Relación entre la autoeficacia para dejar de fumar, la voluntad propia y quién envía a los pacientes / Relationship between self-efficacy to quit smoking, own will and who referred patients

Objetivo: Comprobar si el grado de autoeficacia (AE) para dejar de fumar es diferente según quién remita al fumador a la consulta de tabaquismo y evaluar si el grado de AE medida según procedencia tiene impacto en el resultado (éxito o fracaso). Método: Estudio observacional, longitudinal (cohorte prospectiva), multicéntrico, en consultas para dejar de fumar de España y Argentina. Para valorar la motivación, fueron utilizados test cuantitativos (Richmond, Henry Mondor de Paris y Khimji Watts) y una escala semicuantitativa. La AE se midió con una pregunta de dos cuestionarios distintos (pregunta 4 del cuestionario de Richmond y pregunta 3 del cuestionario de Khimji-Watts). El análisis estadístico incluyó modelos descriptivos, de asociación y de regresión. Resultados: Muestra de 182 sujetos (90 [49,5%] mujeres, edad media 51,4 años [DE: 11; IC 26-77]). Con la pregunta 3 de AE del test Khimji-Watts se encontró asociación con la procedencia en los varones: acudir por voluntad propia incrementa la AE frente a los que acuden enviados desde atención primaria o desde otras especialidades. Ninguna de las variables de AE presentó asociación con el resultado en dejar de fumar, pero las mujeres que acudieron por voluntad propia o enviadas desde atención primaria tienen más probabilidades de dejar de fumar. Los varones procedentes de otras especialidades y con edades medias tienen más probabilidades de fracaso. Conclusiones: Los varones que acuden a dejar de fumar por voluntad propia presentan puntuaciones más altas de AE que aquellos que acuden enviados por atención primaria y otras especialidades. No hemos encontrado una mayor abstinencia final según la puntuación de AE y la procedencia.(AU)

Objective: To check whether the degree of self-efficacy to quit smoking is different depending on who refers the smoker to the smoking cessation clinics, considering as origin: primary care, from another medical specialist or by the patient’s own volition, and to assess whether the degree of self-efficacy measured by who refers the patient has an impact on the ­outcome (success or failure). Methods: Observational, longitudinal (prospective cohort), multicentre study in smoking cessation clinics in Spain and Argentina (daily clinical practice). Quantitative tests (Richmond, Henry Mondor de Paris and Khimji Watts) and one semiquantitative test were used to assess motivation. Self-efficacy was measured with one question from two different questionnaires (question 4 of the Richmond questionnaire and question 3 of the Khimji-Watts questionnaire). Statistical analysis included descriptive, association, and regression models. Results: 182 subjects [90 (49.5%) women, mean age 51.4 years (11; 25-77)]. With question three of the auto-efficacy of the Khimji-Watts test an association was found with the origin in men: attending of their own free will increases self-efficacy compared to those who attend sent from primary care or from other specialties. None of the self-efficacy variables was associated with the outcome of quitting smoking, but women who attended of their own free will or referred from primary care are more likely to quit smoking. Men from other specialties and with middle ages are more likely to fail. Conclusions: Men referred for QS by his OV have higher SE scores (KWT3 question) than those referred by PC and OS. We did not find a higher final abstinence according to SE score and source.(AU)

Organizational Factors Moderating Changes in Tobacco Use Dependence Care Delivery Following a Comprehensive Tobacco-Free Workplace Intervention in Non-Profit Substance Use Treatment Centers.

Although tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death and is elevated among patients with substance use disorders, many substance use treatment centers (SUTCs) do not offer tobacco use interventions (i.e., screening and treatment). This study examined a key outcome of the implementation of a tobacco-free workplace program that provided education and specialized training to employees; namely, changes in clinician provision of the five As (Asking about tobacco use; Advising to quit; Assessing willingness to quit; Assisting with quitting; Arranging follow-up) from before to after the larger program implementation. The five As are a brief tobacco screening and treatment protocol that was taught as part of the program and that formed the basis for further intervention (e.g., provision of nicotine replacement therapies, Motivational Interviewing to enhance desire and willingness to make a quit attempt). Moreover, we also examined organizational moderators that may have impacted changes in the delivery of the five As over time among clinicians from 15 participating SUTCs. The number of the centers' total and unique annual patient visits; full-time employees; and organizational readiness for implementing change were assessed as potential moderators of change in clinicians' behaviors over time. Clinicians completed pre- and post-program implementation surveys assessing their provision of the five As. Results demonstrated significant increases in Asking (p = 0.0036), Advising (p = 0.0176), Assisting (p < 0.0001), and Arranging (p < 0.0001). SUTCs with higher Change Efficacy (p = 0.025) and lower Resource Availability (p = 0.019) had greater increases in Asking. SUTCs with lower Resource Availability had greater increases in Assessing (p = 0.010). These results help guide tobacco control program implementation to increase the provision of tobacco use interventions (i.e., the five As) to SUTC patients and elucidate Change Efficacy and Resource Availability as organizational factors promoting this clinician behavior change.

Influence of current and previous smoking on current phenotype in Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Although an inverse correlation between smoking and Parkinson's disease (PD) has been reported, research into the effect of smoking on current clinical progression remains limited for PD patients. Elucidation of a specific PD population who would benefit from smoking is challenging. METHODS: We evaluated 110 consecutive PD patients (mean age; 71.0 ± 8.0 years) at a single neurology clinic between 2010 and 2018. The association with smoking status was evaluated in sex- and age-matched controls (non-PD). This study assessed the impact of previous smoking exposure on the outcome of current PD-related parameters, along with any confounders, in addition to assessing fluctuation of parkinsonism induced by smoking exposure. RESULTS: The current smoking rate was significantly lower in PD versus non-PD (5.5% vs. 15.5%, P = 0.026), while there were similar rates between former and never smokers. Among the former smokers, most PD patients (97.3%) quit smoking prior to the onset of PD. There were no differences between PD patients with and without a history of smoking for current clinical parameters. Three PD patients with the mean onset age of 51.0 ± 5.3 y reported transient deterioration of their parkinsonism when smoking. Negative mood during cigarette smoke exposure was significantly increased over the entire life in PD patients with a history of smoking than those without (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Although previous smoking history reportedly had a neuroprotective effect prior to onset, the association between the previous history and current phenotype in PD was not visible in the present study. However, the possibility that current nicotine intake might modify the parkinsonism deterioration will need to be further evaluated, especially in non-elderly patients. Cigarette smoke-related negative mood could be a confounder for quitting smoking in PD patients.

Fatores associados ao aumento do consumo de cigarros durante a pandemia da COVID-19 na população brasileira / Factores asociados al aumento del consumo de tabaco durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en la población brasileña / Factors associated with increased cigarette consumption in the Brazilian population during the COVID-19 pandemic

Medidas de distanciamento social adotadas em diversos países para mitigar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 podem acarretar efeitos indesejáveis sobre a saúde e o comportamento das populações. Este estudo objetivou investigar o comportamento de fumar na população adulta brasileira durante a pandemia de COVID-19 e analisar os fatores associados ao aumento do consumo de cigarro. Foi realizado um inquérito virtual e a amostra final correspondeu a 45.160 indivíduos. Foram utilizados pesos de pós-estratificação e calculadas as razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas por sexo, idade e escolaridade, e os respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). Modelos de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foram aplicados para a análise de associação entre o aumento do consumo de cigarros e as variáveis sociodemográficas e as relativas à adesão ao distanciamento social, qualidade do sono, estado de ânimo, alteração no trabalho e nos rendimentos. A prevalência de fumantes foi de 12% (IC95%: 11,1-12,9), dos quais 34% relataram aumento no consumo de cigarros. Esse aumento foi maior entre as mulheres (RP = 1,27; IC95%: 1,01-1,59) e entre indivíduos com o Ensino Médio incompleto (RP = 1,35; IC95%: 1,02-1,79). O aumento do consumo de cigarros esteve associado à piora da qualidade do sono, sentir-se isolado dos familiares, triste ou deprimido, ansioso, ficar sem rendimentos e pior avaliação do estado de saúde. Estratégias de promoção da saúde, de prevenção do uso e de incentivo à cessação do consumo de cigarros, bem como intervenções em saúde mental, devem ser continuadas e reforçadas no contexto de distanciamento social durante a pandemia de COVID-19.

Las medidas de distanciamiento social adoptadas en diversos países para mitigar el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19 pueden acarrear efectos indeseables sobre la salud y el comportamiento de las poblaciones. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar el comportamiento de fumar en la población adulta brasileña, durante la pandemia de COVID-19, y analizar los factores asociados al aumento del consumo de tabaco. Se realizó una encuesta virtual y la muestra final correspondió a 45.160 individuos. Se utilizaron pesos de pos-estratificación y se calcularon las razones de prevalencia (RP) brutas y ajustadas por sexo, edad y escolaridad, así como los respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Se aplicaron modelos de regresión de Poisson con variancia robusta para el análisis de asociación entre el aumento del consumo de tabaco y las variables sociodemográficas, así como las relativas a la adhesión al distanciamiento social, calidad del sueño, estado de ánimo, cambios en el trabajo e ingresos. La prevalencia de fumadores fue de un 12% (IC95%: 11,1-12,9), de los cuales un 34% relataron un aumento en el consumo de cigarrillos. Este aumento fue mayor entre las mujeres (RP = 1,27; IC95%: 1,01-1,59) y entre individuos con la enseñanza media incompleta (RP = 1,35; IC95%: 1,02-1,79). El aumento del consumo de tabaco estuvo asociado con un empeoramiento de la calidad del sueño, sentirse aislado de los familiares, triste o deprimido, ansioso, quedarse sin ingresos, al igual que con una peor evaluación del estado de salud. Las estrategias de promoción de salud, prevención del consumo y de alicientes para dejar el hábito de fumar, así como intervenciones en salud mental, deben ser continuas y estar reforzadas en el contexto de distanciamiento social durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Social distancing measures adopted in various countries to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic can lead to unwanted effects on their populations' health and behaviors. This study aimed to investigate smoking behavior in the Brazilian adult population during the COVID-19 pandemic and analyze factors associated with the increase in cigarette consumption. An online survey was performed, and the final sample included 45,160 individuals. The study used post-stratification weights and calculated crude prevalence ratios (PR) and adjusted by sex, age, and schooling, and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Poisson regression models with robust variance were applied to analyze associations between increased cigarette consumption and sociodemographic variables and adherence to social distancing, quality of sleep, state of mind, and changes in work and earnings. Prevalence of smokers was 12% (95%CI: 11.1-12.9), 34% of whom reported an increase in cigarette consumption. The increase was greater among women (PR = 1.27; 95%CI: 1.01-1.59) and individuals with incomplete secondary schooling (PR = 1.35; 95%CI: 1.02-1.79). The increase in cigarette consumption was associated with worse quality of sleep, feeling isolated from family members or sad, depressed, or anxious, loss of earnings, and worse self-rated health. Health promotion strategies, smoking prevention, and encouragement for smoking cessation, as well as mental health interventions, should be continued and reinforced in the context of social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Variables psicológicas, biológicas y sociales que intervienen en el consumo de tabaco en los adolescentes / Psychological, Biological and Social Variables Involved in Tobacco Use among Adolescents

RESUMEN El consumo del tabaco es un factor de riesgo que predispone a diversas enfermedades, conocidas como enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Constituye un problema de salud a escala mundial que produce hasta 5 millones de muertes al año. La adolescencia es el momento donde fundamentalmente se inician los fumadores, por tanto es necesario el trabajo preventivo desde etapas tempranas de la vida. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica acerca de las principales variables psicológicas, biológicas y sociales que intervienen en el consumo de tabaco en los adolescentes, además se indaga acerca de los distintos modelos teóricos o escuelas psicológicas que han abordado esta problemática y han sugerido modos de actuación, para hacer frente a este nocivo hábito. Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva sobre la temática, para ello se consultó la bibliografía especializada, entre ellas artículos de revistas, libros y otras, a las que se accedió a través de los principales gestores de información, lográndose un esclarecimiento acerca de los principales aspectos que participan en la adquisición de la conducta adictiva por parte de poblaciones vulnerables.

ABSTRACT Tobacco use is a risk factor that predisposes to various diseases, known as chronic non-communicable diseases. It is a global health problem that causes up to 5 million deaths a year. Adolescence is the time where smokers mainly start, therefore preventive work is necessary from the early stages of life. A bibliographic review is carried out on the main psychological, biological and social variables that intervene in the consumption of tobacco in adolescents, in addition to the different theoretical models or psychological schools that have addressed this problem and have suggested modes of action, to face this harmful habit. An exhaustive search was carried out on the subject, for this the specialized bibliography was consulted, including magazine articles, books and others, accessed through the main information managers, obtaining a clarification about the main aspects involved in the acquisition of addictive behavior by sensitive populations.

Co-occurrence of Smoking and Unhealthy Diet in the Brazilian Adult Population / Coocorrência de Tabagismo e Alimentação não Saudável na População Adulta Brasileira

Abstract Background: Smoking and an inadequate diet are behavioral risk factors that contribute to the majority of deaths and disabilities caused by noncommunicable diseases. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of the co-occurrence of smoking and inadequate diet and identify associated factors in adults. Methods: A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted with a sample of 28,950 Brazilian adults (18 to 59 years old). Data were obtained from Sistema de Vigilância por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel [Brazilian Health Surveillance Telephone Survey]) in 2014. Independent associations were investigated using Poisson hierarchical regression analysis with 5% significance level. Results: The prevalence of the co-occurrence of smoking and unhealthy eating was 8.6% (95% CI: 7.9-9.3) and was higher among individuals residing in the southern region of the country than in those living in the central western region (PR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.18-1.89), those with no private health insurance (PR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.03-1.25), those who drank alcohol abusively (binge drinkers) (PR = 3.22; 95% CI: 2.70-3.85) and those who self-rated their health as fair (PR = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.36-1.99) or poor/very poor (PR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.18-2.44). The prevalence of both factors was lower among individuals residing in the northeastern region of the country, women, individuals with brown skin color, those with a spouse, the more educated ones and those with overweight or obesity. Conclusion: The more vulnerable segments to the co-occurrence of the risk factors studied were men residing in the southern region of the country, individuals with a lower socioeconomic status and those who reported binge drinking. Interventions addressing multiple behavioral risk factors adapted to specific contexts could have a greater impact on the Brazilian population.

Resumo Fundamentos: O tabagismo e a alimentação inadequada integram os fatores comportamentais de risco responsáveis pela maioria das mortes e das incapacidades causadas por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência e identificar os fatores associados à coocorrência de tabagismo e alimentação inadequada em adultos. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional com 28.950 adultos (18-59 anos), cujas informações foram obtidas pelo Sistema de Vigilância por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel), em 2014. As associações independentes foram verificadas por meio de regressão hierárquica de Poisson, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A prevalência de coocorrência de tabagismo e alimentação não saudável foi de 8,6% (IC95%: 7,9-9,3), mostrando-se mais elevada entre os que residiam na região Sul (RP = 1,50; IC95%: 1,18-1,89) comparados aos do Centro-Oeste, nos que não possuíam plano privado de saúde (RP = 1,14; IC95%: 1,03-1,25), nos que ingeriam bebidas alcoólicas de forma abusiva (RP = 3,22; IC95%: 2,70-3,85) e nos que autoavaliaram a saúde como regular (RP = 1,65; IC95%: 1,36-1,99) ou ruim/muito ruim (RP = 1,70; IC95%: 1,18-2,44). Apresentaram menor prevalência de ambos os fatores os que viviam na região Nordeste, as mulheres, os de cor da pele parda, aqueles que tinham cônjuge, os mais escolarizados e os que estavam com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Conclusão: Os segmentos mais vulneráveis à coocorrência dos fatores de risco estudados foram os homens, os residentes na região Sul do país, aqueles com menor nível socioeconômico, os que referiram consumo abusivo de álcool, entre outros. Intervenções sobre múltiplos comportamentos de risco, adaptadas às realidades diversas, podem ter maior impacto na população brasileira.

Orientaciones para desarrollar programas de tabaquismo / Guidelines for developing smoking cessation programs

Resumen Este documento presenta ideas útiles para desarrollar un programa de tabaquismo, usando la experiencia del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Sur Oriente (SSMSO), desde 2007. El objetivo de este programa es contribuir a bajar la tasa de tabaquismo, ayudar a las personas a dejar de fumar y mejorar el pronóstico de las afecciones derivadas del consumo del tabaco. Las estrategias utilizadas son: 1. Hacer cumplir la Ley de tabaco en los centros de salud; 2. Promover la aplicación de consejería breve de cesación del tabaco (ABC) en todos los centros de salud; 3. Desarrollar una Unidad de Tratamiento de Adicción al Tabaco; 4. Desarrollar Unidades de Tratamiento del Tabaco en APS. 5. Prevenir la recaída del paciente hospitalizado que ha tenido un infarto; 6. Crear instancias de capacitación adecuada.

This paper presents useful ideas for developing a smoking cessation program, using the experience of the South East Metropolitan Health Service (SSMSO) Santiago, Chile, since 2007. The objective of this program is contribute to decrease the smoking rate, help people to quit smoking and improving the prognosis of tobacco-related conditions. The strategies used are: 1. Enforce the Tobacco Law in health centers; 2. Promote the application of ABC council in all health centers; 3. Develop a Hospital Tobacco Addiction Treatment Unit; 4. Develop Tobacco Treatment Units in Ambulatory Care Centers; 5. Prevent the relapse of the hospitalized patient who has had a heart attack; 6. Create appropriate training instances.

Tabaquismo en pacientes con diagnóstico psiquiátrico / Smoking in patients with psychiatric diagnosis

Resumen El tabaquismo es un problema altamente prevalente en la población de pacientes con diagnóstico psiquiátrico. El uso de tabaco dentro de ellos se asocia a mortalidad, gravedad de los síntomas psiquiátricos e interacción con los medicamentos. La presencia de síntomas psiquiátricos aumenta la posibilidad de usar tabaco, pero a la vez los equipos de salud mental han incentivado históricamente el uso de esta sustancia. Por otra parte, el uso de tabaco se asocia a mayor riesgo de síntomas psiquiátricos. Los tratamientos farmacológicos disponibles para cesar el hábito tabáquico han probado ser seguros y efectivos en pacientes con diagnóstico psiquiátrico estables.

Smoking is a highly prevalent problem in the psychiatric population. Tobacco use within them is associated with higher mortality, severity of psychiatric symptoms and also interacts with medications. The presence of psychiatric symptoms increases the possibility of using tobacco, but also the mental health teams have historically encouraged the use of this substance. In addition, tobacco use is associated with a higher risk of psychiatric symptoms. Pharmacological treatments available for smoking cessation have proven to be safe and effective in stable psychiatric patients.

Tabaquismo en el adolescente / Adolescents and smoking

Resumen El tabaquismo en adolescentes produce adicción a la nicotina, daño en el aparato cardiorrespiratorio, siendo además puerta de entrada para el uso de drogas ilícitas. En Estados Unidos, los cigarrillos electrónicos son más frecuentemente utilizados por los jóvenes que el cigarrillo convencional, creyendo que son menos dañinos para la salud, sin embargo, se sabe que estos dispositivos producen combustión y entregan nicotina por vía inhalada por lo que su uso lleva al consumo de cigarrillo tradicional y a la exposición a sustancias cancerígenas. Por todo lo anterior, los esfuerzos del control del tabaco deben estar puestos: en políticas públicas (aumento del impuesto al tabaco, campañas publicitarias masivas, ambientes cerrados libres de humo, restricción de la publicidad), la pesquisa precoz y tratamiento oportuno del adolescente que ya se ha iniciado en el consumo de tabaco a través del ABC-D tal como aparece en las Primeras Guías de Práctica Clínica de Tratamiento del Tabaquismo, Chile, 2017 para esto se necesita que los profesionales de salud reciban entrenamiento. Respecto al humo de segunda mano los pediatras deben derivar a los padres a cesación del tabaco que puede ser telefónica (6003607777, Salud responde MINSAL, este número aparece en las cajetillas de cigarrillos).

Smoking in adolescents produces addiction to nicotine, damage to the cardiorespiratory apparatus, and it is also a gateway to the use of illicit drugs. In the United States, electronic cigarettes are more frequently used by young people than conventional cigarettes, believing that they are less harmful to health, however, it is known that these devices produce combustion and deliver nicotine inhaled so their use leads traditional cigarette consumption and exposure to carcinogenic substances. For all of the above, tobacco control efforts must be: public policies (tobacco tax increases, mass advertising campaigns, smoke-free environments, restriction of advertising), early register and timely treatment of adolescents who have initiated tobacco consumption through the ABC-D as it appears in the First Guidelines of Clinical Practice of Smoking Treatment, Chile 2017, for this it is necessary that the health professionals receive training. Regarding second-hand smoke, pediatricians must refer parents to smoking cessation that can be telephone (6003607777, Salud Responde MINSAL, this number appears on cigarette packets).

Influence of Smoking Consumption and Nicotine Dependence Degree in Cardiac Autonomic Modulation / Influência do Consumo Tabagístico e Grau de Dependência Nicotínica na Modulação Autonômica Cardíaca

Abstract Background: Smoking consumption alters cardiac autonomic function. Objective: Assess the influence of the intensity of smoking and the nicotine dependence degree in cardiac autonomic modulation evaluated through index of heart rate variability (HRV). Methods: 83 smokers, of both genders, between 50 and 70 years of age and with normal lung function were divided according to the intensity of smoking consumption (moderate and severe) and the nicotine dependency degree (mild, moderate and severe). The indexes of HRV were analyzed in rest condition, in linear methods in the time domain (TD), the frequency domain (FD) and through the Poincaré plot. For the comparison of smoking consumption, unpaired t test or Mann-Whitney was employed. For the analysis between the nicotine dependency degrees, we used the One-way ANOVA test, followed by Tukey's post test or Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn's test. The significance level was p < 0,05. Results: Differences were only found when compared to the different intensities of smoking consumption in the indexes in the FD. LFun (62.89 ± 15.24 vs 75.45 ± 10.28), which corresponds to low frequency spectrum component in normalized units; HFun (37.11 ± 15.24 vs 24.55 ± 10.28), which corresponds to high frequency spectrum component in normalized units and in the LF/HF ratio (2.21 ± 1.47 vs 4.07 ± 2.94). However, in the evaluation of nicotine dependency, significant differences were not observed (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Only the intensity of smoking consumption had an influence over the cardiac autonomic modulation of the assessed tobacco smokers. Tobacco smokers with severe intensity of smoking consumption presented a lower autonomic modulation than those with moderate intensity.

Resumo Fundamento: O tabagismo altera a função autonômica cardíaca. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da intensidade do consumo tabagístico e do grau de dependência nicotínica na modulação autonômica cardíaca avaliada por meio de índices de variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC). Métodos: 83 tabagistas, de ambos os sexos, faixa etária entre 50 e 70 anos de idade e com função pulmonar normal foram divididos de acordo com a intensidade do consumo tabagístico (moderado e grave) e o grau de dependência nicotínica (leve, moderado e grave). Os índices de VFC foram analisados em condição de repouso, em métodos lineares no domínio do tempo (DT), domínio da frequência (DF) e pelo plot de Poincaré. Para comparação do consumo tabagístico, foi utilizado teste t não pareado ou Mann-Whitney. Para análise entre os graus de dependência nicotínica, foi utilizado teste One-way ANOVA seguido de pós-teste de Tukey ou Kruskal-Wallis seguido pelo teste de Dunn. O nível de significância foi de p < 0,05. Resultados: Diferenças só foram encontradas quando comparadas às diferentes intensidades do consumo tabagístico nos índices no DF: LFun (62,89 ± 15,24 vs 75,45 ± 10,28), que corresponde ao componente espectral de baixa frequência em unidades normalizadas; HFun (37,11 ± 15,24 vs 24,55 ± 10,28), que corresponde ao componente espectral de alta frequência em unidades normalizadas e na relação LF/HF (2,21 ± 1,47 vs 4,07 ± 2,94). No entanto, na avaliação da dependência nicotínica não foram observadas diferenças significativas (p > 0,05). Conclusão: Apenas a intensidade do consumo tabagístico promoveu influências sobre a modulação autonômica cardíaca dos tabagistas avaliados. Tabagistas com intensidade de consumo tabagístico grave apresentaram menor modulação autonômica do que tabagistas moderados.

[Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for harmful tobacco use and tobacco dependency]. / Psycho- und Pharmakotherapie bei schädlichem Tabakgebrauch und -abhängigkeit.

Tobacco consumption is one of the major preventable health risk factors. In Germany approximately 110,000 people prematurely die from tobacco-related diseases and approximately 50% of regular smokers are considered to be tobacco dependent. Nevertheless, motivation to quit smoking is low and the long-term abstinence rates after attempts to stop smoking without professional support are far below 10%. As part of the S3 treatment guidelines 78 recommendations for motivation and early interventions for smokers unwilling to quit as well as psychotherapeutic and pharmacological support for smokers willing to quit were formulated after an systematic search of the current literature. More than 50 professional associations adopted the recommendations and background information in a complex certification process. In this article the scientific evidence base regarding the psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatment options as well as recommendations and further information about indications and treatment implementation are presented. By following these guidelines for treatment of heavy smokers who are willing to quit combined with individual and group therapies on the basis of behavioral treatment strategies and pharmacological support, long-term success rates of almost 30% can be achieved.

Psychiatric correlates of alcohol and tobacco use disorders in U.S. adults aged 65 years and older: results from the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of alcohol and tobacco use disorders and psychiatric conditions among older U.S. adults. METHODS: Sample was individuals aged at least 65 years (N = 8,205) who participated in the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Measurements included lifetime and past 12-month Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition alcohol use disorders (AUDs), tobacco use disorders (TUDs), and psychiatric conditions. RESULTS: Among older adults, prevalence of lifetime and past 12-month AUDs were 16.1% and 1.5% and lifetime and past 12-month TUDs were 8.7% and 4.0%, respectively. Lifetime TUD was associated with increased odds of both lifetime (odds ratio [OR]: 4.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.30-5.26) and past 12-month (OR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.50-4.24) AUDs, and lifetime AUD was associated with increased odds of both lifetime (OR: 4.13; 95% CI: 3.28-5.210 and past 12-month (OR: 3.51; 95% CI: 2.47-4.96) TUDs. Any lifetime mood, anxiety, or personality disorder among older adults was associated with increased odds of lifetime AUD and TUD, any lifetime mood disorder was associated with increased odds of past 12-month AUD and TUD, and any personality disorder was associated with past 12-month TUD. CONCLUSION: There is a strong association between AUD and TUD among older U.S. adults as well as associations between AUD and TUD with mood, anxiety, and personality disorders. Understanding the psychiatric conditions associated with AUDs and TUDs, especially past 12-month use disorders involving alcohol or tobacco, will enable healthcare providers to target screening and be more aware of symptoms and signs of potential AUDs and TUDs among those at higher risk.

Smoking intervention programme for male secondary-school students in south-western Saudi Arabia

A one-day antismoking programme was conducted for 289 students in a male secondary school in Abha, Saudi Arabia. The one-group pretest/post-test design to evaluate the programme was based on an Arabic version of the WHO standard questionnaire for young people. The results showed that the prevalence rate of regular smoking was 14.5%. The students showed marked variability in correct responses to various factual items. The programme had a significant impact on nonsmokers [P < 0.01] and prespecialty students [P < 0.01]. With the exception of smokers, the students showed an overall positive attitude towards public action, but the impact of the one-day programme was less than satisfactory