish a comprehensive evaluation index system for the international competitiveness of solar photovoltaic products to study the international competitiveness of solar photovoltaic products in China, Japan, and Korea under the context of RCEP. The study shows that (1) China's international competitiveness in solar photovoltaic products is strong and continues to improve, while Japan is declining and Korea is growing slowly. (2) There are significant differences in the components that lead to international competitiveness among different countries. Based on the above findings, this paper proposes corresponding policy recommendations for the three countries.

Online health community-An empirical analysis based on grounded theory and entropy weight TOPSIS method to evaluate the service quality.

Introduction: With the enhancement of people's health awareness and the impact of the coronavirus pandemic in recent years, people's demand for online health information continues to expand, and online health communities (OHCs) have developed rapidly. However, the service quality of OHCs is uneven, and problems such as content quality, privacy disclosure are increasingly prominent. It's of great significance to establish normalized OHC service quality evaluation standards and develop effective evaluation tools and methods for the improvement of OHC service quality. Material and Methods: Based on the grounded theory, the raw materials obtained from semi-structured interviews were coded in three stages to construct a service quality evaluation system for OHC. Through empirical analysis, the rationality and effectiveness of the evaluation system were verified. Then six representative Chinese OHCs were selected and their service quality was evaluated by the entropy weight TOPSIS method. Results: The service quality evaluation system of OHC was constructed which includes 4 first-level indicators and 16 second-level indicators. The weights of the first-level indicators from large to small are content quality, emotional experience quality, interaction quality and function quality. Among the second-level indicator weights, the top three are perceived cost reasonableness, content professionalism and effectiveness of interactive content. Conclusions: The indicator system is reasonable and effective and the evaluation method has strong applicability and operability. This study will provide theoretical guidance for community platform operators and relevant departments to design effective evaluation mechanism of OHC service quality, offering a reference for decisions and policymakers.

Research on linguistic multi-attribute decision making method for normal cloud similarity.

Aiming at the uncertainty linguistic transformation problem in multi-attribute decision making, a decision-making method based on normal cloud similarity was proposed. Firstly, starting from the normal cloud characteristic curves, a normal cloud similarity measurement method based on Wasserstein distance is proposed by combing with the normal cloud entropy-containing expectation curve, which is using the Wasserstein distance to characterize the similarity characteristics of probability distribution. The properties of the proposed similarity measure are discussed in the paper. Secondly, the performance of the proposed method is compared and analyzed with the existed methods by numerical simulation experiment and time series data classification experiment. The experimental results show that the proposed method has good similarity discrimination ability, high classification accuracy and low CPU time cost. Finally, the method was successfully applied into linguistic multi-attribute decision making, and TOPSIS thought is used to compare and rank the schemes, so as to realize the final decision.

Complex Fermatean fuzzy extended TOPSIS method and its applications in decision making.

The fuzzy set has its own limitations due to the membership function only. The fuzzy set does not describe the negative aspects of an object. The Fermatean fuzzy set covers the negative aspects of an object. The complex Fermatean fuzzy set is the most effective tool for handling ambiguous and uncertain information. The aim of this research work is to develop new techniques for complex decision-making based on complex Fermatean fuzzy numbers. First, we construct different aggregation operators for complex Fermatean fuzzy numbers, using Einstein t-norms. We define a series of aggregation operators named complex Fermatean fuzzy Einstein weighted average aggregation (CFFEWAA), complex Fermatean fuzzy Einstein ordered weighted average aggregation (CFFEOWAA), and complex Fermatean fuzzy Einstein hybrid average aggregation (CFFEHAA). The fundamental properties of the proposed aggregation operators are discussed here. The proposed aggregation operators are applied to the decision-making technique with the help of the score functions. We also construct different algorithms based on different aggregation operators. The extended TOPSIS method is described for the decision-making problem. We apply the proposed extended TOPSIS method to MAGDM problem "selection of an English language instructor". We also compare the proposed models with the existing models.

Technological achievements in regional economic development: An econometrics analysis based on DEA.

"Double circulation" is an important strategic choice under the development of the new situation. The transformation of university scientific and technological achievements and the coordinated development of regional economy are of great significance to the construction and development of the new paradigm. In this paper, DEA method is used to measure the transformation efficiency of scientific and technological achievements of universities in 31 provinces and autonomous regions (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan), and the entropy weight-Topsis model is used to evaluate the quality of regional economic development. The comprehensive scores of the two systems are coupled and coordinated finally. It is found that the transformation efficiency of scientific and technological achievements of universities in 31 provinces and autonomous regions (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) is mostly DEA effective, and the transformation ability of scientific and technological achievements of universities is strong in the regions where university resources are concentrated and the economically developed regions, meanwhile there is a big gap between regions. The transformation ability of scientific and technological achievements in the central and western regions has a big room for improvement. The transformation level of scientific and technological achievements of universities in most provinces is still at a middle level of coordination with the level of regional economic development. In view of the above research conclusions, some countermeasures and suggestions are put forward in order to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and regional economic development can be more coordinated.

[Quality evaluation and multi-spectral identification of origin herbs of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos based on grey correlation-TOPSIS method].

The grey correlation-TOPSIS method was used to evaluate the quality of the origin herbs of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, and the Fourier transform near-infrared(NIR) and mid-infrared(MIR) spectroscopy was applied to establish the identification model of origin herbs of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos by combining chemometrics and spectral fusion strategies. The content of neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, secoxyloganin, isoquercitrin, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, and isochlorogenic acid C in six origin herbs of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), and their quality was evaluated by the grey correlation-TOPSIS method. The Fourier transform NIR and MIR spectra of six origin herbs of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos(Lonicera japonica, L. macranthoides, L. hypoglauca, L. fulvotomentosa, L. confuse, and L. similis) were collected. At the same time, principal component analysis(PCA), support vector machine(SVM), and spectral data fusion technology were combined to determine the optimal identification method for the origin herbs of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. There were differences in the quality of the origin herbs of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. Specifically, there were significant differences between L. japonica and the other five origin herbs(P<0.01). The quality of L. similis was significantly different from that of L. fulvotomentosa, L. macranthoides, and L. hypoglauca(P=0.008, 0.027, 0.01), and there were also significant differences in the quality of L. hypoglauca and L. confuse(P=0.001). The PCA and SVM 2D models based on a single spectrum could not be used for the effective identification of the origin herbs of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. The data fusion combined with the SVM model further improved the identification accuracy, and the identification accuracy of the mid-level data fusion reached 100%. Therefore, the grey correlation-TOPSIS method can be used to evaluate the quality of the origin herbs of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. Based on the infrared spectral data fusion strategy and SVM chemometric model, it can accurately identify the origin herbs of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, which can provide a new method for the origin identification of medicinal materials of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos.

Coordination evaluation of urban tourism and urban development based on TOPSIS method-a case of Xiamen city.

Facing the current situation of tourism and urban prosperity and development, whether there is a contradiction between urban tourism and urban development, and whether they can always coordinate with each other will affect the sustainable development of both. In this context, the coordination of urban tourism and urban development has become an urgent research object. Based on the statistics of twenty indicators of urban tourism and urban development in Xiamen from 2014 to 2018, the article uses the TOPSIS analysis method to develop the number of tourists. Research results show that (1) the selected indicators all showed significant growth characteristics, and over time the coordination coefficient increases year by year and gradually approaches the ideal optimal value. (2) Among them, 2018 has the highest coordination coefficient, 0.9534. (3) The occurrence of "big events" has a double-sided effect on urban tourism and development coordination.

City Health Examination and Evaluation of Territory Spatial Planning for SDG11 in China: A Case Study of Xining City in Qinghai Province.

City health examination and evaluation of territorial spatial planning is a new policy tool in China. However, research on city health examination and evaluation of territorial spatial planning is still in the exploratory stage in China. Guided by sustainable cities and communities (SDG11), a reasonable city health examination and evaluation index system for Xining City in Qinghai Province is constructed in this paper. The improved technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was used to quantify the evaluation results, and the city health index was visualized using the city health examination signals and warning panel. The results show that the city health index of Xining City continuously rose from 35.76 in 2018 to 69.76 in 2020. However, it is still necessary to address the shortcomings in innovation, coordination, openness and sharing and to improve the level of city space governance in a holistic way. This study is an exploration of the methodology used in city health examination and the evaluation of territorial spatial planning in China, which can provide a foundation for the sustainable development of Xining City and also provide a case reference for other cities seeking to carry out city health examinations and evaluations of territorial spatial planning in China.

Applying an entropy-weighted TOPSIS method to evaluate energy green consumption revolution progressing of China.

The energy green consumption revolution (EGCR) is the highest priority in the Chinese government's energy revolution agenda. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive and objective evaluation of the China's EGCR progressing from 2011 to 2019. In this study, an integrated economic-social-energy-environmental EGCR evaluation framework is built, and the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method with four customized equations is used to calculate and analyze the EGCR index. The study finds that the EGCR index at the national level fluctuates between 0.290 and 0.302, showing a stagnant and regressive trend. At the regional and provincial levels, the EGCR index for eastern China remains at high level, floating above 0.4 and no further growing trend has been indicated. As for the eastern China, Beijing is the only city has high-level EGCR index and is able to maintain positive growth trend. The EGCR index in central, western, and northeastern China is at a low level, fluctuating below 0.4. This result is mainly caused by the fact that the majority of these regions are still constrained by the fossil fuel-dominated social, economy, energy, and environment structures. Therefore, the research findings not only provide supportive evidence for the Chinese government to recognize the progressing of EGCR, but also offer statistical basis over formulating and updating EGCR policies at a timely manner.

Geopolitical Risk Evolution and Obstacle Factors of Countries along the Belt and Road and Its Types Classification.

As a great practice of building a community of shared future for mankind, the Belt and Road Initiative is facing geopolitical risk brought by great power games, regional conflicts and terrorism. It is an important mission of geopolitical research to scientifically deal with the geopolitical risk along the Belt and Road. This study systematically constructs the geopolitical risk assessment index system and analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution, obstacle factors and risk types of geopolitical risk of countries along the Belt and Road by using the entropy weight TOPSIS model, obstacle degree model and minimum variance method. The research results showed that: (1) From 2005 to 2020, the polarization of geopolitical risk in countries along the Belt and Road was very significant, and the overall trend of geopolitical risk tended to deteriorate. (2) The Middle East and Eastern Europe were the most important geopolitical risk zones along the Belt and Road, and Afghanistan, Iraq, Russia and Ukraine were the main high geopolitical risk centers, with significant risk spillover effects from these centers. (3) Terrorism and close relations with the United States were the most important obstacle factors for geopolitical risk in countries along the Belt and Road, and military intervention politics, trade dependence degree and foreign debt burden were important obstacle factors for geopolitical risk in countries along the Belt and Road. (4) Geopolitical risk along the Belt and Road can be divided into sovereign risk dominant type, sovereign and military risk dominant type, sovereign and major power intervention risk dominant type, and sovereign and military and major power intervention risk jointly dominated type, among which sovereign and military and major power intervention risk jointly dominated type was the most important geopolitical risk type. In order to scientifically deal with geopolitical risk in countries along the Belt and Road, it is necessary to strengthen geopolitical risk awareness, pay attention to the dominant geopolitical risk factors, strengthen the control of regional geopolitical risk spillover and formulate reasonable risk prevention and control scheme based on geopolitical risk types.

Comprehensive evaluation of urban water supply security based on the VIKOR-TOPSIS method.

To determine the security status of urban water supplies, a comprehensive evaluation model of urban water supply security based on the VIKOR and TOPSIS models is proposed. The comprehensive evaluation value K is obtained as the evaluation result, and the larger K is, the higher the safety of the urban water supply. The results show that the security of the water supply in Tianjin increased from 0.2300 in 2015 to 0.8026 in 2018. Although it slightly decreased to 0.5439 in 2019, it was still at a high level and increased to 0.7508 in 2020. The urban water transmission and distribution status, the service level of the water supply industry, and the status of sewage treatment play positive roles in affecting the safety of the water supply in Tianjin, and the status of urban water sources and the urban water use status are the main factors that reduced the safety of the urban water supply. According to the results of an obstacle degree model and the actual conditions in the study area, it is suggested that Tianjin should continue to focus on the development of water resources and the utilization of unconventional water sources and actively promote the construction of a water-saving society.

Comprehensive evaluation of the quality of Eriobotrya japonica leaves from different producing areas based on entropy weight TOPSIS method / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To comprehensively evaluate the quality of Eriobotrya japonica leaves from different producing areas. METHODS The contents of alcohol-soluble extracts were determined by hot-dipping method using 30 batches of E. japonica leaves from different producing areas as samples. The contents of total flavonoids and total triterpene acids were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The contents of five kinds of triterpenic acids （euscaphic acid，crataegolic acid，corosolic acid，oleanolic acid and ursolic acid） were determined by HPLC. The quality of E. japonica leaves from different producing areas was comprehensively evaluated by using entropy weight technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution （TOPSIS）. The bivariate correlation analysis of E. japonica leaves was conducted by SPSS 22.0 software in terms of weight， comprehensive evaluation value， the content of alcohol-soluble extract， the contents of total flavonoids， total triterpene acids and five triterpenic acids. RESULTS The contents of alcohol-soluble extract in 30 batches of E. japonica leaves were （24.56±0.08）%-（34.85±0.13）%； the contents of total flavonoids were （4.69±0.11）-（14.23±0.27） mg/g； the contents of total triterpene acid were （27.58±0.59）- （63.95±1.27） mg/g； the contents of euscaphic acid， crataegolic acid， corosolic acid， oleanolic acid and ursolic acid were （0.728± 0.011）-（6.064±0.063）， （0.526±0.013）-（3.245±0.022）， （1.222±0.025）-（8.807±0.094）， （0.856±0.021）-（2.931±0.075）， （4.704±0.087）-（11.806±0.283） mg/g， respectively. The analysis result of entropy weight TOPSIS method showed that the top three samples with comprehensive evaluation values （No.Kjcx-5） were S14 （Huotian Town， Yunxiao County， Zhangzhou，Fujian）， S19 （Qinnan District， Qinzhou， Guangxi） and S29 （Guoyang County， Bozhou， Anhui）. Comprehensive evaluation 0596-2559522。E-mail：jxrcwxp@163.com of E. japonica leaves was positively correlated with the contents of five kinds of triterpenic acids， such as euscaphic acid， crataegolic acid， corosolic acid， oleanolic acid and ursolic acid （P＜0.01）. The weight of E. japonica leaves was positively correlated with the comprehensive evaluation value （P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS The qualities of E. japonica leaves from different producing areas are very different. Among them， the qualities of E. japonica leaves from Huotian Town， Yunxiao County， Zhangzhou of Fujian， Qinzhou Qinnan District of Guangxi， and Bozhou Guoyang County of Anhui are relatively better. The weight of E. japonica leaves is positively correlated with their quality.