Clinical Adaptation According to Anatomical Types of Nasal Septum / Adaptación Clínica Según Tipos Anatómicos de Tabique Nasal

SUMMARY: The purpose of this study was to inform the anatomical types of the nasal septum of which including variations by dissection and to provide guidelines for clinical adaptation. For this purpose dissections were performed on 70 nasal septums of formalin fixed Korean adult cadavers (20 males, 11 females, and 39 of unknown sex) with an age at death of 13-105 years. The septal deviation was checked before midsagittal section the nasal cavity with the aid of a laryngoscope. The mucosa on the nasal septum was then removed to observe the morphology of the nasal septum. The shape of each component of the nasal septum was identified, and photographs were taken from a midsagittal plane. This study has discovered various anatomical types of the nasal septum and its variations. The correlations between septal types according to their proportions were also analyzed. The results reported herein provide detailed anatomical knowledge that can be used as a valuable reference for rhinoplasty procedures.

El propósito de este estudio fue informar los tipos anatómicos del tabique nasal incluyendo las variaciones por disección y brindar pautas para la adaptación clínica. Para este propósito, se realizaron disecciones en 70 tabiques nasales de cadáveres adultos coreanos fijados con formalina (20 hombres, 11 mujeres y 39 de sexo desconocido) con una edad de muerte de 13 a 105 años. La desviación septal se comprobó antes de la sección medio sagital de la cavidad nasal con la ayuda de un laringoscopio. A continuación, se retiró la mucosa del tabique nasal para observar la morfología del tabique nasal. Se identificó la forma de cada componente del tabique nasal y se tomaron fotografías desde un plano mediano sagital. En el estudio se descubrieron varios tipos anatómicos del tabique nasal y sus variaciones. También se analizaron las correlaciones entre los tipos septales según sus proporciones. Los resultados informados en este documento proporcionan un conocimiento anatómico detallado que se puede utilizar como una referencia valiosa para los procedimientos de rinoplastía.

Laboratory surveillance of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in Argentina, 2011-2019

Abstract The incorporation of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine into the Argentine National Immunization Program in 1998 resulted in a dramatic decrease in the incidence of invasive disease due to this serotype. We assessed 1405 H. influenzae (Hi) isolates causing invasive infections referred to the National Reference Laboratory between 2011 and 2019. Non-encapsulated Hi were the most common strains (44.5%), followed by types b (41.1%) and a (10.0%). Significant increase in the proportion of type b was observed, from 31.2% in 2011, to 50% in 2015, correlating with the peak incidence rate, later decreasing to 33.6% by 2019. We compared the genetic relationship between clones circulating during the period of increased Hib incidence (2011-2015) and those of the prevaccination-transition period (1997-1998). Four pulsotypes predominated in both periods, G, M, P and K, G being the most common. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that the 4 pulsotypes belonged to ST6, or one of its simple or double locus variants. Isolates from fully vaccinated individuals did not differ from those of the rest of the population studied. After ruling out aspects associated with emergence of specific clones, we concluded that factors such as low booster coverage rates, delayed vaccination schedules and use of different vaccines may have contributed to the reemergence of Hib infections.

Resumen La introducción de la vacuna contra Haemophilus influenzae tipo b (Hib) en el Programa Nacional de Inmunización de Argentina en 1998 produjo una drástica disminución de la incidencia de enfermedad invasiva causada por este serotipo. En el Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia se estudiaron 1405 aislamientos de H. influenzae causantes de enfermedad invasiva recibidos en el período 2011-2019. H. influenzae no capsulado fue el más frecuente (44,5%), seguido por los tipos b (41,1%) y a (10,0%). Se observó un aumento significativo de la proporción del tipo b, de 31,2% en 2011 a 50% en 2015, que se correlacionó con un pico de incidencia en ese mismo año. Hacia 2019, descendió a 33,6%. Con el objetivo de evaluar los clones circulantes durante el incremento de la proporción de Hib y comparar con el período prevacunal-transición, se determinó la relación genética de una selección de aislamientos de los períodos 1997-1998 y 2011-2015. El análisis por PFGE mostró 4 pulsotipos predominantes en los 2 períodos, G, M, P y K, y el pulsotipo G fue mayoritario en ambos períodos. Por MLST se demostró que los 4 pulsotipos pertenecieron al ST6 o sus variantes (simple o doble locus). Entre los aislamientos de pacientes con vacunación completa no se hallaron clones diferentes respecto del resto de la población. Se postula que las coberturas de vacunación no satisfactorias en las dosis de refuerzo, los esquemas atrasados y el uso de diferentes vacunas pudieron haber contribuido a la reemergencia de Hib.

Manejo de urgencias odontológicas en pacientes afiliados al Seguro Social Campesino El Porvenir, El Carmen, Ecuador

Introducción: las urgencias dentales que se presentan a diario en el campo odontológico son de suma importancia, de ahí que sea necesario saber manejarlas y así evitar consecuencias posteriores que pueden poner en riesgo la vida. Objetivo: diagnosticar cómo se manejan las urgencias odontológicas en el Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social Campesino. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo y transversal, con una muestra de 60 usuarios. Se tomaron, además, criterios de inclusión y de exclusión. Se utilizaron como técnicas de recolección de datos encuestas estructuradas -basadas en los protocolos de odontología del Ministerio de Salud Pública (2014) y el protocolo de urgencias odontológica COVID (2020)-, las que indicaron el manejo de las urgencias en el área mencionada. Se evaluó el servicio mediante los porcentajes que se reflejaron en la encuesta sobre el manejo de urgencias y los tipos de patologías de mayor frecuencia. Resultados: el 82 % de los encuestados manifestó que recibió una atención inmediata a su urgencia dental. Un 95 % refirió que les dieron una atención adecuada según su urgencia de calidad. Además, se evaluaron los tipos de urgencias más frecuentes, destacando infección dental (50 %), caries profunda (20 %), extracción (15 %), fractura (8 %) y tercer molar impactado (2 %). Conclusiones: se concluye que en el Seguro Social Campesino El Porvenir destacó el buen manejo en las urgencias odontológicas. Esto se ve reflejado en la utilización de maniobras y protocolos que están determinados en el área de la odontología.

Introduction: dental urgencies that daily present in the odontological field are of great importance, so it is necessary to know how to manage them and that way to avoid posterior consequences that could put life at risk. Objective: to diagnose how to manage odontological urgencies in the Ecuadorian Institute of Rural Social Security Materials and methods: descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional study, with a sample of 60 users. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were also taken in to account. Structured inquiries were used as data collection techniques-based on the odontological protocols of the Ministry of Public Health (2014) and the COVID odontological emergency protocol (2020)-, which indicate emergencies management in the mentioned field. The service was evaluated through the percentages reflected in the emergency management enquiry and the most frequent types of pathologies. Results: 82% of those surveyed stated that they received an immediate attention to their dental emergency. 95% said that they were given an adequate attention according to their quality emergency. Besides that, the most frequent emergency types were evaluated, highlighting dental infection (50%), deep caries (20%), extraction (15%), fracture (8%) and impacted third molar (2%). Conclusion: It is concluded that in the Rural Social Security El Porvenir, the good management of odontological urgencies stood out. This is reflected in the use of maneuvers and protocols that are determined in the area of dentistry.

Autophagy, a relevant process for metabolic health and type-2 diabetes / Autofagia, un proceso relevante para la salud y la diabetes tipo 2

Autophagy is a very active process that plays an important role in cell and organ differentiation and remodelling, being a crucial system to guarantee health. This physiological process is activated in starvation and inhibited in the presence of nutrients. This short review comments on the three types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy, as well as different aspects that control autophagy and its relationship with health and degenerative diseases. As autophagy is highly dependent on functional autophagy (ATG) proteins integrating the phagophore, the role of some key ATG genes and epigenes are briefly commented on. The manuscript deepens discussing some central aspects of type-2 diabetes mellitus and their relationship with the cell cleaning process and mitochondria homeostasis maintenance, as well as the mechanisms through which antidiabetic drugs affect autophagy. Well-designed studies are needed to elucidate whether autophagy plays a casual or causal role in T2DM. (AU)

La autofagia es un proceso muy activo que juega un papel importante en la diferenciación y remodelación de células y órganos, siendo un sistema crucial para garantizar la salud. Este proceso fisiológico se activa en la inanición y se inhibe en presencia de nutrientes. En esta breve revisión se definen los tres tipos de autofagia: macroautofagia, microautofagia y autofagia mediada por chaperonas, y los diferentes aspectos que controlan la autofagia y su relación con la salud y las enfermedades degenerativas. Como la autofagia depende en gran medida de las proteínas funcionales de autofagia (ATG) que integran el fagóforo, se comenta brevemente el papel clave de algunos genes y epigenes de las ATG. El manuscrito profundiza discutiendo algunos aspectos centrales de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) y su relación con el proceso de limpieza celular y el mantenimiento de la homeostasis mitocondrial, así como los mecanismos a través de cuales los fármacos antidiabéticos afectan a la autofagia. Se necesitan estudios bien diseñados para dilucidar si la autofagia juega un papel de casualidad o causalidad en el desarrollo de la DMT2. (AU)

Autophagy, a relevant process for metabolic health and type-2 diabetes.

Introduction: Autophagy is a very active process that plays an important role in cell and organ differentiation and remodelling, being a crucial system to guarantee health. This physiological process is activated in starvation and inhibited in the presence of nutrients. This short review comments on the three types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy, as well as different aspects that control autophagy and its relationship with health and degenerative diseases. As autophagy is highly dependent on functional autophagy (ATG) proteins integrating the phagophore, the role of some key ATG genes and epigenes are briefly commented on. The manuscript deepens discussing some central aspects of type-2 diabetes mellitus and their relationship with the cell cleaning process and mitochondria homeostasis maintenance, as well as the mechanisms through which antidiabetic drugs affect autophagy. Well-designed studies are needed to elucidate whether autophagy plays a casual or causal role in T2DM.

Introducción: La autofagia es un proceso muy activo que juega un papel importante en la diferenciación y remodelación de células y órganos, siendo un sistema crucial para garantizar la salud. Este proceso fisiológico se activa en la inanición y se inhibe en presencia de nutrientes. En esta breve revisión se definen los tres tipos de autofagia: macroautofagia, microautofagia y autofagia mediada por chaperonas, y los diferentes aspectos que controlan la autofagia y su relación con la salud y las enfermedades degenerativas. Como la autofagia depende en gran medida de las proteínas de autofagia funcional (ATG) que integran el fagóforo, se comenta brevemente el papel clave de algunos genes y epigenes de las ATG. El manuscrito profundiza discutiendo algunos aspectos centrales de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 (DMT2) y su relación con el proceso de limpieza celular y el mantenimiento de la homeostasis mitocondrial, así como los mecanismos a través de cuales los fármacos antidiabéticos afectan a la autofagia. Se necesitan estudios bien diseñados para dilucidar si la autofagia juega un papel de casualidad o causalidad en el desarrollo de la DMT2.

Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection in women from Florianópolis - Santa Catarina, Brazil / Infecção genital pelo Papilomavírus Humano em mulheres de Florianópolis - Santa Catarina, Brasil

Introduction: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in women. About 80% of sexually active women will have contact with this virus at some age in their lives. Most infections will be transient, but when the infection becomes persistent, associated with high oncogenic risk HPV, there may be progression to cancer, especially cervical cancer. The best way to prevent HPV infection is through the use of vaccines. Objective: To assess which are the most prevalent types of HPV in the city of Florianópolis, Brazil and if the majority of the diagnosed types are contained in the HPV vaccines currently available on the market and in the public health sector. Methods: More than 14,727 HPV tests were evaluated for the diagnosis of genital HPV infection in women from Florianópolis. The prevalence of infection was evaluated according to age of the women. HPV detection was performed using molecular biology tests, such as hybrid capture (for diagnosis of the HPV group, high or low oncogenic risk) and PCR (viral genotyping) techniques. Results: The diagnosis of HPV infection was made for women between one and 102 years of age. The highest positivity of the exams was observed in women aged 20­25 years (51% of the exams). The most prevalent age group was 31­35 years old (23.5%), and the lowest was for women aged 70 and above (0.6%). High oncogenic risk HPV was detected in 94.1% of positive samples and was the most frequent in all age groups. Mixed infection (high- and low-risk HPV) was more prevalent in the 66­70 age group (25.6%). The most frequent genotypes were non-16/18 high oncogenic risk HPV (77% of positive cases). HPV 16 was found in 17.1% of positive cases, and HPV 18 in 6.5%. Conclusion: The most prevalent types of HPV in Florianópolis in the last 6 years are non-16/18 high oncogenic risk HPV types, viral types not covered by the current HPV vaccine available in the public health sector in Brazil.

Introdução: A infecção pelo Papilomavírus Humano (HPV)é a infecção sexualmente transmissível mais frequente na mulher. Cerca de 80% das mulheres sexualmente ativas irão entrar em contato com este vírus em algum momento da sua vida. A maioria das infecções será transitória, mas quando a infecção se torna persistente, associada aos HPV de alto risco oncogênico, poderá haver a progressão para o câncer, principalmente o câncer de colo de útero. A melhor forma de prevenção da contaminação pelo HPV é através da utilização das vacinas. Objetivo: Avaliar quais são os tipos de HPV mais prevalentes na cidade de Florianópolis, Brasil, e se a maioria dos tipos diagnosticados estão contidos nas vacinas contra o HPV atualmente disponíveis no mercado e no setor público de saúde. Métodos: Foram avaliados 14.727 exames para diagnóstico da infecção genital pelo HPV em mulheres de Florianópolis, de acordo com a idade das mulheres. A detecção do HPV foi realizada através dos exames de biologia molecular pelas técnicas de captura híbrida (para diagnóstico do grupo de HPV, alto ou baixo risco oncogênico) e PCR (genotipagem viral). Resultados: Foram avaliados exames para diagnóstico da infecção de mulheres entre um e 102 anos de idade. A maior positividade dos exames foi observada em mulheres dos 20­25 anos (51% dos exames). A faixa etária de maior prevalência foi dos 31­35 anos (23,5%), e a menor, após os 70 anos (0,6%). O HPV de alto risco oncogênico foi detectado em 94,1% dos casos positivos e foi o mais frequente em todas as faixas etárias. A infecção mista (HPV de alto e baixo risco) foi mais prevalente na faixa etária dos 66­70 anos (25,6%). Os genótipos mais frequentes foram os HPV de alto risco oncogênico não 16/18 (77% dos casos positivos). O HPV 16 foi encontrado em 17,1% dos casos positivos, e o HPV 18 em 6,5%. Conclusão: Os tipos de HPV mais prevalentes em Florianópolis nos últimos 6 anos são os HPV de alto risco oncogênico não 16/18, tipos virais não cobertos pela atual vacina contra o HPV disponível no setor público de saúde do Brasil.Palavras-chave: HPV. Tipos de HPV. Câncer de colo de útero. Cobertura vacinal.

Laboratory surveillance of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in Argentina, 2011-2019.

The incorporation of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine into the Argentine National Immunization Program in 1998 resulted in a dramatic decrease in the incidence of invasive disease due to this serotype. We assessed 1405 H. influenzae (Hi) isolates causing invasive infections referred to the National Reference Laboratory between 2011 and 2019. Non-encapsulated Hi were the most common strains (44.5%), followed by types b (41.1%) and a (10.0%). Significant increase in the proportion of type b was observed, from 31.2% in 2011, to 50% in 2015, correlating with the peak incidence rate, later decreasing to 33.6% by 2019. We compared the genetic relationship between clones circulating during the period of increased Hib incidence (2011-2015) and those of the prevaccination-transition period (1997-1998). Four pulsotypes predominated in both periods, G, M, P and K, G being the most common. Multi-locus sequence typing revealed that the 4 pulsotypes belonged to ST6, or one of its simple or double locus variants. Isolates from fully vaccinated individuals did not differ from those of the rest of the population studied. After ruling out aspects associated with emergence of specific clones, we concluded that factors such as low booster coverage rates, delayed vaccination schedules and use of different vaccines may have contributed to the reemergence of Hib infections.

Tipos de fibras de los músculos intrínsecos laríngeos de seres humanos: una revisión de la literatura / Fiber types in human intrinsic laryngeal muscles: a literature review

El estudio de las fibras musculares permite comprender con mejor detalle la composición de los músculos y sus características funcionales. Además, facilita la aplicación de programas de entrenamiento y rehabilitación basados en las vías energéticas que regulan la contracción muscular. Su estudio generalmente va unido al análisis de las cadenas pesadas de miosina (MyHC), las que informan sobre las características y propiedades funcionales del músculo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue sintetizar la evidencia científica disponible sobre la distribución de fibras musculares y de isoformas de cadenas pesadas de miosina de los músculos intrínsecos de la laringe de seres humanos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura mediante el análisis de artículos encontrados en las bases de datos PubMed, EBSCOHost y SciELO. Los hallazgos informan sobre la existencia de fibras tónicas lentas y tipo I, II, IIA y IIX/IIB. Además, se reconoce la presencia de las isoformas MyHC-I, MyHC-IIA, MyHC-IIX, MyHC-Fetal, MyHC-L y MyHC-IIB. En conclusión, los músculos intrínsecos de la laringe presentan una mezcla de fibras y de isoformas de MyHC lentas y rápidas,la que obedece a adaptaciones y cambios evolutivos que han permitido, por ejemplo, las características fonatorias que presenta la voz del ser humano.

The study of muscle fibers allows the composition of muscles and their functional characteristics to be understood in greaterdetail. In addition, it makes it possible to applytraining and rehabilitation programs based on the energypathways that regulatemuscle contraction. Studying muscle fibers is generally associated withthe analysis of myosin heavy chains (MHC) which provide information on the functional characteristics and properties of muscles. The objective of this study was to synthesize the available scientific evidence onthe distribution of muscle fibers and myosin heavy chain isoforms present in the intrinsic laryngeal muscles of human beings. A systematic reviewof the literature was carried outand articles found on PubMed, EBSCOHost,and SciELOwere analyzed.The findings showthe presenceof slow-tonic, type I, type II, type IIA, and type IIX/IIB fibers. Additionally,isoforms MHC-I, MHC-IIA, MHC-IIX, MHC-Fetal, MHC-L, and MHC-IIB canbe found. In conclusion, intrinsic laryngeal muscles are composed ofa combination of slow and fast fibers and MHC isoforms, derived from evolutionary adaptations and changes which have given way, among other things, to the phonetic characteristics ofthe human voice.

Avaliação das características morfofuncionais do pé e do hábito de andar descalço de indivíduos com alterações nos pés / Evaluation of the morpho-functional characteristics of the foot and the habit of walking barefoot in individuals with foot alterations

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil funcional, características do pé, o hábito de andar descalço de indivíduos com alterações musculoesqueléticas nos pés e comparar com indivíduos controle. Os participantes foram avaliados por meio de questionário eletrônico. Dados antropométricos, funcionalidade dos pés, hábito de andar descalço, tipo de calçado, tipo de pé e pisada e qual comprometimento do pé foram coletados. A amostra total foi composta por 160 indivíduos divididos em grupo controle (GC) (n=82) e grupo problemas no pé (GPE) (n=78). O hálux valgo foi o principal tipo de problema no grupo GPE (24,4%), com uma maior porcentagem de participantes com doença crônica (35,9%), tipos de pés cavos (pé esquerdo (PE) 16,7% e pé direito (PD) 19,2%) ou planos (PE 21,8% e PD 21,8%) e com o Índice de função do pé comprometido em 7% (P =0,001). Ambos os grupos consideram o hábito de andar descalço saudável (72% GC e 66,7% GPE), porém não são adeptos deste hábito (93,9% GC e 91% GPE). O sapato foi o modelo menos utilizado pelo GPE (10,3%). Concluímos que indivíduos do grupo GPE apresentaram maior associação de alterações morfofuncionais com a presença de distúrbios nos pés e que o hábito de andar descalço apesar de ser considerado um aspecto positivo para a saúde dos pés de ambos os grupos, nenhum destes o praticam.

This study aimed to evaluate the functional profile, foot characteristics, and barefoot walking habits of individuals with musculoskeletal foot alterations and compare them with control individuals. Participants were assessed through an electronic questionnaire. Anthropometric data, foot functionality, barefoot walking habits, footwear type, foot type, foot arch, stride type, and foot impairments were collected. The total sample consisted of 160 individuals divided into a control group (CG) (n=82) and a foot problems group (FPG) (n=78). Hallux valgus was the main foot problem in the FPG (24.4%), with a higher percentage of participants having chronic conditions (35.9%), cavus foot types (left foot (LF) 16.7% and right foot (RF) 19.2%), or flat foot types (LF 21.8% and RF 21.8%), and with a compromised Foot Function Index in 7% (P=0.001). Both groups considered barefoot walking healthy (72% CG and 66.7% FPG), but they are not practitioners of this habit (93.9% CG and 91% FPG). Shoes were the least utilized type of footwear in the FPG (10.3%). In conclusion, individuals in the FPG showed a stronger association between morpho-functional alterations and foot disorders. Although barefoot walking is considered beneficial for foot health in both groups, neither group practices this habit.

Estudiantes con alta capacidad: explorando su distribución según tipo de establecimiento educativo / Gifted Students: Exploring their Distribution According to the Type of Educational Institution

Resumen Antecedentes: estudiantes con alta capacidad o potencial de talento académico, necesitan un entorno enriquecedor para alcanzar un desempeño sobresaliente, y fenómenos como la segregación escolar impactan negativamente la transformación del potencial intelectual en talento académico. Objetivo: comparar la distribución de estudiantes con alta capacidad de quinto básico a cuarto medio de la provincia de Concepción, Chile, provenientes de familias de nivel socioeconómico bajo, medio y alto, según el tipo de establecimiento educativo en que estudian. Método: participaron 650 estudiantes entre 11 y 17 años de edad, quienes respondieron el test de matrices progresivas de Raven, el cual permitió identificar el potencial intelectual según el puntaje de corte. Resultados: hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el potencial intelectual entre estudiantes de establecimientos públicos, particulares subvencionados y particulares pagados, así como diferencias en la distribución del potencial intelectual según el nivel educativo de los estudiantes y el nivel socioeconómico de sus familias. Conclusiones: al explorar la distribución de estudiantes con alta capacidad según el tipo de establecimiento educativo, hay una mayor concentración de estudiantes con alta capacidad en establecimientos educativos con familias de nivel socioeconómico alto y una menor concentración de estos en establecimientos educativos con familias de nivel socioeconómico bajo.

Abstract Background: Gifted students or students with academic potential need an enriching environment to achieve an outstanding performance. However, phenomena such as school segregation negatively affect the transformation of intellectual potential into academic talent. Objective: To compare the distribution of gifted students from the fifth grade of elementary school to the fourth year of high school in the Province of Concepción, Chile, coming from families of low, medium and high socioeconomic status, determined by the type of educational institution in which they study. Method: Six hundred fifty (650) students aged between 11 and 17 participated in the study and answered the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test, which allowed the identification of the intellectual potential based on the cut-off score. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in the intellectual potential among students from public, subsidized private and fee-paying private educational institutions, as well as differences in the distribution of the intellectual potential relative to the students' education level and their families' socioeconomic status. Conclusions: When exploring the distribution of gifted students according to the type of educational institution, there was a higher concentration of those students in educational institutions with families of high socioeconomic status, and a lower concentration in educational institutions with families of low socioeconomic status.

El impacto de la COVID-19 en la incapacidad temporal de las personas que trabajan en centro / The impact of COVID-19 on sick leave of the persons working in nursing homes in Spain. Usefulness of sick leave for the surveillance of the pandemic evolution

Fundamentos: Los centros sociosanitarios representaron entornos de alto riesgo de contagio por SARS-CoV-2, tanto para los residentes como para las personas trabajadoras. Se evaluó el impacto en términos de incapacidad temporal (IT) por COVID-19 en las personas que trabajan en centros sociosanitarios y se comparó con la evolución de la pandemia en la población general de 16 a 65 años, para valorar la utilidad de la IT como indicador complementario de la epidemia por SARS-CoV-2. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de todos los procesos de incapacidad temporal por COVID-19 registrados entre el 15 de febrero de 2020 y el 1 de mayo de 2021 en establecimientos residenciales. Se obtuvieron las ratios de incapacidad temporal por contacto estrecho /incapacidad temporal por infección, las tasas de incapacidad temporal por 100.000 afiliados/ocupados y se compararon con la incidencia acumulada de casos COVID-19 notificados a la Red Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica (RENAVE). Resultados: Se registraron 261.892 procesos de incapacidad temporal. La mediana de la ratio de incapacidad temporal por contacto estrecho /incapacidad temporal por infección en residencias fue de 1,8 (Rango intercuartílico, RIC: 1,13,3), con valores menores a 1 en periodos. Las IT por infección fueron superiores en número, tasa y anteriores en el tiempo a los casos registrados en RENAVE. Por tipo de residencia, la tasa de incapacidad temporal osciló entre 81.679/100.000 ocupados en asistencia en establecimientos residenciales con cuidados sanitaros y 4.895/100.000 en otros establecimientos residenciales. Conclusiones: Los resultados confirmaron el enorme impacto que tuvo la COVID-19 en los centros sociosanitarios y la desigualdad que ha caracterizado este impacto.(AU)

Background: The nursing homes represented highrisk settings for SARS-CoV-2 infection, both for residents and for the employees. The COVID-19 impact on longterm care facilities (LTCFs) is evaluated, measured through the emplo yees sick leave (SL). The pandemic evolution in the general population aged between 16 and 65 years was analyzed together with the sick leave to assess the latter as a complementary indicator of the SARS-CoV-2 surveillance. Methods: A descriptive study of all sick leave processes due to COVID-19 recorded between February 15th 2020 and May 1st 2021 in nursing homes was carried out. The close contact sick leave/infection sick leave ratios, the 100,000 affiliated/occupied sick leave rates were computed and compared with the COVID-19 cases cumulative incidence notified to the National Network of epidemiological Surveillance (RENAVE). Results: 261.892 SL processes were recorded. The close contact sick leave/infection sick leave median ratio in nursing homes was 1.8 (Interquartile range, ICR: 1.1-3.3), with values lower than 1 at certain periods. The infection sick leaves were higher in number and ratio and prior to the cases recorded in RENAVE. The sick leave ratio ranged between 81.679/100.000 occupied in nursing homes with medical care and 4.895/100.000 in other residential facilities. Conclusions: The results confirmed the dramatic impact of COVID-19 in nursing homes and the inequalities characterizing this impact. They also confirmed the potential useof sick leave as an alternative source for epidemiological and public health surveillance, especially now, when the transition of the COVID-19 surveillance to a system not including universal individual surveillance is being discussed.(AU)

Hereditary angioedema and Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: an unexpected association / Angioedema hereditário e Aspergilose broncopulmonar alérgica: uma associação inesperada

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder, Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a lung disease involving hypersensitivity to the fungi Aspergillus fumigatus which occur in susceptible patient with asthma or cystic fibrosis, also considered a rare disease. We report a case of HAE and ABPA in a single patient. HAE diagnosis was confirmed: C4 = 3 mg/dL, C1INH < 2.8 mg/dL - nephelometry. Former lung function showed elevation RV and RV/FVC, suggesting small airways lung disease. Positive skin prick test to Aspergillus fumigatus (03 mm); total serum IgE level 3,100 IU/mL (nephelometry - BNII Siemens), eosinophilia 11% (528/mm3) and specific A. fumigatus IgG antibodies 6,8 mgA/L (FEIA - fluorenzymeimmunoassay - ThermoFisher) and Chest CT showed mucoid impaction of the bronchi, consistent to current ABPA. Controlling ABPA could prevent and reduce angioedema attacks, and lung structural damage. Early diagnosis and treatment of both diseases should be emphasized to reduce mortality and morbidity

Angioedema hereditário (AEH) é uma doença autossômica dominante; aspergilose broncopulmonar alérgica (ABPA) é uma doença de hipersensibilidade pulmonar relacionada ao esporo de Aspergillus fumigatus, mais suscetível em pacientes com asma e fibrose cística, ambas são consideradas doenças raras. Apresentamos um caso de AEH e ABPA em um paciente. O diagnóstico de AEH foi confirmado com exames laboratoriais: C4 = 3 mg/dL, C1INH < 2,8 mg/dL - nefelometria. Prova de função pulmonar evidenciou aumento de VR e VR/CVF, sugerindo doenças de pequenas vias aéreas. Teste de puntura positivo para A. fumigatus (03 mm); IgE total = 3.100 IU/mL (nefelometria - BNII Siemens), eosinofilia 11% (528/mm3) e IgG específica para A. fumigatus 6,8 mgA/L (FEIA - ThermoFisher), TC de tórax evidenciou impactação mucoide, consistente com ABPA. Controlar ABPA pode prevenir e reduzir as crises de angioedema e os danos ao tecido pulmonar. O diagnóstico precoce de ambas as doenças deve ser enfatizado para reduzir a morbimortalidade.

Genital infection by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in women from Santa Catarina/Brazil / Infecção genital pelo Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) em mulheres de Santa Catarina/Brasil

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection in women. About 80% of sexually active women will have contact with this virus at some point in their lives. Most infections will be transient, but when the infection becomes persistent and associated with a high oncogenic risk of Human Papillomavirus, there may be progression to cancer, especially cervical cancer. The best way to prevent Human Papillomavirus infection is through the use of vaccines, which have been available to the public in Brazil since 2014. Objective: This study aimed to assess the most prevalent types of Human Papillomavirus in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, and its mesoregions and if the majority of diagnosed types are contained in the Human Papillomavirus vaccines currently available on the market. Methods: A total of 20,000 Human Papillomavirus tests were evaluated for the diagnosis of genital Human Papillomavirus infection in women from the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The prevalence of infection was evaluated according to age and the city of origin of the exams. Human Papillomavirus detection was performed using molecular biology tests, such as hybrid capture (for diagnosis of the Human Papillomavirus group, high or low oncogenic risk) and polymerase chain reaction (viral genotyping) techniques. Results: The diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus infection was performed on women between 1 and 102 years of age. The age with the highest Human Papillomavirus positivity, as expected, was 20­25 years (45.6%) and the lowest after 70 years (7.1%). The highest Human Papillomavirus positivity of the exams was observed in the Serrana region of Santa Catarina state (58.9% of the exams). A high-oncogenic-risk Human Papillomavirus was detected in 93% of positive samples and was the most frequent in all age groups. Mixed infection (high- and low-risk Human Papillomavirus) was more prevalent in the 66­70 age group (29.3%) and in the Southern Region of Santa Catarina (26.4%). The most frequent genotypes in the state of Santa Catarina were non-16/18 high oncogenic risk Human Papillomavirus (76.9% of positive cases). Human Papillomavirus 16 was found in 17.1% of positive cases and Human Papillomavirus 18 in 6.6%. Conclusion: The most prevalent types of Human Papillomavirus in the state of Santa Catarina in the past 6 years are the non-16/18 high oncogenic risk Human Papillomavirus types, which are viral types not covered by the current Human Papillomavirus vaccines available in Brazil.

A infecção por Papilomavírus Humano é a infecção sexualmente transmissível mais frequente na mulher. Cerca de 80% das mulheres sexualmente ativas entrarão em contato com esse vírus em algum momento. A maioria das infecções será transitória, mas quando ela é persistente, associada aos Papilomavírus Humano de alto risco oncogênico, poderá progredir para câncer, principalmente de colo de útero. A melhor forma de se prevenir da contaminação pelo vírus é por meio de vacina, disponível no sistema público do Brasil desde 2014. Objetivo: Avaliar os tipos de Papilomavírus Humano mais prevalentes no estado de Santa Catarina e suas mesorregiões, e se a maioria dos tipos diagnosticados estão contidos nas vacinas contra o Papilomavírus Humano atualmente disponíveis no mercado. Métodos: Foram avaliados 20 mil exames para diagnóstico da infecção genital pelo Papilomavírus Humano em mulheres de todo o estado. A prevalência da infecção foi comparada de acordo com a idade e a procedência dos exames. A detecção do Papilomavírus Humano deu-se pelos exames de biologia molecular pelas técnicas de captura híbrida (para diagnóstico do grupo de Papilomavírus Humano, alto ou baixo riscos oncogênicos) e de PCR (genotipagem viral). Resultados: Foram avaliados exames para diagnóstico da infecção de mulheres entre um e 102 anos de idade. A faixa etária de maior positividade, como era de ser esperado, foi dos 20 aos 25 anos (45.6%) e a menor depois dos 70 anos (7.1%). A maior positividade dos exames foi observada na região Serrana do estado (58.9% dos exames). O Papilomavírus Humano de alto risco oncogênico foi detectado em 93% dos casos positivos e foi o mais frequente em todas as faixas etárias. A infecção mista (Papilomavírus Humano de alto e baixo riscos) foi mais prevalente na faixa etária dos 66 aos 70 anos (29.3%) e na região Sul Catarinense (26.4%). Os genótipos mais frequentes no estado foram os Papilomavírus Humano de alto risco oncogênico não 16/18 (76.9% dos casos positivos). O Papilomavírus Humano 16 foi encontrado em 17.1% dos casos positivos e o Papilomavírus Humano 18 em 6.6%. Conclusão:Os tipos de Papilomavírus Humano mais prevalentes no estado de Santa Catarina, nos últimos seis anos, são os Papilomavírus Humano de alto risco oncogênico não 16/18, tipos virais não cobertos pelas atuais vacinas contra o Papilomavírus Humano disponíveis no Brasil.

Violência interpessoal no ambiente acadêmico: percepções de uma comunidade universitária / Violencia interpersonal en el ambiente académico: percepciones de una comunidad universitaria / Interpersonal violence in the academic environment: perceptions of a university community

Este estudo visa descrever as percepções sobre violência na universidade em uma comunidade acadêmica com base em relatos sobre violências ocorridas em um campus universitário. Entrevistas qualitativas foram realizadas com 17 informantes-chave, assim considerados pelos papéis desempenhados na comunidade: estudantes, professores e funcionários, em cargos de gestão e/ou de representação. As entrevistas foram transcritas e analisadas em seu conteúdo, e referências discursivas recorrentes permitiram identificar os tipos de violência em cinco categorias de acordo com a experiência dos participantes: trote; violência em função de gênero ou raça; assédio moral; violência institucional; e outros tipos de violência. As violências na universidade são diversas; conhecê-las permite oferecer subsídios para melhorar as respostas institucionais já existentes ou criar formas de enfrentamento.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio es describir las percepciones sobre violencia en la universidad en una comunidad académica a partir de relatos sobre violencias ocurridas en un campus universitario. Se realizaron entrevistas cualitativas con diecisiete informantes-clave, considerados de tal forma por los papeles desempeñados en la comunidad: estudiantes, profesores y empleados, en cargos de gestión y/o de representación. Las entrevistas se transcribieron y analizaron en su contenido y referencias discursivas recurrentes permitieron identificar los tipos de violencia en cinco categorías, de acuerdo con la experiencia de los participantes: novatadas, violencia en función de género o raza, acoso moral, violencia institucional y otros tipos de violencia. Las violencias en la universidad son diversas, conocerlas permite ofrecer subsidios para mejorar las respuestas institucionales ya existentes o crear formas de enfrentamiento.(AU)

This study aims to understand the perceptions of violence at the university in an academic community from the reports of its occurrence on a university campus. Seventeen qualitative interviews were carried out with key informants: students, lecturers, and staff members who had a manager position or representation in the collegiate. The interviews were transcribed, and their content analyzed. It was possible to identify the types of violence into five categories, according to the participants' experience and their recurrent discursive references. They are: hazing, gender or race-based violence, moral harassment, institutional violence, and other kinds of violence. The acts of violence in the university are varied and to know them offers subsidies to improve the institutional responses or create news forms of facing it.(AU)

Contribution of the Brazilian National Forest Inventory to the knowledge of Cerrado woody flora / A contribuição do Inventário Florestal Nacional para o conhecimento da flora lenhosa do Cerrado

Abstract: The National Forest Inventory (Inventário Florestal Nacional-IFN) is a large initiative that uses standardised methods to survey Brazilian forestry resources. One target of the IFN is the Cerrado, which contains one of the richest floras in the world. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of the IFN to the knowledge of Cerrado woody flora. We analysed data from field-collected vouchers sampled by the IFN Cerrado. We restricted our analyses to IFN collections of native trees and shrubs, including palms, which were identified at the species level. Habitat of each collection was obtained by overlaying specimens' geographic coordinates with land cover maps available in the Mapbiomas platform. Our final dataset comprised 28,602 specimens distributed in 2,779 sites (conglomerates) in Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Piauí, São Paulo and Tocantins. Collections were located in the following habitats: savannas (40.5%), forests (30.2%), anthropic areas (25.6%), grasslands (3.5%), and water (0.2%). We recorded 1,822 species belonging to 543 genera and 105 families, representing 34% of Cerrado woody species recorded on Flora do Brasil 2020. Fabaceae had the largest number of species, while Tapirira guianensis and Matayba guianensis were the most collected species. We highlight 60 potentially new records of occurrence for several states and 64 new records for the Cerrado, primarily in riparian forests where species from other biomes occur. In addition, 232 recorded species are Cerrado endemics, while 36 are cited in the CNCFlora's red list as endangered. The systematic sampling carried out by the IFN enabled vegetation sampling in remote and poorly known areas, which expanded the geographic range of many woody species and contributed to the knowledge of plant diversity in the Cerrado.

Resumo: O Inventário Florestal Nacional (IFN) é uma ampla iniciativa que emprega métodos padronizados para inventariar recursos florestais brasileiros. Um dos alvos do IFN é o Cerrado, o qual possui uma das floras mais ricas do mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a contribuição do IFN para o conhecimento da flora lenhosa do Cerrado. Nós analisamos dados de vouchers coletados em campo pelo IFN Cerrado. Nós restringimos nossas análises a coletas do IFN pertencentes a árvores e arbustos, incluindo palmeiras, identificadas ao nível de espécie. O habitat de cada coleta foi obtido pela intersecção entre as coordenadas geográficas dos espécimes com mapas de cobertura disponíveis na plataforma Mapbiomas. O conjunto final de dados foi composto por 28.602 coletas distribuídas em 2.779 sítios (conglomerados) localizados na Bahia, Distrito Federal, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Piauí, São Paulo e Tocantins. As coletas foram realizadas nos seguintes habitats: savanas (40,5%), florestas (30,2%), áreas antrópicas (25,6%), campos (3,5%) e água (0,2%). Ao todo foram registradas 1.822 espécies pertencentes a 543 gêneros e 105 famílias, representando 34% das espécies lenhosas do Cerrado registradas na Flora do Brasil 2020. Fabaceae apresentou o maior número de espécies, enquanto que Tapirira guianensis e Matayba guianensis foram as espécies mais coletadas. Destacam-se possíveis novos registros de ocorrência de 60 espécies para diversos estados e de 64 espécies para o Cerrado, predominantemente nas florestas ripárias onde geralmente ocorrem espécies de outros biomas. Além disso, foram registradas 232 espécies endêmicas do Cerrado, bem como 36 espécies citadas na lista vermelha do CNCFlora como ameaçadas. A amostragem sistemática realizada pelo IFN permitiu o inventário da vegetação em áreas remotas e pouco coletadas, permitindo a expansão da distribuição geográfica de diversas espécies lenhosas, e contribuindo para o conhecimento da diversidade vegetal no Cerrado.

Experiencing whole type: living into the archetypal Self.

Expanding on Jung's use of the role of the superior and inferior functions, Angelo Spoto advances a new typological model based on 'whole type' that utilizes a typological perspective on the archetypal Self. In this new model four cognitive modes taking superior positions are developed in the first half of life and four cognitive modes taking inferior positions are encountered in the second half of life. This model indicates that type development and type dynamics take place through the holding of the tension of opposites between superior and inferior functions, helped by the transcendent function operating differently in the first and second halves of life. Specifically, in the first half of life, the transcendent function produces a tertium that moves typological development along to consolidate an ego-pattern. In the second half of life, the transcendent function takes the individual into encounters having to do with an appreciation of sacrifice, transformation, and symbol-making, as the personality advances towards a greater awareness of wholeness, by way of the inferiors.

Elargissant l'utilisation que fait Jung du rôle des fonctions supérieures et inférieures, Angelo Spoto propose un nouveau modèle typologique basé sur la totalité du type, qui utilise une perspective typologique du Soi archétypal. Dans ce nouveau modèle quatre modes cognitifs prenant des positions supérieures sont développés dans la première moitié de la vie et quatre modes cognitifs prenant des positions inférieures sont rencontrés dans la deuxième moitié de la vie. Ce modèle montre que le développement et les dynamiques de la typologie se font en soutenant la tension des opposés entre les fonctions supérieures et inférieures. Ceci est aidé par la fonction transcendante qui fonctionne différemment dans la première moitié de la vie et dans la seconde. Précisément, dans la première moitié de la vie, la fonction transcendante produit un tertium qui fait avancer le développement typologique afin de consolider un schéma de l'égo. Dans la seconde moitié de la vie, la fonction transcendante amène l'individu à des confrontions en rapport avec la valeur du sacrifice, la transformation, et l'élaboration de symboles, tandis que la personnalité chemine vers une conscience plus grande de la totalité, par le soutien des inférieures.

Expandiendo sobre la base del uso de la función superior e inferior propuesta por Jung, Angelo Spoto ofrece un nuevo modelo tipológico basado en el 'tipo de la totalidad' utilizando una perspectiva tipológica en el Self arquetipal. En este nuevo modelo, cuatro modalidades cognitivas que adquieren una posición superior se desarrollan en la primera mitad de la vida, y cuatro modalidades cognitivas que adquieren posiciones inferiores son encontradas en la segunda mitad de la vida. Este modelo indica que el desarrollo y las dinámicas tipológicas tienen lugar a través del sostener la tensión entre opuestos entre las funciones superiores e inferiores, con la ayuda de la función trascendente operando de manera diferente en la primera y segunda mitad de la vida. Específicamente, en la primera mitad, la función trascendente produce un tertium que moviliza el desarrollo tipológico hacia la consolidación de un patrón egoico. En la segunda mitad de la vida, la función trascendente, conduce al individuo al encuentro con la apreciación del sacrificio, la transformación y la creación de símbolos, a medida que la personalidad se acerca a una percepción mayor de la totalidad, por medio de las funciones inferiores.

The current situation and the cultural background of psychological type theory in China.

As analytical psychology in China develops, especially with the China Society for Analytical Psychology approved for membership in the International Association for Analytical Psychology (IAAP), many Chinese, who are already familiar with MBTI®-based personality testing in corporations, are interested in learning more about Jungian theory and practice with regard to psychological types. The author, a Chinese psychologist, emphasizes current problems standing in the way of this development, such as the common opinion that MBTI is equal to psychological types. He reports his recent research that highlights the present understanding of psychological types within China. Noting that Jung combined two attitudes with four functions to form eight function-attitudes of consciousness, the author explores the possible connection between Jung's eightfold system and the eight trigrams that organize the wisdom that the I Ching brings to emergent situations requiring exceptionally conscious decision-making. He compares I Ching translator Richard Wilhelm's naming and description of these eight Gua with Jungian analyst John Beebe's descriptions of the eight function-attitudes and finds striking parallels. This amplification sheds light on the archetypal nature of psychological consciousness as well upon the typology of it that Jung advanced.

Maintenant que la psychologie analytique se développe en Chine, particulièrement avec la Société Chinoise des Analystes Jungiens, reconnue par l'Association Internationale de Psychologie Analytique (AIPA), beaucoup de Chinois - étant déjà familiarisés avec l'évaluation de la personnalité dans les entreprises par le test MBTI - cherchent à en savoir plus sur les types psychologiques en théorie et en pratique. L'auteur, un psychologue chinois, évoque les problèmes actuels qui rendent ce développement difficile, par exemple l'opinion répandue que le MBTI est équivalent aux types psychologiques de Jung. L'auteur rend compte de ses recherches récentes en Chine sur la compréhension actuelle des types psychologiques. Soulignant que Jung a combiné deux attitudes avec quatre fonctions formant huit fonction-attitudes de la conscience, il explore le lien possible entre le système à huit parties de Jung et les huit trigrammes qui ordonnent la sagesse que le Yi King apporte à des situations naissantes et qui requièrent un processus de décision particulièrement conscient. Il compare la manière dont le traducteur du Yi King Richard Wilhelm nomme et décrit les huit Gua avec les descriptions par l'analyste Jungien John Beebe des huit fonction-attitudes et il trouve des parallèles frappants. Cette amplification éclaire la nature archétypale de la conscience psychologique et de sa typologie telle que Jung l'a conçue.

A medida que la psicología analítica se ha desarrollado en China, especialmente con la Sociedad China de Analistas Junguianos aprobada por la Asociación Internacional de Psicología Analítica (IAAP), muchas personas de China, quienes ya estaban familiarizadas con el test de personalidad MBTI® aplicado en corporaciones, se interesaron en aprender más sobre la teoría y práctica Junguiana con relación a los tipos psicológicos. El autor, psicólogo chino, enfatiza los problemas actuales que se interponen en este desarrollo, como la opinión común que sostiene que MBTI es lo mismo que los tipos psicológicos. El autor presenta su investigación reciente, la cual destaca la comprensión actual sobre tipos psicológicos en China. Observando que Jung combinó dos actitudes con cuatro funciones para formar ocho funciones-actitudes de la consciencia, el autor explora la posible conexión entre el sistema óctuple de Jung y los ocho trigramas que organizan la sabiduría que el I Ching brinda a las situaciones emergentes que requieren excepcionalmente una toma de decisión consciente. El autor compara las denominaciones y descripciones de los ocho Gua de Richard Wilhelm, traductor del I Ching, con las descripciones de las ocho funciones-actitudes descriptas por John Beebe, y encuentra notables paralelismos. Esta amplificación ilumina la naturaleza arquetipal de la consciencia psicológica, así como la de su tipología, que Jung desarrolló.

Análisis comparativo de instrumentos destinados a la evaluación del acoso escolar / A comparative analysis of bullying assessment instruments

El aumento en la incidencia del acoso escolar justifica la creciente necesidad de contar con instrumentos fiables para su evaluación. Este estudio presenta un análisis comparativo de 9 cuestionarios de detección del acoso escolar destinados a alumnos del último ciclo de Educación Primaria y adolescentes. Se realizaron tres análisis diferenciados para detectar tanto las fortalezas y debilidades de los cuestionarios que componían la muestra, como las tipologías y manifestaciones de acoso evaluadas con mayor frecuencia. Los resultados muestran que el acoso físico y el verbal son los evaluados con mayor frecuencia, y que las manifestaciones más evaluadas se relacionan con agresiones físicas o verbales, humillación pública, invasión de intimidad y coacción. Asimismo, el análisis de fortalezas y debilidades revela la necesidad de considerar a los distintos agentes pertenecientes al contexto de acoso evaluado. Este estudio ofrece una perspectiva global a orientadores y psicólogos educativos, útil para detectar el acoso escolar. (AU)

The increase in the incidence of bullying justifies the growing need for reliable instruments for its assessment. This study presents a comparative analysis of 9 questionnaires for the detection of school bullying aimed at pupils in the last stage of primary education and adolescents. Three different analyses were carried out to detect both the strengths and weaknesses of the questionnaires that made up the sample, as well as the typologies and manifestations of bullying most frequently evaluated. The results show that physical and verbal harassment are the most frequently evaluated, and that the most evaluated manifestations are related to physical or verbal aggression, public humiliation, invasion of intimacy, and coercion. Likewise, the analysis of strengths and weaknesses reveals the need to consider the different agents pertaining to the context of harassment assessed. This study offers a global perspective to counselors and educational psychologists, useful for the detection of bullying. (AU)

Memoria Sana / Healthy memory

La autora de este artículo se ha fijado el objetivo de esclarecer la frontera entre la normalidad y la anormalidad en lo que respecta a las alteraciones de la memoria, así como a analizar los tratamientos que se emplean para paliarlas o frenarlas, teniendo en cuenta que este problema, con frecuencia y durante años, no traspasa, aparentemente, la línea de la enfermedad. El deseo de cumplir años manteniendo una mente sana convierte en alarma social la pérdida de memoria, pero al mismo tiempo, el aumento de longevidad de la población hace que se incrementen los casos de envejecimiento cerebral.

The author of this article has set herself the objective of clarifying the boundary between normality and abnormality in terms of memory alterations, as well as analyzing the treatments used to alleviate or curb them, bearing in mind that this problem, frequently and for years, does not apparently, cross the line of the disease. The desire to grow old while maintaining a healthy mind turns memory loss into social alarm, but at the same time, the increase in longevity of the population causes cases of brain aging to increase.