Emulsifier in Diets with Different Alternative Lipid Sources: Effects on the Health of Japanese Quails

The present research aims to evaluate the inclusion of an emulsifying additive based on mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids in diets with different lipid sources, studying its effects on duodenum histology, biometry of the digestive and reproductive tract, and blood biochemical profile of Japanese quails. The study was carried out in the experimental aviary of the Federal University of Grande Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with diets in a 3x2 factorial design with three different lipid sources (soybean oil, poultry fat, and beef tallow), either supplemented or not with an emulsifier. The birds that received a diet composed of poultry fat and an emulsifying additive had a larger gizzard. Animals that received a diet containing an emulsifier, regardless of the lipid source, had greater heart weight. The duodenum of animals that received bovine tallow in their diet showed a greater height and villus:crypt ratio. Biochemical parameters were not affected by either the lipid source or the inclusion of emulsifier in quail diets. The biochemical blood profile of birds in treatments did not show significant changes among all diets used. The use of soybean oil, bovine tallow, and poultry fat with or without the inclusion of an emulsifier does not show changes in the health and development of the quails' organs, which also indicates that the health of Japanese quails in the laying phase is kept in good standards.(AU)

Soluble lipase-catalyzed synthesis of methyl esters using a blend of edible and nonedible raw materials.

This work investigates the use of blends of edible and nonedible raw materials as an alternative feedstock to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) production through enzymatic catalysis. As biocatalyst, liquid lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Callera™ Trans L), was used. Under reaction conditions of 35 °C, methanol to feedstock molar ratio of 4.5:1 and 1.45% of catalyst load, the best process performance was reached using 9% of water concentration in the medium-yield of 79.9% after 480 min of reaction. In terms of use of tallow mixed with soybean oil, the best yield was obtained when 100% of tallow was used in the process-84.6% after 480 min of reaction-behavior that was associated with the degree of unsaturation of the feedstock, something by that time, not addressed in papers of the area. The results show that tallow can be used as an alternative to FAME production, catalyzed by soluble lipase.

Blood lipid components and SREBP-1 gene expression in broiler chickens fed different dietary lipid sources

Background: Liver plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Intense liver diseases are accompanied with lower concentrations of n-3 and n-6 poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). It has been found that n-3 PUFA play importantly protective roles in the liver. There was limited information about the effects of lipid sources on serum lipid components and liver sterol regulatory element binding-1 (SREBP-1) gene expression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of fish oil, corn oil, olive oil and tallow, respectively, as dietary sources of n-3, n-6, n-9 and saturated fatty acid on serum lipid compound and liver SREBP-1 gene expression in broiler chicks.Materials, Methods & Results: In a completely randomized design, 240 one-day-old broiler chicks were allocated to five dietary treatments, four replicates and 12 chicks per each. Dietary treatments included of: control (diet without lipid supplementation) and diet supplemented with fish oil as a n-3 fatty acid source, corn oil as a n-6 fatty acid source, olive oil as a n-9 fatty acid source and tallow as a saturated fatty acid which were added to diets at 1.5, 3 and 4% in the starter, grower and finisher, respectively. At days 28 and 42 of age, liver tissue was dissected out and samples were placed in liquid nitrogen, also blood samples were collected. The SREBP-1 mRNA expression in liver [...]

Blood lipid components and SREBP-1 gene expression in broiler chickens fed different dietary lipid sources

Background: Liver plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Intense liver diseases are accompanied with lower concentrations of n-3 and n-6 poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). It has been found that n-3 PUFA play importantly protective roles in the liver. There was limited information about the effects of lipid sources on serum lipid components and liver sterol regulatory element binding-1 (SREBP-1) gene expression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of fish oil, corn oil, olive oil and tallow, respectively, as dietary sources of n-3, n-6, n-9 and saturated fatty acid on serum lipid compound and liver SREBP-1 gene expression in broiler chicks.Materials, Methods & Results: In a completely randomized design, 240 one-day-old broiler chicks were allocated to five dietary treatments, four replicates and 12 chicks per each. Dietary treatments included of: control (diet without lipid supplementation) and diet supplemented with fish oil as a n-3 fatty acid source, corn oil as a n-6 fatty acid source, olive oil as a n-9 fatty acid source and tallow as a saturated fatty acid which were added to diets at 1.5, 3 and 4% in the starter, grower and finisher, respectively. At days 28 and 42 of age, liver tissue was dissected out and samples were placed in liquid nitrogen, also blood samples were collected. The SREBP-1 mRNA expression in liver [...](AU)

Effect of lipid sources and inclusion levels in diets for broiler chickens / Efeito de fontes lipídicas e níveis de inclusão em dietas para frangos de corte

This research aimed to evaluate the interactions and effects of 2 and 4% addition levels of poultry slaughterhouse fat (chicken tallow) and soybean oil in diets for broiler chickens. Two experiments were carried out using one-day-old male Cobb chicks in an entirely random design with a 2x2 factorial scheme. In the first experiment, 560 chicks were used to evaluate performance and carcass characteristics. In the second experiment, 100 chicks were used to determine the nutrient digestibility, dietary energy utilization and the lipase and amylase pancreatic activity. There was no interaction between the fat sources and the addition levels for any of the analyzed variables, except for the digestibility coefficient of dry matter (DCDM), which was higher in diets added with 2% soybean oil when compared to chicken tallow. The addition of 4% fat in the diet, regardless of fat source, improved the digestibility coefficient of ethereal extract (DCEE) and increased weight gain and feed intake. Moreover, in the initial phase, the addition of 4% fat to the diet increased lipase activity when compared to diets with 2% addition, and a positive correlation between DCEE and pancreatic lipase activity was observed. In conclusion, there is no interaction between fat sources and addition levels, except for DCDM. Carcass characteristics are not influenced by any of the studied factors. The addition of 4% fat increases pancreatic lipase activity and improves DCEE, resulting in greater weight gain, regardless of the tested fat source, making chicken tallow a great alternative to soybean oil...

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as interações e os efeitos da utilização de gordura de abatedouro avícola (gordura de frango) e de óleo de soja com níveis de inclusão de 2 e 4% em dietas para frangos de corte. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com pintos de corte de um dia de idade, machos, da linhagem Cobb, alojados num delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2x2. No primeiro experimento utilizaram-se 560 aves para avaliar o desempenho e as características de carcaça. No segundo experimento foram alojadas 100 aves para determinar o aproveitamento dos nutrientes e da energia da dieta, e também a atividade de lipase e amilase pancreática. Não houve interações entre as fontes lipídicas e os níveis de inclusão para nenhuma das variáveis analisadas, com exceção do coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca (CMMS), que foi maior nas dietas com inclusão de 2% de óleo de soja em relação à gordura de frango. A inclusão de 4% de lipídios na dieta, independente da fonte lipídica, melhorou o coeficiente de metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo (CMEE) e aumentou o ganho de peso e o consumo de ração das aves. Ainda, na fase inicial, a adição de 4% de lipídios na dieta aumentou a atividade de lipase em relação às dietas com inclusões de 2%, observando-se uma correlação positiva entre o CMEE e a atividade de lipase pancreática. Como conclusão, não há interação entre as fontes lipídicas e os níveis de inclusão estudados, com ressalva para o CMMS. As características de carcaça não são influenciadas por nenhum dos fatores estudados. A adição de 4% de lipídio aumenta a atividade de lipase pancreática e melhora o CMEE, refletindo em maior ganho de peso das aves, indiferentemente da fonte lipídica testada, o que torna a gordura de frango uma boa alternativa ao óleo de soja...

Effect of lipid sources and inclusion levels in diets for broiler chickens / Efeito de fontes lipídicas e níveis de inclusão em dietas para frangos de corte

This research aimed to evaluate the interactions and effects of 2 and 4% addition levels of poultry slaughterhouse fat (chicken tallow) and soybean oil in diets for broiler chickens. Two experiments were carried out using one-day-old male Cobb chicks in an entirely random design with a 2x2 factorial scheme. In the first experiment, 560 chicks were used to evaluate performance and carcass characteristics. In the second experiment, 100 chicks were used to determine the nutrient digestibility, dietary energy utilization and the lipase and amylase pancreatic activity. There was no interaction between the fat sources and the addition levels for any of the analyzed variables, except for the digestibility coefficient of dry matter (DCDM), which was higher in diets added with 2% soybean oil when compared to chicken tallow. The addition of 4% fat in the diet, regardless of fat source, improved the digestibility coefficient of ethereal extract (DCEE) and increased weight gain and feed intake. Moreover, in the initial phase, the addition of 4% fat to the diet increased lipase activity when compared to diets with 2% addition, and a positive correlation between DCEE and pancreatic lipase activity was observed. In conclusion, there is no interaction between fat sources and addition levels, except for DCDM. Carcass characteristics are not influenced by any of the studied factors. The addition of 4% fat increases pancreatic lipase activity and improves DCEE, resulting in greater weight gain, regardless of the tested fat source, making chicken tallow a great alternative to soybean oil.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as interações e os efeitos da utilização de gordura de abatedouro avícola (gordura de frango) e de óleo de soja com níveis de inclusão de 2 e 4% em dietas para frangos de corte. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com pintos de corte de um dia de idade, machos, da linhagem Cobb, alojados num delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2x2. No primeiro experimento utilizaram-se 560 aves para avaliar o desempenho e as características de carcaça. No segundo experimento foram alojadas 100 aves para determinar o aproveitamento dos nutrientes e da energia da dieta, e também a atividade de lipase e amilase pancreática. Não houve interações entre as fontes lipídicas e os níveis de inclusão para nenhuma das variáveis analisadas, com exceção do coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca (CMMS), que foi maior nas dietas com inclusão de 2% de óleo de soja em relação à gordura de frango. A inclusão de 4% de lipídios na dieta, independente da fonte lipídica, melhorou o coeficiente de metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo (CMEE) e aumentou o ganho de peso e o consumo de ração das aves. Ainda, na fase inicial, a adição de 4% de lipídios na dieta aumentou a atividade de lipase em relação às dietas com inclusões de 2%, observando-se uma correlação positiva entre o CMEE e a atividade de lipase pancreática. Como conclusão, não há interação entre as fontes lipídicas e os níveis de inclusão estudados, com ressalva para o CMMS. As características de carcaça não são influenciadas por nenhum dos fatores estudados. A adição de 4% de lipídio aumenta a atividade de lipase pancreática e melhora o CMEE, refletindo em maior ganho de peso das aves, indiferentemente da fonte lipídica testada, o que torna a gordura de frango uma boa alternativa ao óleo de soja.(AU)

Effects of the use of soybean oil and animal fat in the diet of laying hens on production performance and egg quality / Efeito do uso de oleo de soja e gordura animal na dieta de poedeiras sobre desempenho produtivo e qualidade do ovo

The effects of different dietary lipids on the fatty acid profiles of eggs produced by 20 and 54 wk old Dekalb laying hens were investigated. Laying hens were subjected to three defined treatments according to the source of lipid added to their diets: soybean oil, beef tallow, and a control diet (without the addition of oil). The experimental design was in a 3x2 factorial arrangement (three treatments and two different ages). The fatty acid composition of the yolks in the eggs produced by the laying hens was analyzed. The eggs produced by laying hens on the soybean oil diet had a large amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) in their yolks (23.55, 2.30 percent respectively), whereas egg yolks from hens who were given beef tallow had higher percentages of monounsaturated fatty acids (47.53 percent) compared to soybean oil (47.53 percent) and the control diet (38.72 percent). The percentages of trans fats present in the egg yolks in all treatments were considered very low (0.91; 0,11; 0.05 percent). Young layers are more efficient at depositing n-3 fatty acids (1.40 percent), specially C22:6 (0.76 percent) with the best ratio n6:n-3 (13.97) compared to old layers (1.35; 0.72; 14.81 percent respectively). Based on these results, it was concluded that the amount of fatty acids present in the egg yolks can be modified by the sources of lipids included in the diet and that independent of the sources of lipid in the diet and the age of the chicken, egg yolks have insignificant amounts of trans fatty acids.

Foram avaliados os efeitos de diferentes dietas lipídicas na composição de ácidos graxos (AG) de ovos produzidos por poedeiras Dekalb de 20 e 54 semanas de idade. As poedeiras foram submetidas a três tratamentos definidos de acordo com a fonte lipídica adicionada nas rações: óleo de soja, sebo bovino e ração controle (sem adição de óleo). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 3x2 (três tratamentos e duas idades das galinhas). Foram analisadas as composições em ácidos graxos das gemas dos ovos produzidos pelas poedeiras. O perfil de ácidos graxos das gemas dos ovos, produzidos pelas aves alimentadas com rações contendo óleo de soja, apresentaram na sua composição grande quantidade de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFA) ômega 6 (n-6) and Omega 3 (n-3) (23,55; 2,30 por cento respectivamente), enquanto as gemas dos ovos de poedeiras que receberam sebo bovino apresentaram maiores porcentagens de AG monoinsaturados (47,53 por cento) na sua composição, comparados com dieta contendo óleo de soja (47,53 por cento) e dieta controle (38,72 por cento). As porcentagens de gordura trans presente nas gemas dos ovos de todos os tratamentos foram consideradas muito baixas (0,91; 0,11; 0,05 por cento). Poedeiras novas são mais eficientes em depositar AG n-3 (1,40 por cento), especialmente C22:6 (0,76 por cento) na gema do ovo, com melhor razão n6:n:3 (13,97) comparado com poedeiras velhas (1,35; 0,72; 14,81 por cento respectivamente). Com base nesses resultados, foi concluído que a quantidade de ácidos graxos presentes na gema dos ovos podem ser modificadas de acordo com as fontes de lipídios oferecidas nas dietas e que, independente da adição de diferentes fontes lipídicas na ração e da idade das galinhas, as gemas dos ovos possuem quantidades insignificantes de gorduras trans.

Industrial derivative of tallow: a promising renewable substrate for microbial lipid, single-cell protein and lipase production by Yarrowia lipolytica

The aim of the present study was to assess the potential of valorisation of a solid industrial derivative of tallow, composed of saturated free-fatty acids ("stearin"), by fermentations carried out by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica ACA-DC 50109 in order to produce microbial lipid, biomass and extra-cellular lipase. High quantities of biomass were produced (biomass yield of around 1.1 ± 0.1 g of total biomass produced per g of fat consumed) when the organism was grown in shake flasks, regardless of the concentration of extra-cellular nitrogen present. Cellular lipids accumulated in notable quantities regardless of the nitrogen availability of the medium, though this process was clearly favoured at high initial fat and low initial nitrogen concentrations. The maximum quantity of fat produced was 7.9 mg/ml corresponding to 52.0% (wt/wt) of lipid in the dry biomass. Lipase production was critically affected by the medium composition and its concentration clearly increased with increasing concentrations of fat and extra-cellular nitrogen concentration reaching a maximum level of 2.50 IU/ml. Lipase concentration decreased in the stationary growth phase. In bioreactor trials, in which higher agitation and aeration conditions were employed compared with the equivalent trial in the flasks, significantly higher quantities of biomass were produced (maximum concentration 30.5 mg/ml, yield of 1.6 g of total biomass produced per g of fat consumed) while remarkably lower quantities of cellular lipids and extra-cellular lipase were synthesised. Numerical models successfully simulated both conversion of substrate fat into biomass and production and subsequent hydrolysis of extra-cellular lipase and presented a satisfactory predictive ability verifying the potential for single-cell protein and lipase production by Yarrowia lipolytica ACA-DC 50109. In all cultures, the mycelial form of the culture was dominant with few single cells present.

Produção de ácidos graxos voláteis e contagem de protozoários ruminais em bovinos suplementados com gordura / Volatile fatty acids production and counting of protozoa ruminate in bovine supplemented with fat

Os efeitos da utilização de sebo (SEBO) sobre contagem de protozoários ruminais e produção de ácidos graxos voláteis foram estudados em experimento em Quadrado Latino 3 x 3, utilizando-se 6 fêmeas bovinas (480 kg de P.V.) dotadas de cânulas ruminais, para avaliar três dietas, sem ou com 3 e 6% de sebo (SEBO). As coletas de líquido ruminal foram feitas no 21º dia de cada subperíodo experimental às 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, e 8 horas após a 1ª refeição. Houve redução dos protozoários totais, redução do conteúdo de ácidos graxos totais e mudança no padrão de fermentação com aumento na proporção de ácido propiônico e redução de ácido butírico nas dietas com 6% de sebo (SEBO).(AU)

Effects of tallow (Tallow) supplementation on counting of protozoa ruminate and production of volatile fatty acids were studied in a Latin Square (3 x 3) design, with six canulated heifers (480 kg body weight), to evaluate three diets, without or with 3 and 6% of tallow. Ruminal liquid collections were made at the twentieth first day of each experimental subperiod at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 hours after first meal. There was significant reduction of the total of protozoa in the rumen content and change in the fermentation with increase in the molar percentage of propionate and reduction in the molar percentage of butyrate in the level of 6% of tallow.(AU)

Efeitos de níveis de sebo sobre a degradabilidade in situ do farelo de soja e do feno de tifton {Cynodon dacty/on (L. ) pers. } em vacas secas / Effects of levels of tallow on in situ degradability of soybean meal and tifton hay {Cynodon dactylon (L. ) Pers. } in dry cows

Os efeitos da suplementação com sebo foram estudados em experimento delineado em dois Quadrados Latinos 3 x 3, utilizando-se seis fêmeas bovinas dotadas de cânulas ruminais. Os tratamentos foram três, dieta controle (sem suplementação de sebo), dieta com 3% ou dieta com 6% de sebo na matéria seca total, todas com 60% de volumoso. O experimento teve três períodos de 28 dias, sendo os 21 primeiros destinados à adaptação dos animais a dieta, composta de feno de Tifton (Çynodon dactylon) e mistura de concentrados. O ensaio de degradabilidade in situ foi realizado do 210 ao 280 dia. Os tempos de incubação foram 6; 12; 24; 48; 72 e 96 horas para MS e FDN do feno de Tifton e 1,5; 3; 6; 12; 24 e 48 para MS e PB para o farei o de soja. O tempo zero foi usado para avaliar a fração solúvel. Observou-se redução da degradabilidade efetiva da MS e FDN do feno de Tifton e aumento da degradabilidade efetiva da MS e PB do farelo de soja com o aumento de sebo na dieta.(AU)

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of tallow supplementation by means of in situ degradability. Three diets, control (without tallow supplementation), diet with 3% or diet with 6% of tallow 00 a dry matter basis, all with 60% of roughage. The experimental design was a Latin Square 3 x 3, using six rumen canulated heifers (480 kg body weight). The experiment had three periods of 28 days, being the first 21 for diet adaptation which was composed of Tifton hay (Cynodon dactylon) and a mixture of concentrate. In situ degradability assay was run from day 21° to the 28°. Incubation times were 6; 12; 24; 48; 72 and 96 hours for hay dry matter and neutral detergent fiber and 1,5; 3; 6; 12; 24 and 48 hours for soybean meal dry matter and crude protein. The time zero was used to evaluate the soluble fraction. As tallow in the diet increased, there was a decreased in the hay DM and JDF degradabilities and increase in the soybean meal DM and CP degradabilities.(AU)

Dry matter, intake, passage liquid rate, liquid rumnal volume, ammonia nitrogen ruminal concentration and rumnal PH in dairy cattle supplemented with tallow / Consumo de matéria seca, taxa de passagem de líquido, volume de líquido ruminal, concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal e PH ruminal, em fêmeas holandesas suplementadas com sebo

The objective of this trial was to investigate the effects of different dietary tallow levels (0. 3 and 6 %) on dry matter intake, liquid rate ruminal passage , liquid ruminal volume, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen ruminal concentration , in dairy cattle. The diet contained 60 % of Tifton 85 bermudagrass hay and 40 % of concentrate. Six Holstein cows averaging 480 kg of initial body weight and fitted with ruminal cannulas were randomly assigned at two 3 x 3 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 28 days with 21 days for diet adaptation and 7 days for sample collection. The dry matter intake evaluated and “in situ” degradability assay was runned from day 21st to the 27th and the 28th day were made of collections ruminal liquid. Ruminal fluid was collected before (0 h) and at 1; 2; 3; 4; 6 and 8h after feeding for determination of both ruminal pH and ammonia-N. Rate of ruminal liquid passage and volume were determined using PEG 4.000. Ruminal pH, ammonia-N concentration and of rate liquid passage did not differ significantly across diets. Similarly, dry matter intake was not affected by different dietary tallow levels while the gain weight, expressed in g/day, was higher when the tallow level was 3 % in the diet. With 6 % of the tallow in the diet decreased NDF degradabilities of the hay. The results suggest that the tallow can be utilized at 3% as additive in diet

Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo de matéria seca, taxa de passagem de fluído ruminal, volume de líquido ruminal, pH ruminal e concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) no rúmen em bovinos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de sebo. Foram testados três tratamentos, sem ou com 3 e 6 % de sebo na matéria seca da dieta total, e realizadas medidas repetidas no tempo, as quais corresponderam às coletas de líquido ruminal ao longo do dia. As dietas foram constituídas de 60 % de feno de capim-tifton 85 e 40 % de concentrado. Foram utilizadas seis fêmeas Holandesas fistuladas no rúmen, com peso vivo médio inicial de 480 kg, distribu ídos em dois quadrados latino 3 x 3. Cada período experimental teve duração de 28 dias: 21 para adaptação às dietas e 7 para coletas. O período compreendido entre o 21 e 27 dia foi utilizado para a avaliação do consumo de matéria seca e ensaio de degradabilidade in situ e o 28 dia para a coleta de líquido ruminal. O pH e N-amoniacal foram mensurados no fluido ruminal imediatamente antes e 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 8 horas, após o fornecimento da dieta. A taxa de passagem e volume de liquido ruminal foram determinadas utilizando-se PEG 4.000. Os animais foram alimentados quatro vezes ao dia às 8:00; 13:00; 17:00; e 22:00 horas e pesados no início e final de cada período. A concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal, o pH ruminal e taxa de passagem de líqui

Dry matter, intake, passage liquid rate, liquid rumnal volume, ammonia nitrogen ruminal concentration and rumnal PH in dairy cattle supplemented with tallow / Consumo de matéria seca, taxa de passagem de líquido, volume de líquido ruminal, concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal e PH ruminal, em fêmeas holandesas suplementadas com sebo

The objective of this trial was to investigate the effects of different dietary tallow levels (0. 3 and 6 %) on dry matter intake, liquid rate ruminal passage , liquid ruminal volume, ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen ruminal concentration , in dairy cattle. The diet contained 60 % of Tifton 85 bermudagrass hay and 40 % of concentrate. Six Holstein cows averaging 480 kg of initial body weight and fitted with ruminal cannulas were randomly assigned at two 3 x 3 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted 28 days with 21 days for diet adaptation and 7 days for sample collection. The dry matter intake evaluated and “in situ” degradability assay was runned from day 21st to the 27th and the 28th day were made of collections ruminal liquid. Ruminal fluid was collected before (0 h) and at 1; 2; 3; 4; 6 and 8h after feeding for determination of both ruminal pH and ammonia-N. Rate of ruminal liquid passage and volume were determined using PEG 4.000. Ruminal pH, ammonia-N concentration and of rate liquid passage did not differ significantly across diets. Similarly, dry matter intake was not affected by different dietary tallow levels while the gain weight, expressed in g/day, was higher when the tallow level was 3 % in the diet. With 6 % of the tallow in the diet decreased NDF degradabilities of the hay. The results suggest that the tallow can be utilized at 3% as additive in diet

Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo de matéria seca, taxa de passagem de fluído ruminal, volume de líquido ruminal, pH ruminal e concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) no rúmen em bovinos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de sebo. Foram testados três tratamentos, sem ou com 3 e 6 % de sebo na matéria seca da dieta total, e realizadas medidas repetidas no tempo, as quais corresponderam às coletas de líquido ruminal ao longo do dia. As dietas foram constituídas de 60 % de feno de capim-tifton 85 e 40 % de concentrado. Foram utilizadas seis fêmeas Holandesas fistuladas no rúmen, com peso vivo médio inicial de 480 kg, distribu ídos em dois quadrados latino 3 x 3. Cada período experimental teve duração de 28 dias: 21 para adaptação às dietas e 7 para coletas. O período compreendido entre o 21 e 27 dia foi utilizado para a avaliação do consumo de matéria seca e ensaio de degradabilidade in situ e o 28 dia para a coleta de líquido ruminal. O pH e N-amoniacal foram mensurados no fluido ruminal imediatamente antes e 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 8 horas, após o fornecimento da dieta. A taxa de passagem e volume de liquido ruminal foram determinadas utilizando-se PEG 4.000. Os animais foram alimentados quatro vezes ao dia às 8:00; 13:00; 17:00; e 22:00 horas e pesados no início e final de cada período. A concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal, o pH ruminal e taxa de passagem de líqui

Óleo de Soja, Óleo Ácido de Soja e Sebo Bovino Como Fontes de Gordura em Rações de Frangos de Corte

The objective of this research was to evaluate less expensive fat sources as alternatives to soybean oil in broiler diets. A total of 1,440 day-old male Ross chicks were raised to 42 days of age in a randomized block design of six treatments and six replicates, fed diets containing 4% supplemental fat from the sources: soybean oil (SOY4), beef tallow (TAL4), acidulated soapstock (SOAP4), mixtures 2%:2% (SOAP2/TAL2), (SOAP2/SOY2) and (SOY2/TAL2). Liveweight, weight gain, feed intake, feed:gain ratio and viability were analyzed using non-orthogonal contrasts: 1- SOY4 X (SOAP4 + TAL4 + SOAP2/TAL2); 2- SOY4 X (SOAP2/SOY2 + SOY2/TAL2); 3- SOAP2/SOY2 X SOY2/TAL2; 4- SOAP4 X SOAP2/SOY2; 5- SOAP4 X SOAP2/TAL2. Liveweight, weight gain and feed:gain of SOY4 were better (p .05) than those devoid of soybean oil in the diet, but feed intake, and viability did not differ. The mixtures containing 2% soybean oil (contrast 2) resulted in performance similar to SOY4 in all variables (p>.05) and soybean oil in the mixture equally improved the results of the alternative sources (contrast 3). The performance of birds fed SOAP4 was inferior to those fed SOAP2/SOY2 (p .06) but was similar to those fed SOAP2/TAL2 . The abdominal fat did not differ among the treatments, but abdominal fats reflected the composition of the different fats. These results confirmed the superiority of soybean oil relative to the other fat sources fed to broiler and demonstrated that the quality of acidulated soapstock and beef tallow may be improved when used in 1:1 mixtures with soybean oil.

O experimento avaliou o desempenho de frangos de corte suplementados em 4% na ração com três fontes de gordura: óleo ácido de soja (OAS4) e sebo bovino (SEBO4), óleo de soja (SOJA4) e misturas de 2% entre estas: (OAS2/SEBO2), (OAS2/SOJA2) e (SOJA2/SEBO2). Foram utilizados blocos casualizados, com 6 tratamentos, 6 repetições e 40 aves por parcela. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), peso vivo (PV), conversão alimentar (CA), fator de produção (FP) e viabilidade (VB), aos 42 dias de idade. Para análise, foram utilizados contrastes não ortogonais: 1- SOJA4 X (OAS4 + SEBO4 + OAS2/SEBO2); 2- SOJA4 X (OAS2/SOJA2 + SOJA2/SEBO2); 3- OAS2/SOJA2 X SOJA2/SEBO2; 4- OAS4 X OAS2/SOJA2; 5- OAS4 X OAS2/SEBO2. No contraste 1, observou-se um menor CR, melhor CA, superior GP, PV e FP para SOJA4 em relação a média OAS4, SEBO4 e OAS2/SEBO2. A comparação do SOJA4 com (OAS2/SOJA2 + SOJA2/SEBO2) do contraste 2 não foi significativa. O contraste 3 não indicou diferença entre OAS2/SOJA2 e SOJA2/SEBO2, exceto para VB. No contraste 4, OAS2/SOJA2 resultou em maior GP, PV e FP e melhor CA que OAS4. A mistura (OAS2/SEBO2) não foi vantajosa ao OAS4 para as variáveis (contraste 5). A gordura abdominal não foi afetada pelos tratamentos, somente a composição dos ácidos graxos das gorduras. O óleo de soja proporcionou melhor desempenho das aves, tanto em misturas 1:1 quanto como fonte única adicionada à ração. O óleo ácido de soja, o sebo e a mistura destes resultaram em depressão do desempenho das aves.

Óleo de Soja, Óleo Ácido de Soja e Sebo Bovino Como Fontes de Gordura em Rações de Frangos de Corte

The objective of this research was to evaluate less expensive fat sources as alternatives to soybean oil in broiler diets. A total of 1,440 day-old male Ross chicks were raised to 42 days of age in a randomized block design of six treatments and six replicates, fed diets containing 4% supplemental fat from the sources: soybean oil (SOY4), beef tallow (TAL4), acidulated soapstock (SOAP4), mixtures 2%:2% (SOAP2/TAL2), (SOAP2/SOY2) and (SOY2/TAL2). Liveweight, weight gain, feed intake, feed:gain ratio and viability were analyzed using non-orthogonal contrasts: 1- SOY4 X (SOAP4 + TAL4 + SOAP2/TAL2); 2- SOY4 X (SOAP2/SOY2 + SOY2/TAL2); 3- SOAP2/SOY2 X SOY2/TAL2; 4- SOAP4 X SOAP2/SOY2; 5- SOAP4 X SOAP2/TAL2. Liveweight, weight gain and feed:gain of SOY4 were better (p .05) than those devoid of soybean oil in the diet, but feed intake, and viability did not differ. The mixtures containing 2% soybean oil (contrast 2) resulted in performance similar to SOY4 in all variables (p>.05) and soybean oil in the mixture equally improved the results of the alternative sources (contrast 3). The performance of birds fed SOAP4 was inferior to those fed SOAP2/SOY2 (p .06) but was similar to those fed SOAP2/TAL2 . The abdominal fat did not differ among the treatments, but abdominal fats reflected the composition of the different fats. These results confirmed the superiority of soybean oil relative to the other fat sources fed to broiler and demonstrated that the quality of acidulated soapstock and beef tallow may be improved when used in 1:1 mixtures with soybean oil.

O experimento avaliou o desempenho de frangos de corte suplementados em 4% na ração com três fontes de gordura: óleo ácido de soja (OAS4) e sebo bovino (SEBO4), óleo de soja (SOJA4) e misturas de 2% entre estas: (OAS2/SEBO2), (OAS2/SOJA2) e (SOJA2/SEBO2). Foram utilizados blocos casualizados, com 6 tratamentos, 6 repetições e 40 aves por parcela. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), peso vivo (PV), conversão alimentar (CA), fator de produção (FP) e viabilidade (VB), aos 42 dias de idade. Para análise, foram utilizados contrastes não ortogonais: 1- SOJA4 X (OAS4 + SEBO4 + OAS2/SEBO2); 2- SOJA4 X (OAS2/SOJA2 + SOJA2/SEBO2); 3- OAS2/SOJA2 X SOJA2/SEBO2; 4- OAS4 X OAS2/SOJA2; 5- OAS4 X OAS2/SEBO2. No contraste 1, observou-se um menor CR, melhor CA, superior GP, PV e FP para SOJA4 em relação a média OAS4, SEBO4 e OAS2/SEBO2. A comparação do SOJA4 com (OAS2/SOJA2 + SOJA2/SEBO2) do contraste 2 não foi significativa. O contraste 3 não indicou diferença entre OAS2/SOJA2 e SOJA2/SEBO2, exceto para VB. No contraste 4, OAS2/SOJA2 resultou em maior GP, PV e FP e melhor CA que OAS4. A mistura (OAS2/SEBO2) não foi vantajosa ao OAS4 para as variáveis (contraste 5). A gordura abdominal não foi afetada pelos tratamentos, somente a composição dos ácidos graxos das gorduras. O óleo de soja proporcionou melhor desempenho das aves, tanto em misturas 1:1 quanto como fonte única adicionada à ração. O óleo ácido de soja, o sebo e a mistura destes resultaram em depressão do desempenho das aves.

The response early-weaned pigs to different density diets / Rações de diferentes densidades para leitões desmamados aos 35 dias de idade

Fifty four landrace piglets weaning at 35 days were used for 5 weeks to study the effects of three levels of tallow (0%, 3% and 6%) feeding between 10.05 ±0.40 and 24.22± 1.32 kg of live weight during five weeks. Increases in the tallow percentage caused linear fashion in feed/gain ratio described by the following equation: Y = 2.14-0.055X (R2 = 0.74; P = 0.0467) where X is the tallow percentage and Y feed/gain ratio.

54 leitões desmamados a 35 dias foram submetidos durante 5 semanas a três rações com diferentes densidades através do uso do sebo bovino (níveis de 0%, 3% e 6%). Os resultados foram: para o ganho médio de peso vivo: (451, 529 e 521 g/dia); consumo médio de ração (963, 980, 990 g/dia); e kg de alimento consumido/kg de ganho 2,20,1,86 e 1,86 (efeito linear P=0,0467).

The response early-weaned pigs to different density diets / Rações de diferentes densidades para leitões desmamados aos 35 dias de idade

Fifty four landrace piglets weaning at 35 days were used for 5 weeks to study the effects of three levels of tallow (0%, 3% and 6%) feeding between 10.05 ±0.40 and 24.22± 1.32 kg of live weight during five weeks. Increases in the tallow percentage caused linear fashion in feed/gain ratio described by the following equation: Y = 2.14-0.055X (R2 = 0.74; P = 0.0467) where X is the tallow percentage and Y feed/gain ratio.

54 leitões desmamados a 35 dias foram submetidos durante 5 semanas a três rações com diferentes densidades através do uso do sebo bovino (níveis de 0%, 3% e 6%). Os resultados foram: para o ganho médio de peso vivo: (451, 529 e 521 g/dia); consumo médio de ração (963, 980, 990 g/dia); e kg de alimento consumido/kg de ganho 2,20,1,86 e 1,86 (efeito linear P=0,0467).