A systematic review of the microbial community in taiassuids: a One Health approach.

Collared and white-lipped peccaries are sympatric and are distributed in most of South America and in the humid tropical forests of Mexico and Central America. Historically, these species have been used as a source of protein by traditional and/or indigenous human communities, but currently they have been used for legal consumption in different countries. Thus, there has been greater interaction between these wild species and domestic animals and humans, enabling microbial interactions between different niches. The present study presents a systematic review of the literature on the microbial community of collared peccaries and white-lipped peccaries distributed throughout the world, focusing on experimental studies related to the detection of microorganisms as well as the prevalence of the animal species and its characterization of the studied population, in situ or ex situ. Seventy-two studies were selected, mainly in South American countries, related to different species of microorganisms isolated or serologically detected (viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites), either as microbiota, pathogens or commensals, many of which are of zoonotic interest, such as Leptospira, Toxoplasma, Brucella, among others. Therefore, these wild mammals are characterized as sentinel agents of anthropic action and require the implementation of studies in relation to their contribution to the spread of microorganisms, being a potential source of amplification and transmission of pathogens.

Ovarian gene expression in collared peccary (Pecari tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) subjected to gonadotropin stimulation protocols.

Ovarian response of collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu), after hormonal stimulation with gonadotropin association (eCG/hCG), was accessed by both gene expression and follicular development. Thus, collared peccaries (n = 8) were treated with the dose used for sows (swine dose, SWD) or with dose adjusted for peccary's weight (allometric dose, ALD). The gene expression of receptors was evaluated for both gonadotropins (FSHR and LHCGR) and growth factors (proteins codified by TGFßR-1, BMPR1-A and BMPR2 genes) in antral follicles, cortex and corpora haemorrhagica (CH). Five days after gonadotropin injection, all females presented CH. The ovulation rate was similar (p > .05) between SWD (4.00 ± 1.17) and ALD (2.50 ± 0.43) group. The total number of follicles per animal and amounts of small (<3 mm), medium (3-5 mm) and large (>5 mm) follicles was similar among groups. However, SWD produced large follicles heavier than ALD group, as accessed by weight of follicular wall biopsies. Ovarian follicles expressed both gonadotropin and growth factor receptors at levels which are independent from gonadotropin dose. In conclusion, the two gonadotropin doses (SWD and ALD) can be used for ovarian stimulation of collared peccary. Additionally, FSH and growth factors (TGFßR-1, BMPR1-A and BMPR2) receptors are more expressed in the early follicle development, while LH receptor seems to be more important in the final of follicular growth.

Endoparasites of Selected Native Non-Domesticated Mammals in the Neotropics (New World Tropics).

In this review, information was summarized on endoparasites found in six non-domesticated neotropical animals. These mammals have the potential to be domesticated. The animals included three rodents, agouti (Dasyprocta leporina), lappe (Agouti paca), and capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris); a marsupial, manicou (Didelphis marsupialis insularis); and an artiodactyl, the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu/Peccari tajacu) and a ruminant (the red brocket deer, Mazama americana). While there are many descriptions of the parasites present, the majority of publications failed to note the effect of them on the animals. Most information is available on endoparasites of capybara, while the endoparasites of the red brocket deer were the least reported. The manicou was reported to have had the most number of endoparasites, 44 species of parasites were reported, while there were only 24 endoparasites reported in the lappe. The most common parasites found in these neotropical animals were Paraspidodera uncinata, Strongyloides spp., Eimeria spp., Moniezia benedeni, Trichuris spp., Physocephalus spp., and Giardia spp. A large majority of the studies concluded that these animals were reservoirs for parasites that could affect domesticated livestock. Endoparasites of zoonotic significance were Echinoccocus spp., Trichuris spp., Giardia spp., and Cryptosporidium spp.

Establishment of a protocol for the isolation of ovarian preantral follicles derived from collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu).

We compare the efficiency of mechanical or enzymatic methods, and their combination, for the isolation of ovarian preantral follicles (PFs) from collared peccaries. The ovaries from six females were subjected to the different methods investigated here. For the enzymatic method, ovary fragments were exposed to collagenase type IV in TCM-HEPES medium; the mechanical procedure was based on ovarian cortex dissociation by using a scalpel blade. The residual solution obtained after the mechanical isolation was subjected to the enzymatic procedure. The number of isolated PFs was quantified and classified as primordial, primary, or secondary; their viability was assessed using trypan blue dye assay. To confirm the results, PFs derived from the most efficient method were evaluated for integrity using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and subjected to a 24 h in vitro culture for subsequent evaluation of viability by using fluorescent probes. A higher number of PFs (P < 0.05) was obtained from the enzymatic method (961.7 ± 132.9) in comparison with the mechanical method (434.3 ± 88.9), but no difference was observed between the two methods and their combination (743.2 ± 92.8). The trypan blue assay showed that the enzymatic method (98.7 ± 0.6%) provided the highest percentage of viable follicles (P < 0.05). Furthermore, SEM confirmed the ultrastructural integrity of the surface architecture of peccary PFs isolated by the enzymatic procedure; epifluorescence microscopy was used to confirm their viability (86.0%). In conclusion, we suggest that the enzymatic method investigated here is useful for the isolation of viable ovarian PFs from collared peccaries.

Effect of cryoprotectant type and concentration on the vitrification of collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) ovarian tissue.

The aim of the present study was to establish a protocol for solid surface vitrification of peccary ovarian tissue by using different cryoprotectants. Ovarian pairs from five adult females were fragmented and two fragments (fresh control group) were immediately subjected to morphological evaluation using classical histology, transmission electron microscopy, and viability analysis using fluorescent probes. The remaining fragments (n = 18) were vitrified using a solid surface method with different concentrations (3 or 6 M) of ethylene glycol (EG), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or dimethyl formamide (DMF). After 2 weeks, samples were re-warmed and evaluated. A decrease in the percentage of morphologically normal preantral follicles (PFs) was verified for all the groups in comparison to the fresh control (92.0 ± 2.8%); however, if only the primordial follicles are considered, the most effective preservation (P < 0.05) was achieved with the use of EG at 3 M (74.2±7.3%) or DMSO at 6 M (75.0 ± 4.2%). Ultrastructural analysis indicated there were well-preserved PFs in all the groups evaluated, having well-defined membranes, a few vacuoles, and organelles that were uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm, mainly round and elongated mitochondria in close association with lipid droplets. Viability was preserved (P < 0.05) with the use of EG at 3 (97%) or 6 (97%) M, DMSO at 3 (100%), and DMF at 6 (97%) M. Solid surface vitrification, therefore, is an effective method for conservation of peccary female germplasm, especially with the use of EG at 3 M, which was highly effective for preservation of both the morphology and viability of PFs.

Environmental effects on collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) serum testosterone, testicular morphology, and semen quality in the Caatinga biome.

The objective of the study was to understand the influence of climatic variations in a semiarid environment on serum testosterone, testicular morphology and semen quality in collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu). Reproductive metrics (semen quality, testicular morphometry and testosterone serum profiles) of 10 mature males were measured monthly for 18 months. Meteorological data (rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and radiant heat load) also were recorded during the same period. Rainfall regimes were classified in different classes (Class 1: months with no rain; Class 2: months with up to 50 mm of rain; and Class 3: months with >50 mm of rain). Among rainfall classes, average air temperature (°C) and relative humidity (%) were different. Climatic changes between rainfall classes did not lead to overall variations of testicular size, testosterone production, and semen metrics. However, relative humidity recorded before semen collection (one day, one week, or over 51-55 days) was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with semen motility metrics (total motility, beat cross frequency and straightness) and sperm subpopulations (medium and static sperm), as well as with volume. Negative correlations (P < 0.05) were revealed between air temperature and the same semen motility patterns and volume. Additionally, radiant head load measured on the day of semen collection negatively influenced (P < 0.05) sperm straightness. This study demonstrates for the first time that no seasonal changes could be detected overt the 18-month period on the serum testosterone, testicular morphology and semen quality of collared peccaries raised in the Caatinga biome; however, it is expected that long term environmental changes will influence the reproductive physiology of species leaving in that habitat.

Ultrastructural description of fresh and frozen/thawed sperm derived from collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu Linnaeus, 1,758).

The aim was to describe, through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the ultrastructure of peccaries' fresh and frozen-thawed sperm. For that, semen derived from three mature males was obtained by electroejaculation and evaluated for motility, membrane integrity, membrane functionality, chromatin integrity, and morphology through light microscopy. Samples were frozen using a Tris extender plus egg yolk (20%) and glycerol (6%). Then, fresh and frozen-thawed semen samples were mixed in different sperm pools that were processed for SEM and TEM. Sperm motility, membrane integrity, and functionality were impaired (p < .05) by freezing-thawing procedures, but sperm morphology, and chromatin integrity evaluated by light microscopy were not significantly affected. The SEM revealed that peccaries' sperm presents a flattened head in a paddle format, measuring 6.07 µm in length and 3.84 µm in width, with a vastus acrosome (4.46 µm). Normal tails measure 38.11 µm, being formed by an extensive midpiece with 15.52 µm in length. In frozen-thawed samples, both SEM and TEM provide us information about damage undetected through light microscopy as the presence of vesicles in the acrosome, loose plasma membrane, vacuolized mitochondria, dense fibers disorganized, and decondensed chromatin. In conclusion, we provide the first description of the sperm ultrasctruture in collared peccaries. Moreover, SEM and TEM help us to identify some nanometric damage provoked by freezing-thawing procedures, thus providing valuable information for the improvement of such important protocols used for biobanking formation.

Cryopreservation of collared peccary (Pecari tajacu L., 1758) epididymal sperm using extenders based on Tris and powdered coconut water (ACP®-116c).

SummaryThe aim of this study was to establish a functional freezing-thawing protocol for epididymal sperm of collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu L., 1758) by comparing different extenders. The epididymal sperm from 12 sexually mature males was recovered by retrograde flushing using Tris-based or coconut water-based (ACP®-116c) extenders. After initial evaluation, samples were diluted and frozen with the same extenders to which 20% egg yolk and 6% glycerol were added. After 2 weeks, thawing was performed at 37°C/60 s and sperm motility, vigour, morphology, functional membrane integrity, sperm viability, sperm plasma membrane integrity, and a computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) were assessed. In addition, to evaluate the survival of frozen-thawed sperm, a thermal resistance test (TRT) was executed. Samples preserved using Tris were in better condition compared with those preserved using ACP®, showing higher values for most assessments performed, including CASA and the TRT (P<0.05). After determining Tris to be the better of the two extenders, additional samples were thawed using different thawing rates (37°C/60 s, 55°C/7 s, 70°C/8 s). Sperm thawed at 37°C/60 s had the greatest preservation (P<0.05) of viability (54.1 ± 5.9%) and functional membrane integrity (43.2 ± 5.4%), and had higher values for various CASA parameters. In conclusion, we suggest the use of a Tris-based extender added to egg yolk and glycerol for the cryopreservation of epididymal sperm obtained from collared peccaries. In order to achieve better post-thawing sperm quality, we suggest that samples should be thawed at 37°C/60 s.

Assessment of the vertebral heart scale and cardiothoracic ratio to standardize the heart size of collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) restrained with ketamine and midazolam / Avaliação do vertebral heart scale e índice cardiotorácico na padronização do tamanho cardíaco de cateto (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) contidos com cetamina e midazolam

Wild species, especially those threatened with extinction, are increasingly being investigated to obtain information that can be useful for their preservation. The objective of the present study was to standardize the vertebral heart scale (VHS) and cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) sedated with ketamine and midazolam. Fourteen clinically healthy collared peccaries were examined in the two-year age group weighing 15-22kg. The animals were submitted to digital radiography of the thorax in lateral and dorsal ventral projections to calculate the VHS and CTR. The VHS mean values for males and females was 8.88±0.51v for right recumbency and 8.84±0.39v for left decubitus, and there were no significant between-gender differences regarding recumbency (p>0.05). The CTR showed mean values of 0.50±0.05 (males) and 0.45±0.04 (females), but the gender-differences were not significant (p>0.05). A positive correlation was shown between VHS and CTR (r=0.98, right decubitus; r=0.96, left decubitus). Establishing reference values for heart measurements in collared peccaries using digital radiography of the thorax permitted standardization of the VHS and CTR values for this wild species. In the studied wild animal model, the VHS and CTR heart assessment indexes were shown to be essential diagnostic tools for investigations of alterations in the size of the cardiac silhouette.(AU)

Espécies silvestres têm sido cada vez mais exploradas como forma de obter informações que favoreçam sua conservação, especialmente aquelas ameaçadas de extinção. Este trabalho teve por objetivo a padronização dos valores de VHS (vertebral heart scale) e índice cardiotorácico (ICT) de catetos (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) contidos com Cetamina e Midazolam. Foram avaliados 14 catetos clinicamente saudáveis, com faixa etária de 2 anos e variação média de peso entre 15 a 22Kg. Os animais foram submetidos a radiografia digital de tórax em projeções laterolaterais e dorsoventrais para o cálculo do vertebral heart scale (VHS) e Índice Cardiotorácico (ICT). O VHS evidenciou valores médios entre machos e fêmeas de 8,88±0,51v para decúbito direito e 8,84±0,39v para decúbito esquerdo, não ocorrendo diferença estatística entre os decúbitos (p>0,05). O ICT revelou valores médios de 0,50±0,05 (machos) e de 0,45±0,04 (fêmeas), não sendo verificada diferença estatística significativa entre os sexos (p>0,05). Verificou-se correlação positiva entre VHS e o ICT (r=0,98, decúbito direito, r= 0,96, decúbito esquerdo). O estabelecimento dos valores de referência para mensurações cardíacas em catetos, a partir de radiografias digitais do tórax, permitiu a padronização do VHS e ICT para esta espécie silvestre. No modelo animal silvestre estudado, os índices de avaliação cardíaca VHS e ICT mostraram-se como uma ferramenta diagnóstica imprescindível para investigações sobre as alterações do tamanho da silhueta cardíaca.(AU)

Assessment of the vertebral heart scale and cardiothoracic ratio to standardize the heart size of collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) restrained with ketamine and midazolam / Avaliação do vertebral heart scale e índice cardiotorácico na padronização do tamanho cardíaco de cateto (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) contidos com cetamina e midazolam

Wild species, especially those threatened with extinction, are increasingly being investigated to obtain information that can be useful for their preservation. The objective of the present study was to standardize the vertebral heart scale (VHS) and cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) sedated with ketamine and midazolam. Fourteen clinically healthy collared peccaries were examined in the two-year age group weighing 15-22kg. The animals were submitted to digital radiography of the thorax in lateral and dorsal ventral projections to calculate the VHS and CTR. The VHS mean values for males and females was 8.88±0.51v for right recumbency and 8.84±0.39v for left decubitus, and there were no significant between-gender differences regarding recumbency (p>0.05). The CTR showed mean values of 0.50±0.05 (males) and 0.45±0.04 (females), but the gender-differences were not significant (p>0.05). A positive correlation was shown between VHS and CTR (r=0.98, right decubitus; r=0.96, left decubitus). Establishing reference values for heart measurements in collared peccaries using digital radiography of the thorax permitted standardization of the VHS and CTR values for this wild species. In the studied wild animal model, the VHS and CTR heart assessment indexes were shown to be essential diagnostic tools for investigations of alterations in the size of the cardiac silhouette.(AU)

Espécies silvestres têm sido cada vez mais exploradas como forma de obter informações que favoreçam sua conservação, especialmente aquelas ameaçadas de extinção. Este trabalho teve por objetivo a padronização dos valores de VHS (vertebral heart scale) e índice cardiotorácico (ICT) de catetos (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) contidos com Cetamina e Midazolam. Foram avaliados 14 catetos clinicamente saudáveis, com faixa etária de 2 anos e variação média de peso entre 15 a 22Kg. Os animais foram submetidos a radiografia digital de tórax em projeções laterolaterais e dorsoventrais para o cálculo do vertebral heart scale (VHS) e Índice Cardiotorácico (ICT). O VHS evidenciou valores médios entre machos e fêmeas de 8,88±0,51v para decúbito direito e 8,84±0,39v para decúbito esquerdo, não ocorrendo diferença estatística entre os decúbitos (p>0,05). O ICT revelou valores médios de 0,50±0,05 (machos) e de 0,45±0,04 (fêmeas), não sendo verificada diferença estatística significativa entre os sexos (p>0,05). Verificou-se correlação positiva entre VHS e o ICT (r=0,98, decúbito direito, r= 0,96, decúbito esquerdo). O estabelecimento dos valores de referência para mensurações cardíacas em catetos, a partir de radiografias digitais do tórax, permitiu a padronização do VHS e ICT para esta espécie silvestre. No modelo animal silvestre estudado, os índices de avaliação cardíaca VHS e ICT mostraram-se como uma ferramenta diagnóstica imprescindível para investigações sobre as alterações do tamanho da silhueta cardíaca.(AU)

Nutrition of Six Selected Neo-Tropical Mammals in Trinidad and Tobago with the Potential for Domestication.

This review highlights the available literature on the nutrition of six neo-tropical animals with the potential for domestication-the agouti (Dasyprocta leporina/D. aguti), lappe (Agouti paca), capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), manicou/opossum (Didelphis marsupialis insularis), collared peccary (Peccary tajucu) and the red brokcet deer (Mazama americana). Over 100 references were used, spanning over 100 years. The earliest being 1915 and the most recent being 2018. The references used in this review were synthesized to give a detailed look of the dentition, anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract and type of feed these animals consume. Nutritional requirements of the animals are required to understand what is needed for growth, maintenance and reproduction of each physiological stage. The agouti (D. leporina/D. aguti) was observed to be a monogastric mammal that fed primarily on fruits, seeds, animal matter and practiced caecotrophy. The lappe/paca (C. paca/A. paca) was described as a strict herbivore and a frugivore which practiced caecotrophy, with a diet that varied throughout the year, according to food availability. The capybara (H. hydrochaeris) was found to be the largest known rodent and was described as a semiaquatic hindgut fermenter that practiced caecotrophy. The manicou/opossum (D. marsupialis insularis) was found to be an omnivore with a simple stomach. The collared peccary (T. tajacu) was found to be frugivorous. Their unique stomach enabled them to consume a wide variety of feedstuff, allowing them to be found in a wide range of habitats. The red brocket deer (M. americana), a ruminant, was described as a browser that consumed mainly fruits and seeds and they frequented mineral lick. Knowledge of what they consume in the wild is important, so that we know what to feed in captivity. There is also the need to evaluate captive diets while trying to domesticate these mammals and develop nutrient requirement tables for these neo-tropical animals. Finally, an understanding of the dentition and gastrointestinal tract is important to increase efficiency (nutritional and cost). These six neo-tropical mammals were chosen due to their prevalence as game species in Trinidad and Tobago.

Environmental Factors Related to a Semiarid Climate Influence the Freezability of Sperm from Collared Peccaries (Pecari tajacu Linnaeus, 1758).

The influence of environmental factors in a semiarid climate on characteristics of fresh and frozen/thawed sperm collected from collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) was assessed. Semen from 11 male collared peccaries was collected by electroejaculation during the peaks of the dry and rainy periods while rainfall indices, air temperatures, relative humidity levels, and wind speeds were measured. The number, motility, morphology, osmotic response, and membrane integrity of sperm in the collected ejaculates were assessed. Samples were then frozen in liquid nitrogen, thawed, and reassessed. The rainfall index of the rainy period (73.2 mm) was significantly higher than that of the dry period (13.6 mm) and the relative humidity was significantly higher during the rainy period (74.6%) than it was during the dry period (66.8%). Air temperature and wind speed did not differ between the two periods. Characteristics of sperm in the fresh samples were not affected by environmental parameters. In contrast, computerized analysis revealed that sperm in samples frozen during the rainy period exhibited better post-thaw membrane integrity (28.6 ± 6%), motility (29.5 ± 7.7%), and rapid sperm population (13.7 ± 6.2%) than did sperm in samples frozen during the dry period (23.4 ± 3% membrane integrity, 14.6 ± 4.1% motility, and 4.1 ± 1.2% rapid sperm; p < 0.05). Other characteristics of the frozen/thawed sperm did not differ depending on the period in which they were collected. We demonstrated that environmental parameters did not affect the quality of fresh sperm, but could influence the freezability of sperm collected from collared peccaries raised under a semiarid climate.

Aspectos Da Criação De Tayassuídeos No Brasil / Aspects Of Tayassuideos Creation In Brazil / Aspectos De Creación De Tayassuídeos En Brasil

As espécies Tayassu tajacu e o Tayassu pecari conhecidos popularmente como cateto e queixada, respectivamente, ou também denominados porcos-do-mato, pertencem à família Tayassuidae. A criação em cativeiro destas espécies tem-se difundido em vários países nas últimas décadas, em razão da demanda de carnes exóticas, principalmente em restaurantes especializados. Devido ao crescente consumo deste tipo de carne, há a necessidade de implantação de programas de manejo, reprodutivos e de saúde, visando à criação em cativeiro de modo sustentável, economicamente viável e com níveis adequados de biosseguridade. A criação em cativeiro dos catetos e queixadas pode gerar produtos de grande valor comercial e representam uma alternativa proteica ao consumo humano, bem como pode minimizar os efeitos da caça predatória, fragmentação de habitat, tráfico e extinção das espécies, que poderiam resultar em desequilíbrios ecológicos. Os Tayassuídeos de vida livre ou de cativeiro são susceptíveis a maioria dos agentes infecciosos que acometem os suínos domésticos, incluindo micro-organismos de potencial zoonótico, apesar de certa variação geográfica na prevalência das doenças. O presente estudo revisou os principais aspectos da criação de Tayassuídeos no Brasil, com ênfase as principais doenças de origem bacteriana, viral e parasitárias que acometem essas espécies.

The species Tayassu tajacu and Tayassu pecari popularly known as collared peccary and white-lipped peccary, respectively, or also called-wild pigs belong to Tayassuidae family. The captive breeding of this species has been widespread in many countries in recent decades, due to the demand for exotic meat especially in specialized restaurants Due to the increasing consumption of this meat there is the need to implement management, reproductive, and health programs, aimed at creation in sustainable way captivity, economically viable, and appropriate levels of biosecurity. The captive breeding of collared peccary and white-lipped peccary can generate products of high commercial value and represent an alternative protein for human consumption, as well as can minimize the effects of poaching, habitat fragmentation, trafficking and species extinction, which could result in ecological imbalances. The free life or captivity Tayassuídeos are susceptible the main infectious agents that also affect domestic pigs, includind pathogens with zoonotic potential, besides certain geographical variation in the prevalence of diseases. The present study reviewed the major aspects of breeding of Tayassuídeos in Brazil, with emphasis on main diseases of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin that affect these species.

Las especies Tayassu tajacu y Tayassu pecarí popularmente conocidos como el pecarí de collar y pecarí barbiblanco, respectivamente, o también llamados los cerdos salvajes pertenecen a la familia Tayassuidae. La cría en cautividad de esta especie se está difundiendo en muchos países en las últimas décadas, debido a la demanda de carnes exóticas, especialmente en los restaurantes especializados. Debido al aumento del consumo deste tipo de carne, existe la necesidad de implementar programas de gestión reproductivos y la salud, destinadas a la creación de un cautiverio de manera sostenible, económicamente viables y adecuados niveles de bioseguridad. La cría en cautividad de pecarí de collar y pecarí barbiblanco puede generar productos de gran valor comercial y representan una alternativa de proteínas para el consumo humano y puede minimizar los efectos de la caza furtiva, la fragmentación del hábitat, el tráfico y la extinción de especies, lo que podría dar lugar a desequilibrios ecológicos. Los Tayassuideos de vida libre o el cautiverio son susceptibles, predominantemente los mismos agentes infecciosos que afectan a los cerdos domésticos, a pesar de cierta variación geográfica en la prevalencia de la enfermedad, y puede constituir enlaces de la cadena epidemiológica de las enfermedades de los animales domésticos y los seres humanos. Este estudio examinó los principales problemas de salud en la creación de Tayassuídeos en Brasil, con énfasis en las principales enfermedades de origen bacteriano, virales y parasitarias que afectan a estas especies.

Aspectos Da Criação De Tayassuídeos No Brasil / Aspects Of Tayassuideos Creation In Brazil / Aspectos De Creación De Tayassuídeos En Brasil

As espécies Tayassu tajacu e o Tayassu pecari conhecidos popularmente como cateto e queixada, respectivamente, ou também denominados porcos-do-mato, pertencem à família Tayassuidae. A criação em cativeiro destas espécies tem-se difundido em vários países nas últimas décadas, em razão da demanda de carnes exóticas, principalmente em restaurantes especializados. Devido ao crescente consumo deste tipo de carne, há a necessidade de implantação de programas de manejo, reprodutivos e de saúde, visando à criação em cativeiro de modo sustentável, economicamente viável e com níveis adequados de biosseguridade. A criação em cativeiro dos catetos e queixadas pode gerar produtos de grande valor comercial e representam uma alternativa proteica ao consumo humano, bem como pode minimizar os efeitos da caça predatória, fragmentação de habitat, tráfico e extinção das espécies, que poderiam resultar em desequilíbrios ecológicos. Os Tayassuídeos de vida livre ou de cativeiro são susceptíveis a maioria dos agentes infecciosos que acometem os suínos domésticos, incluindo micro-organismos de potencial zoonótico, apesar de certa variação geográfica na prevalência das doenças. O presente estudo revisou os principais aspectos da criação de Tayassuídeos no Brasil, com ênfase as principais doenças de origem bacteriana, viral e parasitárias que acometem essas espécies.(AU)

The species Tayassu tajacu and Tayassu pecari popularly known as collared peccary and white-lipped peccary, respectively, or also called-wild pigs belong to Tayassuidae family. The captive breeding of this species has been widespread in many countries in recent decades, due to the demand for exotic meat especially in specialized restaurants Due to the increasing consumption of this meat there is the need to implement management, reproductive, and health programs, aimed at creation in sustainable way captivity, economically viable, and appropriate levels of biosecurity. The captive breeding of collared peccary and white-lipped peccary can generate products of high commercial value and represent an alternative protein for human consumption, as well as can minimize the effects of poaching, habitat fragmentation, trafficking and species extinction, which could result in ecological imbalances. The free life or captivity Tayassuídeos are susceptible the main infectious agents that also affect domestic pigs, includind pathogens with zoonotic potential, besides certain geographical variation in the prevalence of diseases. The present study reviewed the major aspects of breeding of Tayassuídeos in Brazil, with emphasis on main diseases of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin that affect these species.(AU)

Las especies Tayassu tajacu y Tayassu pecarí popularmente conocidos como el pecarí de collar y pecarí barbiblanco, respectivamente, o también llamados los cerdos salvajes pertenecen a la familia Tayassuidae. La cría en cautividad de esta especie se está difundiendo en muchos países en las últimas décadas, debido a la demanda de carnes exóticas, especialmente en los restaurantes especializados. Debido al aumento del consumo deste tipo de carne, existe la necesidad de implementar programas de gestión reproductivos y la salud, destinadas a la creación de un cautiverio de manera sostenible, económicamente viables y adecuados niveles de bioseguridad. La cría en cautividad de pecarí de collar y pecarí barbiblanco puede generar productos de gran valor comercial y representan una alternativa de proteínas para el consumo humano y puede minimizar los efectos de la caza furtiva, la fragmentación del hábitat, el tráfico y la extinción de especies, lo que podría dar lugar a desequilibrios ecológicos. Los Tayassuideos de vida libre o el cautiverio son susceptibles, predominantemente los mismos agentes infecciosos que afectan a los cerdos domésticos, a pesar de cierta variación geográfica en la prevalencia de la enfermedad, y puede constituir enlaces de la cadena epidemiológica de las enfermedades de los animales domésticos y los seres humanos. Este estudio examinó los principales problemas de salud en la creación de Tayassuídeos en Brasil, con énfasis en las principales enfermedades de origen bacteriano, virales y parasitarias que afectan a estas especies.(AU)

Estimating the binding ability of collared peccary (Pecari tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) sperm using heterologous substrates.

In collared peccaries, the development of artificial insemination (AI) is scarce, requiring search for alternative methods for the evaluation of sperm fertilizing ability. Thus, the aims of this study were to estimate the binding capability of collared peccaries sperm, using swine oocytes and the egg perivitelline membrane, and to evaluate the prognostic value of sperm parameters on the in vitro interactions among sperm and heterologous substrates. Eleven ejaculates were collected by eletroejaculation and evaluated for viability and morphology by light microscopy, for functionality by hypo-osmotic swelling test, for plasma membrane integrity by epifluorescence microscopy, and for sperm motility by computerized analysis. Subsequently, for analysis of the in vitro interactions, sperm samples were cultured in an incubation medium with swine oocytes and egg perivitelline membrane for 18 h and 20 min, respectively, at 38.5 °C and humidified atmosphere. The sperm-oocyte interaction rate was 100% with sperm penetrating 19.8+ 5.5% of oocytes. The average values of bound sperm and penetrated sperm per oocyte were 39.4 + 4.6 and 2.5 + 0.7, respectively. Already for perivitelline membrane binding assay, all samples presented sperm bound (100%) with average of 140.6 ± 19.4 bound sperm (range 33.9-308.7). Moreover, positive correlations were observed for the number of sperm bound to swine oocytes and osmotic response (r = 68.5%; P = 0.02), membrane integrity (r = 65.1%; P = 0.03), and straightness (r = 66.5%; (P = 0.03), as weel as for the number of sperm bound to egg perivitelline membrane and sperm viability (r = 74.0%; P = 0.01), total motility (r = 63.6%; P = 0.04), and linearity (r = 70.5%; P = 0.02). Finally, a negative correlation among slow (r = -80.5%; P = 0.01) and static (r = -84.3%; P = 0.01) sperm with the egg perivitelline membrane was observed. In conclusion, swine oocytes and perivitelline membrane can be used as indicators for the functional evaluation of the binding capability of sperm derived from collared peccaries. These tests could be incorporated into the routine of semen technologies.

Fauna helmintológica de catetos (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) procedentes da Amazônia Brasileira / Helminthic parasites of the collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) of the Brazilian Amazon

Tayassu tajacu, popularmente conhecido como cateto, é uma espécie silvestre encontrada em quase todo o continente Americano, sendo abundante em seus locais de ocorrência. O trabalho objetivou conhecer a fauna helmintológica, bem como os indicadores de infecções, de catetos (T. tajacu) procedentes da Amazônia Brasileira. Para tanto, foram utilizados cinco animais adultos (três machos e duas fêmeas), capturados no município de Araguaína, estado do Tocantins, com auxílio de armadilhas. Os catetos foram tranquilizados, contidos quimicamente e eutanasiados segundo o Guia Brasileiro de Boas Práticas para Eutanásia em Animais do Conselho Federal de Medicina Veterinária. As espécies encontradas foram identificadas e os indicadores de infecção foram determinados (percentual de infecção, abundância, intensidade média e variação da intensidade). Foi coletado um total de 1394 helmintos, sendo nove espécies de nematódeos: Eucyathostomum dentatum, Cruzia brasiliensis, Monodontus semicircularis, Monodontus aguiari, Spiculopteragia tayassui, Texicospirura turki, Parabronema pecariae, Physocephalus sexalatus, Cooperia punctata. Os helmintos com maiores percentuais de infecção foram Physocephalus sexalatus, Parabronema pecariae e Monodontus aguiari, encontrados em 100% dos animais examinados, sendo este último o mais abundante (164), com maior intensidade média (164) e com maior número total de helmintos (820). Em contrapartida, Spiculopteragia tayassui foi a espécie que obteve menores indicadores, sendo encontrada apenas uma fêmea neste estudo. Foi relatada, neste trabalho, a primeira ocorrência de Cruzia brasiliensis parasitando catetos (T. tajacu) no Brasil, espécie até então descrita e encontrada apenas parasitando suínos domésticos.(AU)

Tayassu tajacu, popularly known as collared peccary, is a wildlife species found throughout the American continent, being abundant in their places of occurrence. This study aimed to describe the helminthological fauna, as well as the infection indicators, of the collared peccary (T. tajacu) coming from the Brazilian Amazon. Five adult peccaries (three males and two females) were captured in the Araguaína region, Tocantins, Brazil, with the aid of traps. The collared peccaries were reassured, chemically restrained and euthanized according to the Brazilian Good Practice Guide for Animal Euthanasy of the Federal Board of Veterinary Medicine. The species found were identified and the infection indicators were determined (infection rate, abundance, mean intensity and intensity variation). A total of 1394 helminths of nine nematode species were collected: Eucyathostomum dentatum, Cruzia brasiliensis, Monodontus semicircularis, Monodontus aguiari, Spiculopteragia tayassui, Texicospirura turki, Parabronema pecariae, Physocephalus sexalatus and Cooperia punctata. Helminths with higher percentages of infection were Physocephalus sexalatus, Parabronema pecariae and Monodontus aguiari found in 100% of the examined animals; the latter was the most abundant (164) and had a highest mean intensity (164) and total number of helminths (820). In contrast, Spiculopteragia tayassui presented lower indicators, found only one female in this study. In this studythe the first occurrence of Cruzia brasiliensis parasitizing collared peccary (T. Tajacu) in Brazil was reported, specie hitherto described and only found parasitizing domestic pigs.(AU)

Use of Aloe vera-based extender for chilling and freezing collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) semen.

As an alternative for the conservation of collared peccary semen, this research aims at evaluating the use of Aloe vera (AV) extract as a cryoprotectant for semen chilling and freezing. Five ejaculates were divided in two aliquots that were diluted in Tris plus egg yolk (EY; 20%) or AV extract (20%) and chilled at 5 °C. In both treatments, an adequate semen conservation was achieved and values closer to 40% motile sperm with viability and osmotic response ranging from 20% to 40%, and normal morphology of 80% were found after 36 hours of storage. Moreover, 12 other ejaculates were diluted in Tris plus EY (20%) or AV extract (5, 10, or 20%) and glycerol (3%). Samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen and thawed after 1 week. After thawing, all the treatments containing EY or AV provided similar values for sperm morphology, viability, osmotic response, membrane integrity, sperm motility, amplitude of lateral head, beat cross frequency, and rapid, low, and static subpopulations, but the highest values for straightness and the lowest values for curvilinear velocity were found using 20% AV (P < 0.05). In conclusion, we found that AV extract at a 20% concentration could be used as an alternative substitute to EY in the formulation of Tris extenders for collared peccaries' semen chilling or freezing.

Fauna helmintológica de catetos (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) procedentes da Amazônia Brasileira / Helminthic parasites of the collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) of the Brazilian Amazon

Tayassu tajacu, popularly known as collared peccary, is a wildlife species found throughout the American continent, being abundant in their places of occurrence. This study aimed to describe the helminthological fauna, as well as the infection indicators, of the collared peccary (T. tajacu) coming from the Brazilian Amazon. Five adult peccaries (three males and two females) were captured in the Araguaína region, Tocantins, Brazil, with the aid of traps. The collared peccaries were reassured, chemically restrained and euthanized according to the Brazilian Good Practice Guide for Animal Euthanasy of the Federal Board of Veterinary Medicine. The species found were identified and the infection indicators were determined (infection rate, abundance, mean intensity and intensity variation). A total of 1394 helminths of nine nematode species were collected: Eucyathostomum dentatum, Cruzia brasiliensis, Monodontus semicircularis, Monodontus aguiari, Spiculopteragia tayassui, Texicospirura turki, Parabronema pecariae, Physocephalus sexalatus and Cooperia punctata. Helminths with higher percentages of infection were Physocephalus sexalatus, Parabronema pecariae and Monodontus aguiari found in 100% of the examined animals; the latter was the most abundant (164) and had a highest mean intensity (164) and total number of helminths (820). In contrast, Spiculopteragia tayassui presented lower indicators, found only one female in this study. In this studythe the first occurrence of Cruzia brasiliensis parasitizing collared peccary (T. Tajacu) in Brazil was reported, specie hitherto described and only found parasitizing domestic pigs.(AU)

Tayassu tajacu, popularmente conhecido como cateto, é uma espécie silvestre encontrada em quase todo o continente Americano, sendo abundante em seus locais de ocorrência. O trabalho objetivou conhecer a fauna helmintológica, bem como os indicadores de infecções, de catetos (T. tajacu) procedentes da Amazônia Brasileira. Para tanto, foram utilizados cinco animais adultos (três machos e duas fêmeas), capturados no município de Araguaína, estado do Tocantins, com auxílio de armadilhas. Os catetos foram tranquilizados, contidos quimicamente e eutanasiados segundo o Guia Brasileiro de Boas Práticas para Eutanásia em Animais do Conselho Federal de Medicina Veterinária. As espécies encontradas foram identificadas e os indicadores de infecção foram determinados (percentual de infecção, abundância, intensidade média e variação da intensidade). Foi coletado um total de 1394 helmintos, sendo nove espécies de nematódeos: Eucyathostomum dentatum, Cruzia brasiliensis, Monodontus semicircularis, Monodontus aguiari, Spiculopteragia tayassui, Texicospirura turki, Parabronema pecariae, Physocephalus sexalatus, Cooperia punctata. Os helmintos com maiores percentuais de infecção foram Physocephalus sexalatus, Parabronema pecariae e Monodontus aguiari, encontrados em 100% dos animais examinados, sendo este último o mais abundante (164), com maior intensidade média (164) e com maior número total de helmintos (820). Em contrapartida, Spiculopteragia tayassui foi a espécie que obteve menores indicadores, sendo encontrada apenas uma fêmea neste estudo. Foi relatada, neste trabalho, a primeira ocorrência de Cruzia brasiliensis parasitando catetos (T. tajacu) no Brasil, espécie até então descrita e encontrada apenas parasitando suínos domésticos.(AU)

Isolation, expansion, differentiation and growth kinetics essay in mesenchymal stem cells culture from the bone marrow of collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu)

Background: There are few studies on stem cell isolation in wild animals that provide isolation and culture protocols of these cells in vitro. Among the wild species studied, we present the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) as a model with potential to obtain and use MSC in preclinical studies. These animals are phylogenetically close to the domestic pig, popularly known as peccaries and found naturally in South America, Central America and the South of the United States. The aim of the present study was to establish a protocol for the isolation, in vitro cell expansion, differentiation and assessment of the stromal MSC growth curve before and after thawing. Materials, Methods & Results: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from collared peccary bone marrow (Tayassu tajacu) were isolated and expanded by centrifuge in Ficoll® solution and cultured in DMEM® High Glucose medium. The culture was assessed by assays of colony forming units CFU-F and growth curve by saturation (GCS). Cultures in the third passage, with 70% confluence, were replicated at 105 cells/mL concentration in the culture media to induce osteogenic cell differentiation and adipogenic cell differentiation, respectively. The MSC were frozen in nitrogen for 40 days, thawed and re-assessed for cell viability and GCS. Discussion: The bone marrow collected presented high mononuclear cellularity, with a mean variability of 94.5% and 60.83 ± 4.27 UFC were identified in the samples and cells with fibroblast-like-cell morphology were observed. When they were expanded, the mean cell viability was 95%, the mean cell concentration obtained was 233.31 ± 20.04 cells per 25cm2 bottle and the culture reached the growth plateau in GCS between the 13th and 16th day. The osteoblastic cell differentiation assay showed after 18 days, morphology similar to osteoblasts, with irregular cytoplasm limits, cell prolongation formation and flattened appearance. [...]

Isolation, expansion, differentiation and growth kinetics essay in mesenchymal stem cells culture from the bone marrow of collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu)

Background: There are few studies on stem cell isolation in wild animals that provide isolation and culture protocols of these cells in vitro. Among the wild species studied, we present the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) as a model with potential to obtain and use MSC in preclinical studies. These animals are phylogenetically close to the domestic pig, popularly known as peccaries and found naturally in South America, Central America and the South of the United States. The aim of the present study was to establish a protocol for the isolation, in vitro cell expansion, differentiation and assessment of the stromal MSC growth curve before and after thawing. Materials, Methods & Results: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from collared peccary bone marrow (Tayassu tajacu) were isolated and expanded by centrifuge in Ficoll® solution and cultured in DMEM® High Glucose medium. The culture was assessed by assays of colony forming units CFU-F and growth curve by saturation (GCS). Cultures in the third passage, with 70% confluence, were replicated at 105 cells/mL concentration in the culture media to induce osteogenic cell differentiation and adipogenic cell differentiation, respectively. The MSC were frozen in nitrogen for 40 days, thawed and re-assessed for cell viability and GCS. Discussion: The bone marrow collected presented high mononuclear cellularity, with a mean variability of 94.5% and 60.83 ± 4.27 UFC were identified in the samples and cells with fibroblast-like-cell morphology were observed. When they were expanded, the mean cell viability was 95%, the mean cell concentration obtained was 233.31 ± 20.04 cells per 25cm2 bottle and the culture reached the growth plateau in GCS between the 13th and 16th day. The osteoblastic cell differentiation assay showed after 18 days, morphology similar to osteoblasts, with irregular cytoplasm limits, cell prolongation formation and flattened appearance. [...](AU)