Unraveling the effect of temperature and humidity on the life cycle of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and the impact on pest outbreaks.

Temperature and humidity are considered the main abiotic factors that affect both the development and survival of ectothermic organisms. In this study, we estimated the development time as well as the thermal requirements of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794; Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a key insect pest of sugarcane and discussed the influence of temperature and relative humidity and its infestation intensity in a scenario of climate change. The models Brière-1 and Ikemoto-Takai provided the best fit to the data of development rate versus temperature. The average life cycle (from egg to adult) ranged from 39.21 ± 4.84 at 32 °C to 137.10 ± 7.47 at 18 °C days. The thermal constant and average base temperature were 547.69 degree-days and 13.64 °C, respectively. The number of larval instars varied from 4 to 7 depending on the temperature, being higher at lower temperatures. The thermal range comprised the interval from 16.7 °C to 33.9 °C and the optimum temperature was estimated as 27.4 °C. Locations with elevated temperature (≥25 °C) and high relative humidity (≥70%) presented larger populations of D. saccharalis. Our findings show that the infestation pressure of this species is highly influenced by both temperature and humidity, and the studied models allow to forecast pest outbreaks. In the context of climate change, information about the thermal range and the optimum temperature contributes to predicting the spatial-temporal distribution of D. saccharalis and, consequently, aids decision making in pest management.

Phenology of Bean Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Ontario, Canada and Field Validation of a Degree-Day Model.

The phenology and voltinism of bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), were examined in three counties in 2010 and two counties in 2011 in Ontario soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., fields. Soil samples from within cages containing field-collected beetles revealed one cycle of eggs, larvae, and pupae. Observed degree-day (DD) accumulations for C. trifurcata life stage events (egg hatch, egg hatch to pupation, and oviposition to peak adult) in field experiments were compared with thermal constants determined in a temperature-dependent development laboratory experiment where C. trifurcata were reared under five constant temperatures. Observed and predicted DDs for all life stage events were nearly identical. Mean DD accumulations from first oviposition to peak adult emergence in the field studies was 589 ± 67 DD (base 10.3°C), which was nearly identical to the model prediction (581 ± 40 DD, base 10.3°C).

Use of Functional Response Modeling to Evaluate the Effect of Temperature on Predation of Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Adults Preying on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) Nymphs.

In this research, functional responses of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot preying on different Tetranychus urticae Koch nymphal densities (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128) were studied at eight constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, 35 and 37.5°C) in a circular Petri dish (3-cm diameter × 1-cm height) under lab conditions. At all temperatures, the logistic regression showed a type II functional response. A nonlinear relationship was found between temperature and attack rate and the reciprocal of handling time. The reciprocal of handling time decreased exponentially with increasing temperature. In contrast, the attack rate grew rapidly with increasing temperatures up to an optimum, showing a decreasing trend at higher temperatures. In order to quantify the functional response of A. swirskii over a broad range of temperatures and to gain a better estimation of attack rate and handling time, a temperature-settled functional response equation was suited to our data. Our model showed that the number of prey consumed increased with rising prey density. Also, the predation rates increased with increasing temperatures but decreased at extremely high temperatures. Based on our model, the predation rate begins at the lower temperature threshold (11.73°C) and reaches its peak at upper temperature threshold (29.43°C). The coefficient of determination (R2) of the random predator model was 0.99 for all temperatures. The capability of A. swirskii to search and consume T. urticae over a wide range of temperatures makes it a good agent for natural control of T. urticae in greenhouses.

Life table parameters of the red palm mite Raoiella indica (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) at various temperatures and for sexual and asexual reproduction.

The red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst, is a threat to coconut, banana and native Arecaceae and Heliconiaceae in Brazil. This mite originated in the Eastern Hemisphere and was first reported in 2004 in the Americas, where the pest is spreading quickly and causing severe damage to its host plants. The objective of this work was to determine the life-history parameters of R. indica at constant temperatures, estimate its thermal requirements [threshold temperature (Tb) and thermal constant (K)] and also compare its life table parameters between sexual reproduction and parthenogenesis. The life tables were constructed on leaflets of Adonidia merrillii at 15, 20, 24, 27, 30 and 34 °C and 65% RH and a 12-h photoperiod. The longevity and the number of laid eggs of non-copulated adult females were evaluated at 27 °C. Raoiella indica had complete development, from egg to adult, only at 20, 24, 27 and 30 °C. At 15 °C, the eggs did not hatch, and at 34 °C, the mites survived only until the larval stage. For sexual reproduction, the optimal temperature was 27 °C, under which the reproductive parameters were higher. The reproductive parameters for sexual reproduction were higher than those for parthenogenesis. The Tb was 14.79 °C, and the thermal constant was 208.33 degree days. The life parameters estimated in this study can be used for modelling and predicting the population growth of R. indica in the field and consequently for improving their management strategies.

Response of stigma receptivity in CMS and male fertile line of Indian mustard (B. juncea) under variable thermal conditions.

Field experiments were conducted for 2 years to examine the response of stigma in two different pollination systems, viz., CMS line (MJA5) and open-pollinated variety (Pusa Bold) of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), to varying weather conditions created by different sowing dates. The CMS line MJA5 (female) with its male line in 8:2 (A:R) row ratio, and Pusa Bold in an isolated field were sown on 21st of October, 30th of October, and 18th of November in 2 consecutive years in North Indian condition. Temporal differences in sowing provided differed weather conditions during flowering, which resulted in variations in the duration to attain the peak flowering stage. Stigma was receptive for longer duration (8 days from the day of anthesis) in CMS line which needs an external pollen source for fertilization to happen, whereas it was only 4 days in open-pollinated variety, assessed in terms of siliqua set and number of seeds/siliqua. Substantial effect of sowing date on stigma receptivity was observed; it was longer in plants sown during October in comparison to those of November in both years. The energy requirement parameters, viz., growing degree days and photo-thermal unit, confirmed that plants sown later failed to accumulate sufficient energy for satisfactory phenological growth and for good seed development.

Temperature Effects on the Development and Reproduction of Three Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Species Reared on Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Eggs.

The cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a generalist species and an important pest of Brassicaceae worldwide. Egg parasitoids are a feasible alternative for the control of this species. We evaluated the suitability of T. ni eggs as hosts for three Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) species and their tolerance to survive and develop within a range of temperatures between 15 and 30 °C under laboratory conditions. The species evaluated were Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman and Platner, and Trichogramma acacioi Brun, Moraes and Soares. Parasitism rate was affected by temperature, parasitoid species, and by the interaction between these two factors. Parasitoids developed and reproduced in the range of temperatures evaluated, but Trichog. acacioi failed to parasitize T. ni eggs at 30 °C. The highest parasitism rates of Trichog. atopovirilia and Trichog. pretiosum occurred at 20 and 25 °C and Trichog. acacioi at 25 °C, with parasitism rate above 70% in the three species. Parasitoid emergence was not affected by temperature or species. The estimated thermal constant and lower temperature threshold were 134.6 DD and 10.6 °C for Trichog. pretiosum and 130.1 DD and 11.2 °C for Trichog. atopovirilia. The results demonstrated that Trichog. pretiosum and Trichog. atopovirilia are the most suitable species for the control of T. ni, as they can remain active throughout the year in subtropical regions.

Development and survival of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) as a function of temperature: effect on the number of generations in tropical and subtropical regions

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is the most important pest of brassicaceous crops worldwide. Since temperature is the major abiotic factor influencing insect development and thermal requirements may vary among insect populations, it is important to know the effect of temperature on development and survival of a subtropical strain of P. xylostella. Development and survival of the diamondback moth was evaluated under seven constant temperatures ranging from 10°C to 35°C. Development was completed between 10°C and 32.5°C, but at 35°C all individuals died in the larval stage. Data were fitted to one linear and five nonlinear models. Considering as criteria the goodness of fit and the ability to estimate parameters of biological significance, the models Briere-1 and Briere-2 were the most adequate to describe the relationship between temperature and development of P. xylostella. The linear model demonstrated that P. xylostella required 312.5 degree-days above a lower threshold of 6.3°C to complete development. The degree-day model showed that the number of diamondback moth generations in the tropical region of Brazil is nearly twice the number in the subtropical region of the country. This result explains, at least in part, the higher population levels of this species in the tropical region of Brazil, and also demonstrates that P. xylostella is tolerant to a wide range of temperatures (6.1-32.5°C). Therefore, temperature cannot be considered a limiting factor for the occurrence of diamondback moth throughout the year in most regions of Brazil.

Efeito da temperatura e umidade relativa do ar no desenvolvimento de Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae) em Vigna unguiculata / Effect of temperature and relative-humidity on the development of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Vigna unguiculata

This research aimed to study the influence of temperature and relative-humidity (RH) on the development of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard during the egg-adult period, in cowpea, to provide essential information for future biological control projects against the pest. An inverse relation was observed between temperature increase in the range from 15°C to 32°C and development duration. Larval survival was not affected in the temperature range studied, while a high mortality of pupae was observed at 32°C (59.9 percent). RH did not affect the development time of the immature stages, although it influenced their survival. The lower developmental temperature threshold obtained for the egg-adult period was low (7.3°C) when compared with other species of Liriomyza, and was rather low for the larval stage (3.4°C). Based on the thermal requirements for L. sativae, it was possible to estimate the occurrence of 24.5 annual generations at a melon producing region in state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. For laboratory rearing aimed at biological control pest programs, the best rearing conditions are 30°C and 50 percent RH for the larval stage and 90 percent RH for the pupal stage.

A pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar a influência da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar (UR) no desenvolvimento de Liriomyza sativae Blanchard, durante o período ovo-adulto, em feijão caupi, para fornecer subsídios a futuros projetos de controle biológico da praga. Verificou-se uma relação inversa entre o aumento da temperatura na faixa de 15°C a 32°C e a duração do desenvolvimento. A sobrevivência larval não foi afetada na faixa térmica estudada, enquanto a 32°C houve alta mortalidade de pupas (59,9 por cento). A UR não afetou a duração dos estágios imaturos, embora tenha influenciado a sua sobrevivência. O limiar térmico inferior de desenvolvimento obtido para o período ovo-adulto foi baixo (7,3°C), se comparado a outras espécies de Liriomyza, e bastante reduzido para a fase larval (3,4°C). De acordo com as exigências térmicas constatadas para L. sativae foi possível estimar a ocorrência de 24,5 gerações anuais na região produtora de melão, em Mossoró, RN. Para criações de laboratório, visando à implementação de programas de controle biológico da praga, as melhores condições são temperatura de 30°C e UR de 50 por cento para a fase de larva e 90 por cento para o estágio de pupa de L. sativae.

Biologia de Holhymenia rubiginosa Breddin (Hemiptera: Coreidae) em Passiflora alata (Passifloraceae) / Biology of Holhymenia rubiginosa Breddin (Hemiptera: Coreidae) on Passiflora alata (Passifloraceae)

The biology of Holhymenia rubiginosa Breddin is described on sweet-passion-fruit, Passiflora alata, and the developmental time, viability and thermal requirements of the egg stage, the developmental time and mortality of the nymphal stage, and adult longevity and reproductive parameters were assessed. Insects were reared at laboratory controlled conditions (25 ± 1°C, 65 ± 10 percent RH, photophase 12h) on branches of P. alata, 20 percent honey solution and pollen. The lower thermal threshold (10.8°C) and thermal requirements (140.8 DD) for egg development were determined using four temperatures (17, 21, 25 and 30°C). The average egg development time (days) and viability were 25.4 ± 0.45, 88 percent; 13.2 ± 0.28, 88 percent; 8.8 ± 0.16, 94 percent; and 7.7 ± 0.17, 92 percent, at 17, 21, 25 and 30 ± 1°C, respectively. When reared at 25 ± 1°C, the first instar had the shortest development time (4.0 ± 0.02 days) and the second the longest (15.7 ± 3.50 days), which also had the highest mortality (75 percent). Males and females had similar longevity (185.3 ± 17.52 days for females and 133.6 ± 18.94 days for males). Females mated 33.0 ± 7.71 times, with a mean duration of 99.0 ± 9.25 min, laying 11.5 ± 2.55 eggs/female. Periods of pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition were respectively 96.4 ± 18.08; 88.5 ± 23.48 and 19.3 ± 12.18 days.

A biologia de Holhymenia rubiginosa Breddin, em maracujazeiro-doce, Passiflora alata é descrita e são avaliados o tempo de desenvolvimento, a viabilidade e as exigências térmicas embrionárias, a duração e a mortalidade na fase ninfal, assim como a longevidade e os parâmetros reprodutivos. Os insetos foram criados em laboratório, em condições controladas (25 ± 1°C, 65 ± 10 por cento UR, fotofase 12h), alimentados com ramos de P. alata e solução de mel a 20 por cento e pólen. A temperatura base estimada para a fase embrionária foi de 10,8°C e a constante térmica 140,8 GD, determinadas para fase de ovo usando quatro temperaturas (17, 21, 25 e 30 ± 1°C). A duração média, em dias, e a viabilidade da fase de ovo foram de 25,4 ± 0,45 (88 por cento); 13,2 ± 0,28 (88 por cento); 8,8 ± 0,16 (94 por cento) e 7,7 ± 0,17(92 por cento), nas temperaturas de 17, 21, 25 e 30 ± 1°C, respectivamente. Quando criado a 25 ± 1°C, o primeiro ínstar teve o menor tempo de desenvolvimento (4,01 ± 0,02 dias) e o segundo o mais longo (15,7 ± 3,50 dias), além de ser o que apresentou maior mortalidade (75 por cento). Machos e fêmeas tiveram longevidade similar (185,3 ± 17,52 dias para fêmeas e 133,6 ± 18,94 dias para machos). Fêmeas copularam 33,0 ± 7,71 vezes, com duração média de 99,0 ± 9,25 minutos, ovipositando 11,5 ± 2,55 ovos. Períodos de pré-oviposição, oviposição e pós-oviposição foram, respectivamente, 96,4 ± 18,08; 88,5 ± 23,48 e 19,3 ± 12,18 dias.

Desenvolvimento e reprodução de Sipha flava (Forbes) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) em diferentes temperaturas / Development and reproduction of Sipha flava (Forbes) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at different temperatures

O afídeo Sipha flava (Forbes) ocasiona injúrias em capim-elefante e sua biologia é pouco conhecida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da temperatura no desenvolvimento, sobrevivência e reprodução de S. flava alimentada com Pennisetum purpureum. Ninfas com até 12h de idade foram individualizadas sobre seções foliares de capim-elefante e mantidas em condições controladas (12, 16, 20, 24, 28 e 32ºC ± 1ºC, UR 70 ± 10 por cento e fotofase de 12h). O total de 150 ninfas foi usado por tratamento, divididas em 30 repetições, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A temperatura base (Tb) foi de 0,83, 1,05, 3,01 e 4,98 para ninfas de primeiro, segundo, terceiro e quarto ínstares, respectivamente, indicando exigências térmicas distintas para os diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento. A Tb foi de 2,08 para a fase ninfal, verificando-se a tolerância a baixas temperaturas. Em temperaturas elevadas (28 e 32ºC), constatou-se redução significativa na sobrevivência. Embora tenha sido constatado maior período reprodutivo e longevidade a 12ºC, quando comparado às temperaturas mais altas, a fecundidade total foi substancialmente reduzida. A duração do ciclo de vida foi cerca de duas vezes maior a 12ºC em relação a 24ºC. A maior produção diária e total de ninfas foi a 24ºC. As temperaturas de 20ºC e 24ºC foram as mais favoráveis para o desenvolvimento e reprodução de S. flava.

The aphid Sipha flava (Forbes) is a pest on elephant grass, but little is known about its biology. The objective of this work was to evaluate the temperature effects on the development, survival and reproduction of S. flava fed on Pennisetum purpureum. Twelve-hour-old nymphs were individualized on sections of elephant grass blades and maintained at 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32ºC ± 1ºC, UR 70 ± 10 percent and 12h photophase. A total of 150 nymphs were used per treatment divided in 30 replicates, using a totally random design. The lower threshold temperatures (LTT) for first, second, third and fourth instars were 0.83, 1.05, 3.01 and 4.98ºC, respectively, indicating a change in thermal requirements as the development progress. The LTT for the whole nymphal stage was 2.08ºC, pointing to the tolerance of this species to low temperatures. A significant reduction in survival was observed at high temperatures (28 and 32ºC). Although the reproductive periods were longer and insects lived longer at 12ºC as compared with those at higher temperatures, the total fecundity was substantially reduced. The overall life cycle duration was almost twice as long at 12ºC than at 24ºC. The greatest daily production of nymphs and greatest number of nymphs produced overall occurred at 24ºC. The temperatures of 20ºC and 24ºC were more suitable to S. flava development and reproduction.

Aspectos biológicos dos estágios imaturos de Pseudodorus clavatus (Fabricius) (Diptera: Syrphidae) alimentados com Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) em diferentes temperaturas / Biological aspects of the immature stages of Pseudodorus clavatus (Fabricius) (Diptera: Syrphidae) fed on Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at different temperatures

Biological aspects of the predator Pseudodorus clavatus (Fabricius) fed on Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) were studied at different temperatures, in order to obtain information to be usedin biological control of aphids. Eggs of the predator were individualized on sorghum leaf disks, kept in petri dishes and maintained at constant temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 or 31oC, with 12h photophase. After larval hatching, nymphs and adults of S. graminum were offered to the predator ad libitum. The duration and survival of each instar, of the larva, pupa, and larva-adult were determined. The lower threshold temperature and thermal constant were also estimated. The mean duration of the development for the three instars of P. clavatus varied inversely with temperature. Reductions were observed in the duration of the larval stage (from 14.9 to 4.9 days), the pupal stage (from 17.2 to 4.2 days) and in the period from larva to adult (from 31.7 to 8.8 days), at 16ºC and 31ºC, respectively. The lower thresholdtemperatures were 10.8, 11.0, and 10.8ºC for larva, pupa and larva-adult, respectively. Survival was above 78% for first-instar larvae, and above 94% for second- and third-instar larvae. The highest pupae and larva-adult survival were observed at 22ºC and the lowest survival occurred at 16ºC and 31ºC. Thecomplete development of P. clavatus, fed on S. graminum was achieved at all tested temperatures, that varied from 16ºC to 31ºC.

Os aspectos biológicos de Pseudodorus clavatus (Fabricius), alimentada com Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), foram avaliados em diferentes temperaturas, visando obter informações para o controle biológico de afídeos. Ovos do predador foram individualizados em discos de folhas de sorgo, mantidos em placas de Petri, às temperaturas de 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 e 31 oC e 12h de fotofase. Ninfas e adultos de S. graminum foram oferecidos ad libitum. Avaliou-se o número de ínstares, aduração e sobrevivência de cada ínstar, bem como das fases larval e pupal e do período de larva a adulto de P. clavatus. A temperatura base e a constante térmica também foram estimadas. A duração dos três ínstares de P. clavatus variou na razão inversa da temperatura. Houve redução das fases larval (14,9 para 4,9 dias) e pupal (17,2 para 4,2 dias) e do período de larva a adulto (31,7 para 8,8 dias) quando as larvas foram mantidas a 16ºC e 31ºC, respectivamente. As temperaturas basesestimadas foram de 10,8; 11,0 e 10,8ºC para as fases larval, pupal e para o período de larva a adulto, respectivamente. Em todas as temperaturas estudadas a sobrevivência do primeiro ínstar foi superior a 78% e do segundo e terceiro instares foi superior a 94%. As sobrevivências da pupa e do período de larva a adulto foram maiores a 22ºC e menores a 16ºC e 31ºC. O desenvolvimento completo de P. clavatus, alimentada com S. graminum, foi possível em todas as temperaturas testadas, que variaramde 16ºC a 31ºC.

Biology of Microplitis mediator Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizing the wheat armyworm Mythimna (Pseudaletia) sequax Franclemont (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) / Biologia de Microplitis mediator Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitando a lagarta do trigo Mythimna (Pseudaletia) sequax Franclemont (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The larval endoparasitoid Microplitis mediator Haliday is described for the first time in the Neotropical Region, parasitizing the wheat armyworm Mythimna (Pseudaletia) sequax Franclemont. Females successfully parasitized the four first instars of the host, with a significant preference for the second and third, in relation to either the first or fourth instars. No parasitoids emerged from caterpillars parasitized in the fifth and sixth instars. Development of M. mediator was determined at four constant temperatures between 15°C and 30°C. The duration of the egg-larval stages varied from 32.3 days at 15°C to 8.0 days at 30°C. The pupal stage lasted 24.3 and 5.1 days at 15°C and 30°C, respectively. Development of the parasitoid from oviposition to adult emergence required the total of 251.3 degree-days (DD) above the threshold of 10.3ºC. At 20°C, longevity of females was significantly shorter when kept in oviposition activity (16.8 ± 1.81 days) in comparison to females kept without hosts (29.7 ± 1.83 days). Parasitoid females remained reproductively active until one day before death, and parasitized an average of 60.6 ± 8.40 second instar hosts during their adult life, with an average of 3.9 parasitized caterpillars/day.

O endoparasitóide larval Microplitis mediator Haliday é descrito pela primeira vez na Região Neotropical, parasitando a lagarta do trigo Mythimna (Pseudaletia) sequax Franclemont. Fêmeas parasitaram com sucesso hospedeiros do primeiro ao quarto instar, com preferência pelo segundo e terceiro instares. Parasitóides não emergiram de lagartas de quinto e sexto instares ofertadas para o parasitismo. O desenvolvimento de M. mediator foi determinado em quatro temperaturas constantes entre 15ºC e 30ºC. A duração dos estágios de ovo-larva variou entre 32,3 dias e 15ºC e 8,0 dias a 30ºC. A duração do estágio pupal foi entre 24,3 e 5,1 dias, a 15ºC e 30ºC respectivamente. O desenvolvimento do parasitóide da oviposição ao estágio adulto requereu o total de 251,3 graus-dia, acima da temperatura-base de 10,3ºC. A 20ºC, a longevidade das fêmeas mantidas em atividade de oviposição (16,8 ± 1,81 dias) foi significativamente menor em comparação a fêmeas mantidas na ausência de hospedeiros (29,7 ± 1,83 dias). Fêmeas do parasitóide permaneceram ativas reprodutivamente até um dia antes da morte, e parasitaram em média 60,6 ± 8,40 hospedeiros de segundo instar durante a vida, com a média de 3,9 lagartas parasitadas por dia.

Host Instar Preference of Peleteria robusta (Wiedman) (Diptera: Tachinidae) and Development in Relation to Temperature / Preferência Pelo ínstar do Hospedeiro de Peleteria robusta (Wiedman) (Diptera: Tachinidae)e Desenvolvimento em Relação à Temperatura

O efeito de quatro temperaturas no desenvolvimento do endoparasitóide larval Peleteria robusta (Wiedman), e a preferência do parasitóide por diferentes ínstares de seu hospedeiro, a lagarta do trigo Mythmina (Pseudaletia) sequax Franclemont foram avaliados. Fêmeas de P. robusta depositaram mais de um ovo sobre o corpo da lagarta hospedeira, porém apenas uma larva conseguiu completar o seu desenvolvimento e empupar dentro do corpo da lagarta. O parasitóide completou o seu desenvolvimento apenas em lagartas de quarto a sexto instar de M. sequax, com preferência pelo quarto e quinto ínstares. Lagartas de primeiro ao terceiro ínstar expostas a fêmeas de P. robusta não produziram parasitóides. O parasitóide completou seu desenvolvimento até o estágio adulto em todas as temperaturas e o período de incubação foi inferior a 24h nas quatro temperaturas avaliadas. Aporcentagem de adultos de P. robusta emergidos foi significativamente maior a 20ºC (56,2%) e 25ºC (70,0%) em comparação a 15ºC (29,2%) e 30ºC (9,5%). O tempo de desenvolvimento desde a oviposição até a emergência dos adultos variou de 23,8 dias a 30ºC até 90,3 dias a 15ºC. As constantestérmicas calculadas para os estágios de ovo+larva, pupa e para o período entre a oviposição e a emergência dos adultos foram de 266,9; 235,5 e 457,5 graus-dia, a partir de temperaturas base de6,7ºC, 9,7ºC e 9,3ºC, respectivamente. A 20ºC e 25ºC, o tempo de desenvolvimento foi significativamente menor para os machos em relação às fêmeas. Juntamente com outros parasitóides já descritos, P. robusta é mais um componente de um complexo de espécies que, em conjunto, causamum impacto significativo na redução de populações da lagarta do trigo.

The effect of four temperatures on the development of the larval endoparasitoidPeleteria robusta (Wiedman) as well as its preference for different instars of the host, the armyworm Mythmina (Pseudaletia) sequax Franclemont were evaluated. Females of P. robusta laid more than one egg outside the cuticle of the caterpillars, however only one parasitoid developed and pupated within the host. Females of P. robusta successfully parasitized the fourth- to sixth-instars of M. sequax, with preference for the fourth and fifth instars of the host. No parasitoids emerged from caterpillars exposed to P. robusta females between the first and third instars. The development of P. robusta to the adult stage was completed in the range between 15ºC and 30ºC, and the incubation period lasted less than 24h in all temperatures evaluated. Successful parasitism, asindicated by percentage of adult emergence, was significantly higher at 20ºC (56.2%) and 25ºC (70.0%), as compared to 15ºC (29.5%) or 30ºC (9.5%). Developmental time from oviposition to adult emergence ranged from 23.8 days at 30ºC to 90.3 days at 15ºC. At 20ºC and 25ºC, developmental time was significantly shorter for males as compared to females. The thermal constant for the egg + larval stages was 266.9 degree-days (DD) above a lower threshold of 6.7ºC; the pupal stage required 235.5 DD above 9.7ºC; and the development from oviposition to adultemergence was completed in 457.5 DD above a lower limit of 9.3ºC. Together with other parasitoids already described, P. robusta is another member of a complex of species that may have considerable importance in the natural control of the wheat armyworm.