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1.
Rev. biol. trop ; Rev. biol. trop;64(1): 117-130, ene.-mar. 2016. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-843265

ABSTRACT

ResumenLa emergencia diaria de los efemerópteros de ríos neotropicales y sus causas, han sido poco estudiadas. En zonas templadas, este proceso es mejor conocido y atribuido a diversos factores. En este trabajo, estudiamos la emergencia diaria de subimagos de varios géneros de Ephemeroptera en un río en una selva nublada andina venezolana, y sus posibles relaciones con cambios diarios de la temperatura ambiente. Cuatro trampas de emergencia fueron colocadas en un tramo de 50m del río, y cada una se examinó cada dos horas durante 24 horas para recolectar los subimagos recién emergidos. Este procedimiento fue repetido en ocho fechas, entre noviembre-2007 y febrero-2008, para un total de 32 observaciones en cada hora de muestreo. Los subimagos fueron criados hasta adultos e identificados hasta género. Para cada género y hora de muestreo calculamos la densidad relativa de emergencia por trampa. La temperatura del agua y del aire fueron medidas cada hora del ciclo diario de observación y, para cada hora calculamos la temperatura promedio y los gradoshoras promedio del aire y del agua, de las ocho fechas estudiadas. Se identificaron siete géneros: Leptohyphes Eaton, 1882 y Haplohyphes Allen, 1966 (Leptohyphidae); Prebaetodes Lugo-Ortiz y McCafferty, 1996, Andesiops Lugo-Ortiz y McCafferty, 1999, Baetodes Needham y Murphy, 1924 y Americabaetis Kluge, 1992 (Baetidae); y Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Leptophlebiidae); siendo más abundantes Leptohyphes (38.4 %) y Thraulodes (20.5 %). La emergencia ocurrió entre las 11:00 am y 23:00 pm, y mostró lo siguiente: a) una emergencia iniciada en horas diurnas, por organismos de Leptohyphes, Prebaetodes y Haplohyphes; b) una emergencia nocturna, realizada por Thraulodes, Andesiops, Baetodes y Americabaetis; y c) dos máximos, uno diurno producido por Leptohyphes, y otro nocturno con predominancia de Thraulodes. Estos resultados son los primeros registros sobre la emergencia diaria diurna en Andesiops, Prebaetodes, Americabaetis, Haplohyphes y Leptohyphes; así como, de la emergencia nocturna en Thraulodes. Se evidenció que Leptohyphes, con ninfas pequeñas (ancho cefálico promedio = 1.05 mm), necesitó acumular menos grados-horas para iniciar la emergencia que los requeridos por Thraulodes, cuyas ninfas son más grandes (ancho cefálico promedio = 2.01 mm). Esta disparidad en los requerimientos energéticos para la emergencia, debe ser consecuencia de diferencias entre los tamaños de las ninfas maduras de ambos géneros; hechos que se apoyan sobre la constancia de tamaños que muestran ambos taxa en un gradiente térmico-altitudinal, y en la poca variabilidad diaria y estacional de la temperatura del agua en el río La Picón. En el lapso diario de emergencia, las temperaturas promedios del aire y del agua fueron superiores a aquellas registradas dentro del lapso de no-emergencia; en consecuencia, se propone que durante el lapso diario en el que ocurre este proceso, el ambiente es térmicamente favorable para la emergencia de los subimagos y su supervivencia fuera del agua.


AbstractDaily emergence of mayflies in Neotropical rivers and their causes have been poorly studied. In temperate zones, this process is better known and attributed to several factors. In this work, we studied the daily emergence of subimagines of several Ephemeroptera genera in La Picón River of a Venezuelan Andean cloud forest and its relation with changes of environmental temperature. Four emergence traps were placed along a reach of 50 m of the stream, each one was examined each two hours in a 24 hr cycle to capture the newly emerged subimagos. This procedure was repeated for eight dates between November-2007 and February-2008 for a total of 32 observations in each sampling hour. The subimagos were reared to adults and identified to genus. The relative density of emergence per trap was calculated for each genus and sampling hour. Water and air temperature were measured each hour during the daily cycle of observation, and the averages of temperature and hour-degrees of air and water were calculated for each hour from the eight dates studied. Seven genera were identified: Leptohyphes Eaton, 1882 and Haplohyphes Allen 1966 (Leptohyphidae); Prebaetodes Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, 1996, Andesiops Lugo-Ortiz and McCafferty, 1999, Baetodes Needham and Murphy, 1924 and Americabaetis Kluge, 1992 (Baetidae); and Thraulodes Ulmer, 1920 (Leptophlebiidae); being the more abundant Leptohyphes (38.4 %) and Thraulodes (20.5 %). The emergence occurred between 11:00 am and 23:00 pm showing the following: a) an emergence initiated during daylight hours by organisms of Leptohyphes, Prebaetodes and Haplohyphes; b) a nocturnal emergence, in Thraulodes, Andesiops, Baetodes and Americabaetis; and c) two peaks: one diurnal produced by Leptohyphes and other nocturnal with predominance of Thraulodes. These results are the first records on the diurnal daily emergence in Andesiops,Prebaetodes,Americabaetis, Haplohyphes, and Leptohyphes, as well as the nocturnal emergence in Thraulodes. It was evidenced that Leptohyphes, with small nymphs (average head width = 1.05 mm) needed to accumulate less hourdegrees to initiate the emergence than those required by Thraulodes whose nymphs are larger (average head width = 2.01 mm). This disparity in the emergence energy requirements must be consequence of differences between the sizes of mature nymphs of both genera; facts which rely on the constancy of sizes shown by these taxa along an altitudinal-thermal gradient and the little daily and seasonal variability of water temperature in La Picón River. In the daily lapse when the emergence occurred, the air and water average temperatures were higher than those registered in the no-emergence lapse; therefore; it is suggested that during the daily lapse, when this process occurs, the environment is thermally favorable for the emergence of subimagos and their survival out of water. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (1): 117-130. Epub 2016 March 01.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Temperature , Forests , Rivers , Ephemeroptera/physiology , Tropical Climate , Venezuela , Population Dynamics , Population Density , Ephemeroptera/classification
2.
Rev. colomb. cienc. pecu ; 24(2): 191-200, abr.-jun. 2011. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-636091

ABSTRACT

To meet the increasing demand for fish, aquaculture has expanded through intensive farming that requires large amounts of feed. This can cause environmental and economic difficulties because fish can only retain 20 to 30 % of the ingested nitrogen (N). The remaining fraction is excreted as ammonium and can accumulate in water, thus becoming detrimental to fish performance. This experiment used red tilapia (Oreochromis sp) to determine the effects of temperature, body weight, and dietary crude protein (CP) on ammonium excretion. A factorial AxBxC design was used to compare total ammonium excreted. Factor A is defined as fish body weight (P). Fish weights were: P1= 100 ± 6.2, P2= 249 ± 4.2 y P3= 498 ± 4.7g. Factor B is defined as dietary protein levels (D1, D2 y D3), and factor C as water temperature (T1 and T2). Increased dietary protein levels, as well as water temperature caused significant increases in ammonium excretion (p<0.05). Body weight showed an inverse relationship with ammonia excretion. The 100 g fish at 26 ºC consuming a 25.6% CP diet excreted 468.8 ± 2.2 g N- NH4+ /day/kg, while 498 g fish under the same diet and temperature, excreted 356.3 ± 1.6 mg N- NH4+ /day/kg. This study suggests that dietary factors and environmental variables can alter ammonia excretion in fish, and thus affect of ammonia toxicity in the surrounding water.


Con el fin de atender la creciente demanda del mercado, la acuicultura se ha expandido mediante la implementación de sistemas de cultivo intensivo que requieren suministro de altas cantidades de alimento. Estas condiciones pueden generar dificultades ambientales y económicas debido a que los peces solamente pueden retener 20 a 30% del nitrógeno (N) ingerido; la proporción restante, que es excretada en la forma de amonio, se puede acumular en al agua llegando a ser perjudicial para los peces. El presente experimento fue realizado con el fin de determinar el efecto de la temperatura, peso corporal y niveles proteicos de las dietas sobre las tasas de excreción de amonio total en tilapia roja (Oreochromis sp). Para la cuantificación del amonio total se aplicó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial AxBxC, siendo el factor A = peso corporal de los peces (P1= 100 ± 6.2, P2= 249 ± 4.2 y P3= 498 ± 4.7 g), B= dietas experimentales (D1, D2 y D3) y C = temperatura del agua (T1 Y 72). El aumento de los niveles de proteína de la dieta, así como de la temperatura del agua, ocasionaron incrementos significativos en las tasas de excreción de amonio total (p<0.05). El peso corporal presentó una relación inversa respecto a la tasa de excreción de amonio. Peces de 100 g a 26 ºC y una dieta con un nivel proteico del 25.6% excretaron 468.8 ± 2.2 g N-NH4+ al día/kg de peso vivo, en tanto que peces de 498 g bajo la misma dieta y la misma temperatura, excretaron 356.3 ± 1.6 mg N-NH4+ al día/kg de peso vivo.


Para atender à crescente demanda do mercado, a aquicultura tem se expandido através da implementação de sistemas de agricultura intensiva que exigem a entrega de grandes quantidades de alimentos. Essas condições podem gerar dificuldades ambientais e económicas porque o peixe só pode conter 20 a 30% de nitrogênio (N) ingeridos, o resto é excretada na forma de amônia pode acumular-se na água tornando-se prejudicial para os peixes. Este experimento foi conduzido para determinar o efeito da temperatura, peso corporal e níveis de proteína na dieta sobre a taxa de excreção de amônia total em tilápia vermelha (Oreochromis sp.) Para a quantificação de amônia total foi aplicado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com AxBxC factorial, sendo o factor A = peso corporal dos peixes (P1 = 100 ± 6.2, P2 = 249 ± 4.2 e P3 = 498 ± 4.7 g), B = dietas experimentais (D1, D2 e D3) e C = temperatura da água (T1 e 72). Aumento dos níveis de proteína na dieta, bem como a temperatura da água, resultou em aumentos significativos nas taxas de excreção de amônia total (p<0.05). O peso corporal mostrou uma relação inversa com a taxa de excreção de amônia. Peixes de 100 g mantidos em 26 ºC e uma dieta com teor proteico de 25.6% excretaram 468.8 ± 2.2 g de N-NH4 + por dia / kg de peso corporal, enquanto os peixes de 498 g com a mesma dieta e à mesma temperatura, excretada 356.3 ± 1.6 mg N-NH4 + por dia / kg de peso vivo.

3.
Rev. biol. trop ; Rev. biol. trop;57(1/2): 167-175, March-June 2009. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-637709

ABSTRACT

The effect of physical factors on fish species composition was studied during 12 months in Asa Lake, Nigeria. Fish and water samples were collected bimonthly (March 2003 to February 2004) in the morning. Fish samples were caught with gill nets set at the surface and bottom habitats. There were 11 fish families and 21 species. Osteoglossidae, Anabantidae, Channidae, Schilbedae and Cyprinidae were rare and occurred seasonally in fishermen catches, while Mormyridae, Cichlidae, Mochokidae, Characidae, Bagridae and Clariidae showed less variation and were more common. Characidae and Cichlidae were the most abundant (23.0 and 18.6% respectively) while Osteoglossidae, Channidae and Anabantidae were the least (1.7, 2.1 and 2.3% respectively). Clariidae and Mormyridae had the highest weight with 16.0% and 12.3% respectively, while Anabantidae had the lowest (3.4%). Surface water temperatures were generally higher than air temperatures during the afternoon, except from January to March when air temperatures were high (28.1 to 28.7 ºC) due to low relative humidity (39 to 70%). In the morning, surface water temperatures (25.5 to 26.3 ºC) became higher than air temperatures (25.2 to 26.0 ºC) from May to December, when relative humidity values were also high (50 to 88%). The differences between surface and bottom water temperatures was generally higher (0.7 to 3.1 ºC; P < 0.05) in the afternoon (0.2 to 0.8 ºC) due to sunlight. Temperature differences in the surface and bottom waters were usually higher during the dry season (P < 0.05), for similar reasons. Captures were higher in the dry season when the fish concentrated in the warmer, steadier and scarcer water. Minimal and maximal temperatures were different for surface and bottom waters (P < 0.05). However, there were no marked variations in temperature patterns or species distribution. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (1-2): 167-175. Epub 2009 June 30.


Estudié la composición de especies de peces y las temperaturas durante 12 meses en el lago Asa, Nigeria. Recolecté muestras de peces y de agua bimestralmente en la mañana, de marzo 2003 a febrero 2004. Los peces (11 familias y 21 especies) fueron capturados con atarrayas en la superficie y el fondo. Osteoglossidae, Anabantidae, Channidae, Schilbedae y Cyprinidae fueron raras y aparecieron estacionalmente en las capturas de pescadores, mientras que Mormyridae, Cichlidae, Mochokidae, Characidae, Bagridae y Clariidae mostraron menos variación y fueron más comunes. Las familias Characidae y Cichlidae fueron las más abundantes (23.0 y 18.6% respectivamente) mientras Osteoglossidae, Channidae y Anabantidae fueron las más escasas (1.7, 2.1 y 2.3% respectivamente). Clariidae y Mormyridae tuvieron el peso más alto con 16.0% y 12.3% respectivamente, mientras que Anabantidae fue la más baja, con 3.4%. La estación seca correspondió con capturas altas al concentrarse los peces en el agua más cálida, estable y escasa. Las temperaturas mínimas y máximas fueron diferentes en las aguas superficiales y del fondo (P < 0.05). No obstante, no hubo variaciones marcadas en el patrón de temperatura y distribución de peces.


Subject(s)
Animals , Ecosystem , Fishes/classification , Temperature , Fresh Water , Fishes/physiology , Nigeria , Population Density , Population Dynamics , Seasons
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