Validation of Neuromyotype: a smart keyboard for the evaluation of spinal muscular atrophy patients.

INTRODUCTION: Spinal muscular atrophy 5q (SMA) is a genetic neurodegenerative disease that affects alpha motor neurons producing progressive weakness. New outcome measures are currently required to accurately characterise the disease progression and the efficacy of new available treatments. The objective of this work is to preliminarily validate a new intelligent keyboard (Neuromyotype) measuring typing strength and speed in patients with SMA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty two SMA patients older than 15 years, and 26 healthy controls were included. Three measurements were obtained with the keyboard (maximum strength, execution time of a random typing task, execution time of a sequential typing task) together with the time to complete the Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT). Patients were also administered motor (Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded, HFMSE; Revised Upper Limb module, RULM), and functional scales (Egen Klassification, EK2; and the revised version of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale, ALSFRS-R). The viability and construct validity of the Neuromyotype were analysed, measuring the discriminative power between patients and controls (using ROC curves and the Bangdiwala's B statistic), between the different functional types of SMA (walker, sitter and non-sitter) and their correlation with the rest of motor scales. RESULTS: Neuromyotype measurements could be performed in all patients, unlike the rest of the scales. Its administration was quick and easy. The 3 variables on the keyboard discriminated very well between patients and controls, with strength (ROC = 0.963) being the one that best differentiates from the 3, equaling 9HPT (ROC = 0.966). They also showed a good ability to differentiate by functional type (especially non-sitters from sitters and walkers), with sequential time (B = 0.83) being the tool that best discriminates between the three groups above the rest of motor scales. All motor and functional scales showed strong or very strong correlations with each other (rs = 0.71-0.99), with strength correlating better with motor scales and timed variables with functional scales. CONCLUSION: This study shows the feasibility and validity of Neuromyotype for the evaluation of adolescent and adult patients with SMA. Data obtained with this tool could be of great clinical relevance, saving time and resources compared to the rest of the scales.

Are dogs sensitive to the human's visual perspective and signs of attention when using a keyboard with arbitrary symbols to communicate?

This study investigated whether dogs take into account the human's direction of attention and visual field when they communicate by means of a keyboard with lexigrams. In order to test this, two dogs, Sofia and Laila, were given the choice between two keyboards, one visible and the other one non-visible from the experimenter's perspective. In one experiment, different barriers were positioned in such way so as to block the experimenter's visibility to one of the keyboards, and, in another experiment we manipulated human's signs of attention, like body orientation and visibility of the eyes. Sofia and Laila consistently preferred to use the keyboard that was in the human's visual field. Laila's choice was also influenced by the human's body orientation. Results suggested that the subjects are sensitive to the human's visual access to the keyboard when they use it to ask for food.(AU)

Este estudo investigou se cães levam em conta a direção da atenção e o campo visual do ser humano quando se comunicam por meio de um teclado com lexigramas. Para tanto, duas cadelas, Sofia e Laila, foram submetidas a uma situação em que podiam escolher entre dois teclados, um deles visível e outro não-visível sob a perspectiva do experimentador. Em um experimento, diferentes barreiras foram posicionadas de tal forma a bloquear a visibilidade do experimentador a um dos teclados, e, em outro, experimento manipulamos os sinais de atenção do ser humano, como orientação corporal e visibilidade dos olhos. Sofia e Laila preferiram consistentemente usar o teclado que estava dentro do campo visual do ser humano. A escolha de Laila também foi influenciada pela orientação corporal do ser humano. Os resultados sugerem que as duas são sensíveis ao acesso visual do ser humano ao teclado quando elas o usam para pedir comida.(AU)

Are dogs sensitive to the human's visual perspective and signs of attention when using a keyboard with arbitrary symbols to communicate?

This study investigated whether dogs take into account the human's direction of attention and visual field when they communicate by means of a keyboard with lexigrams. In order to test this, two dogs, Sofia and Laila, were given the choice between two keyboards, one visible and the other one non-visible from the experimenter's perspective. In one experiment, different barriers were positioned in such way so as to block the experimenter's visibility to one of the keyboards, and, in another experiment we manipulated human's signs of attention, like body orientation and visibility of the eyes. Sofia and Laila consistently preferred to use the keyboard that was in the human's visual field. Laila's choice was also influenced by the human's body orientation. Results suggested that the subjects are sensitive to the human's visual access to the keyboard when they use it to ask for food.

Este estudo investigou se cães levam em conta a direção da atenção e o campo visual do ser humano quando se comunicam por meio de um teclado com lexigramas. Para tanto, duas cadelas, Sofia e Laila, foram submetidas a uma situação em que podiam escolher entre dois teclados, um deles visível e outro não-visível sob a perspectiva do experimentador. Em um experimento, diferentes barreiras foram posicionadas de tal forma a bloquear a visibilidade do experimentador a um dos teclados, e, em outro, experimento manipulamos os sinais de atenção do ser humano, como orientação corporal e visibilidade dos olhos. Sofia e Laila preferiram consistentemente usar o teclado que estava dentro do campo visual do ser humano. A escolha de Laila também foi influenciada pela orientação corporal do ser humano. Os resultados sugerem que as duas são sensíveis ao acesso visual do ser humano ao teclado quando elas o usam para pedir comida.

Layout de teclado para uma prancha de comunicação alternativa e ampliada / Keyboard layout for an augmentative and alternative communication board

O objetivo deste artigo é descrever e discutir a proposta de um novo layout de teclado projetado especialmente para uma prancha de comunicação alternativa com acionamento mecânico e remoto, para ser utilizado por portadores de paralisia cerebral com capacidade cognitiva preservada. Para compor o layout do teclado de comunicação alternativa, realizou-se uma pesquisa envolvendo disposição e conteúdo das teclas. Participaram do estudo onze voluntárias, sendo: cinco professoras de educação especial, quatro pedagogas especializadas em educação especial e duas fonoaudiólogas. O layout é composto por 95 teclas dispostas em grupos de teclas: alfabéticas, de letras acentuadas, numéricas, de funções e de comunicação alternativa e ampliada. As teclas de comunicação alternativa, contêm ícones associados à palavras ou frases, além de teclas acentuadas. Os ícones contemplados fazem parte de uma linguagem visual brasileira de comunicação, em desenvolvimento. Para auxiliar na localização, tanto o tamanho de teclas e caracteres quanto as cores de fundo das teclas diferenciadas foram utilizadas. As teclas com letras acentuadas e as teclas de comunicação alternativa visam facilitar e acelerar a digitação das mensagens, reduzindo assim o tempo de digitação e conseqüentemente, a ocorrência de fadiga muscular.

The aim of this article is to describe and discuss a novel layout proposal for keyboard especially designed for a communication board using mechanical and remote activation to be used by people with cerebral paralysis who present sufficient cognitive skills. In order to design the layout of the augmentative and alternative communication keyboard, a research study involving position and content of the keys was undertaken. Eleven volunteers participated in the study, and they were: five special education teachers, four pedagogues specialized in special education and two speech and language therapists. The layout is made up of 95 keys positioned into key-groups: alphabetical, number, keyboard functions, accented letters and alternative communication. The alternative communication keys contain signs associated with words or phrases, besides keys with accents. These signs are part of a Brazilian visual communication language that is under development. In order to facilitate key finding, both size and background color were considered. The purpose of the accented letters and alternative communication keys is to facilitate key finding and enhance typing speed so as to reduce muscular fatigue.