Comparación de la microfiltración apical de cuatro tipos de cementos endodónticos: Endofill, mtaFillapex, Adseal y Roeko Seal / Comparison of the Apical Microleakage of Four Types Of Endodontic Cements: Endofill, mta Fillapex, Adseal and Roeko Seal / Comparação da microinfiltração apical de quatro tipos de cimentos endodônticos: Endofill, mta Fillapex, Adseal e Roeko seal

Introducción: La microfiltración apical es uno de los principales causantes de fracasos endodónticos donde hay invasión de bacterias y líquidos periapicales a la parte interna del conducto radicular y material de relleno. Materiales y Métodos: La muestra estuvo conformada por 60 dientes premolares unirradiculares que fueron seccionados en la unión amelocementaria, la instrumentación biomecánica se realizó con técnica rotatoria e irrigación con hipoclorito de sodio al 5.25% y EDTA 17%, se dividió aleatoriamente en 4 grupos (n=15) para cada tipo de cemento, la obturación se realizó con la técnica de condensación lateral, a nivel coronal se obturó con Ionómero vidrio base y resina, se colocaron en una incubadora a 37° sumergidos en NaCL 0.9% por 5 días hasta el fraguado de los cementos, para observar la microfiltración se utilizó el método filtración de tinta china y la diafanización con la técnica de Robertson. Las medidas de microfiltración apical se observaron utilizando el Estereomicroscopio. Resultados: El valor promedio fue menor para el cemento Adseal 0,33mm, seguido por los cementos Fillapex 0,87mm, Roeko seal 1,00mm y Endofill 1,30mm respectivamente. Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la microfiltración apical de los cuatro cementos endodónticos (p=0.00) Conclusiones: El cemento Adseal presentó menor microfiltración en comparación a los cementos Fillapex, Roeko seal y Endofill.

Introduction: Apical microleakage is one of the main causes of endodontic failure, either due to invasion of microorganisms or periapical fluids into the canal, and only the composition of the type of obturator cement favors its reduction. The objective of this research was to compare the apical microleakage of four types of endodontic cements Endofill, MTA Fillapex, Adseal and Roeko Seal. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 60 single root premolar teeth that were sectioned at the cement- enamel junction, the biomechanical instrumentation was performed with a rotary technique and irrigation with sodium hypochlorite and edta, randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 15) for each type of cement, the obturation was performed with the lateral condensation technique, at the coronal level it was obturated with base glass ionomer and resin, they were placed in an incubator at 37° submerged in NaCL 0.9% for 5 days until setting. of the cements, to observe the microleakage the India ink filtration method was used and diaph-anization with the Robertson technique. Apical microleakage measurements were observed using the Stereomicroscope. Results: The average value was lower for the Adseal 0.33 mm cement, followed by the Fillapex 0.87 mm, Roeko Seal 1.00 mm and Endofill 1.30 mm cements respectively. There were sta-tistically significant differences in the apical microleakage of the four endodontic cements (p = 0.00) Conclusions: Adseal cement presented less microfiltration compared to Fillapex, Roeko Seal and Endofill cements

Introdução: a microinfiltração apical é uma das principais causas de falhas endodônticas onde há inva-são de microrganismos e líquidos periapicais ao interior do conducto e só a composição do tipo de cimento obturador favorece sua disminuição. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi comparar a microinfiltração apical de quatro tipos de cimentos endodônticos Endofill, MTA Fillapex, Adseal e Roeko Seal. Materiais e métodos: a amostra foi composta por 60 dentes pré-molares uniradiculares que foram seccionados na junção amelocementária. A instrumentação biomecânica foi realizada com técnica rotatória e irrigação com hipoclorito e edta, sendo dividida aleatoriamente em 4 grupos (n = 15) para cada tipo de cimento. A obturação foi realizada pela técnica de condensação lateral, no nível coronal foi obturado com base de ionômero de vidro e resina, foram colocados em incubadora a 37° submersos em NaCl 0,9% por 5 dias até a pega dos cimentos. Para observar a microfiltração utilizou-se o método de filtração em tinta nan-quim e diafanização pela técnica de Robertson. As medidas de microinfiltração apical foram observadas utilizando o estereomicroscópio. Resultados: o valor médio foi menor para o cimento Adseal (0,33 mm), seguido pelos cimentos Fillapex (0,87 mm), Roeko Seal (1,00 mm) e Endofill (1,30 mm), respectivamente. Houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas na microinfiltração apical dos quatro cimentos endo-dônticos (p = 0,00). Conclusões: o cimento Adseal apresentou menor microinfiltração comparado aos cimentos Fillapex, Roeko seal e Endofill.

The effect of apical patency on postoperative pain following endodontic therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine whether apical patency increases postoperative pain after endodontic therapy. This study explored the degree and incidence of postoperative pain during root canal therapy, as well as the number of required analgesic doses. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and gray literature from the date of database inception until May 2023. RevMan 5.4 software was used for data analysis. Twelve studies were considered eligible for meta-analysis. The mean pain scores on days 1 (mean difference [MD] = -1.69) and 2 (MD = -0.85) differed significantly between the apical patency and non-patency groups. The odds for pain after 24 h were significantly lower (OR 0.59) in the apical patency group than in the non-patency group. Furthermore, the mean number of required analgesic doses was not significantly different between the two groups. In conclusion, apical patency significantly alleviated postoperative pain (low-quality evidence) and reduced the incidence of pain (moderate evidence). However, high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to validate these findings.

Morphometric parameters of dental pulp in immature teeth in a sheep model after mechanical pulp exposure and restoration with reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol.

Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the morphometric parameters of dental pulp in open apices immature teeth in a sheep model after mechanical pulp exposure and restoration with reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, a total of 12 immature mandibular central incisors from six adult male sheep, weighing 30-40 kg and with the age of 1 year old with Merino race were examined. After anesthesia, the pulps of the teeth in the case group were mechanically exposed and then were restored with reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol and amalgam. In the control group, the teeth remained intact. The animals were sacrificed at intervals of 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks (E2, E4, E6, and E8) in the case and 2 and 8 weeks (C2 and C8) in the control groups. Then, their teeth were removed with the surrounding supporting tissues and alveolar bones. Tissue processing and staining were done, and the sections were examined under a light microscope. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyze the data and compare the changes between the two groups. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In response to mechanical exposure, reparative or tertiary dentin was formed, and its thickness increased during the time of the study. The thickness of the odontoblastic layer in the E4 group was the highest amount. The pulp chamber diameter in the C2 group was significantly larger than the other groups, and the diameter of the apical foramen in the E8 was decreased significantly compared to the controls (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In response to mechanical exposure and restoration with reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol, some morphometric parameters of the dental pulp changed significantly in the sheep model compared to the controls.

Accuracy of the integrated electronic apex locator in locating simulated perforation under various irrigating solutions in an in vitro study

Aim: This study's objective was to assess the accuracy of the integrated apex locator in identifying artificial root canal perforations in the presence of saline, chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite, QMix, and MTAD. Methods: The root canals of 60 single-rooted extracted human teeth were perforated artificially at a point 10 mm away from the root apex. After measuring the actual lengths up to the perforation point, the teeth were then put within an alginate mould for measurements using an integrated apex locator. Using a #20 K-file in the presence of NaCl, CHX, MTAD, NaOCl, and QMix, an electronic apex locator was used to measure the perforations electronically in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Between the measurements, each canal was dried with paper points after being irrigated with distilled water. The accuracy of all the readings was calculated at ± 0.5 mm. Statistical analyses were performed using the Z-test. Results: In comparison to the MTAD, NaOCl, and Qmix, saline and chlorhexidine scored more readings in the ± 0.5 mm range of the perforation site, and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: The most precise electronic measurements of artificial perforation were obtained in the presence of chlorhexidine or saline

In vitro apical extrusion of debris and instrumentation time following root canal instrumentation with Reciproc and Reciproc Blue instruments and a novel stainless steel rotary system (Gentlefile) versus manual instrumentation.

Background: This study compared apical extrusion of debris and instrumentation time following root canal instrumentation with Reciproc, Reciproc Blue, and Gentlefile (GF) rotary instruments versus the manual step-back technique. Methods: This in vitro study was conducted on 80 extracted mandibular premolars with mature apices and a root curvature of<10°. The teeth were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=20), standardized regarding working length, and placed in pre-weighed vials. The root canals were instrumented with Reciproc, Reciproc Blue, and GF systems and the manual step-back technique in the four groups. The vials containing the collected debris were then dried and weighed. The instrumentation time was also recorded for each group. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and post hoc Games-Howell test (α=0.05). Results: Minimum apical debris extrusion was noted in Reciproc, followed by Reciproc Blue, GF, and manual technique (P<0.05). Pairwise comparisons showed significantly lower apical extrusion of debris in the Reciproc compared with GF (P=0.015) and manual instrumentation (P=0.011) groups. The Reciproc system also had the shortest instrumentation time, followed by Reciproc Blue, GF, and manual instrumentation (P<0.05). Pairwise comparisons showed significant differences between all the systems (P<0.05) except between Reciproc and Reciproc Blue (P>0.05) in this respect. Conclusion: Although all systems caused apical extrusion of debris, manual instrumentation caused maximum extrusion of debris. In contrast, the Reciproc system was superior to others regarding minimal apical extrusion of debris and the shortest instrumentation time.

Regeneration of immature incisor using platelet rich fibrin: report of a novel clinical application.

BACKGROUND: Endodontic treatment of young permanent teeth with necrotic pulp presents a clinical challenge for the dentist, and conventional endodontic treatment will result in tooth fracture along with a poor prognosis. Regenerative endodontics is a new protocol that has been advanced in the last decades for managing immature permanent teeth. Rare successful management of immature permanent incisors using platelet-rich fibrin is a technique-sensitive procedure. CASE PRESENTATION: A 08 years 04 months old female reported the chief complaint of pain in the upper front tooth region for one week. A blunderbuss canal was identified on radiographic examination, and revascularization using platelet-rich fibrin was planned and adopted. After the treatment, apical closure and root lengthening were noted without complications during subsequent follow-ups. Complete periapical healing with greater than 1.5 cm of dentinal thickness was noted. CONCLUSION: Revascularization can be considered a viable treatment option for immature nonvital permanent teeth; with advancements in regenerative medicine and clinical practices, revascularization therapies could be developed as a novel mode of treatment in non-vital and dental traumatic cases.

Morphological alterations of the apical foramen after foraminal enlargement: a systematic review of ex vivo studies / Alterações morfológicas do forame apical após ampliação foraminal: uma revisão sistemática de estudos ex vivo

Foraminal enlargement has been recommended to optimize the disinfection of infected root canals, although some authors still claim that the foramen should be kept in its original shape and position. This study aimed to evaluate morphological alterations of apical foramen after foraminal enlargement through a systematic review. An electronic search was conducted until April 2022. Ex vivo studies evaluating influence of foraminal enlargement in the morphologic changes of apical foramen were included. Studies without a control group or available full text were excluded. Foraminal deformation and area increase were considered as primary outcomes. Risk-of-bias assessment was performed according to a modified Joanna Briggs Institute's Checklist. From 702 studies retrieved, five were eligible. Most studies used single-rooted teeth, and rotary systems for instrumentation ranging from ­ 2 mm to + 1 mm to the apex. All studies found increased major foramen deformation after foraminal enlargement. Among four studies that evaluated foraminal area, all found increased area after foraminal enlargement. Insufficient data for touched/untouched walls by instruments and dentinal microcrack formation was observed. A low risk of bias was found. Foraminal enlargement during root canal preparation seems to increase deformation and major apical foramen area. Future investigations with standardized methodologies are encouraged (AU)

A ampliação foraminal tem sido recomendada para otimizar a desinfecção de canais radiculares infectados, embora alguns autores ainda afirmem que o forame deve ser mantido em sua forma e posição originais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar alterações morfológicas do forame apical após ampliação foraminal por meio de uma revisão sistemática. Uma busca eletrônica foi realizada até abril de 2022. Foram incluídos estudos ex vivo que avaliaram a influência da ampliação foraminal nas alterações morfológicas do forame apical. Foram excluídos estudos sem grupo controle ou com texto completo indisponível. A deformação foraminal e o aumento da área foram considerados desfechos primários. A avaliação do risco de viés foi realizada de acordo com uma lista de verificação modificada do Instituto Joanna Briggs. Dos 702 registros recuperados, cinco foram elegíveis. A maioria dos estudos utilizou dentes unirradiculares e sistemas rotatórios para instrumentação, com comprimento de trabalho variando de ­ 2 mm a + 1 mm até o ápice. Todos os estudos encontraram aumento da deformação do forame maior após ampliação foraminal. Dos quatro estudos que avaliaram a área foraminal, todos encontraram aumento de área após alargamento foraminal. Foram observados dados insuficientes para paredes tocadas/intocadas pelos instrumentos e formação de microfissuras dentinárias. Um baixo risco de viés foi encontrado. A ampliação foraminal durante o preparo do canal radicular parece aumentar a deformação e a área do forame apical. Futuras investigações com metodologias padronizadas são incentivadas (AU)

Avaliação da ampliação foraminal, centralização do preparo apical, características geométricas e flexibilidade de instrumentos reciprocantes Reciproc Blue R25 e duas réplicas / Evaluation of foraminal enlargement, centralization of the apical preparation, geometric characteristics and flexibility of reciprocating instruments Reciproc Blue R25 and two replicas

Um dos grandes desafios da Endodontia é vencer a grande variabilidade morfológica do sistema de canais radiculares e promover uma adequada desinfecção em toda sua extensão. O transporte do forame apical pode levar a complicações nos procedimentos de limpeza e obturação subsequentes. Esse trabalho se propôs a avaliar por meio da Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) as alterações morfológicas, a ampliação e centralização do preparo apical após instrumentação de canais radiculares em dentes extraídos utilizando limas reciprocantes Reciproc Blue R25, e duas de suas réplicas, sistemas NiTi TDK V-File e UnivyOne. Quarenta e oito pré-molares extraídos foram utilizados e divididos em 9 grupos. Cada grupo com 7 canais foi instrumentado com um dos 3 sistemas de limas avaliados e em uma das 3 seguintes situações: comprimentos de trabalho no nível do forame apical (RB0, VF0 e UO0), um milímetro além do forame (RB1, VF1 e UO1) e dois milímetros além do forame (RB2, VF2 e UO2). O estudo também relacionou o comportamento destes instrumentos à sua flexibilidade e características geométricas. Para avaliação de alterações morfológicas do forame apical após a ampliação foraminal, os ápices radiculares dos dentes foram analisados através de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, MEV. A ampliação do forame e a ocorrência de transporte apical foi medida a partir de imagens antes e após o preparo do canal de acordo com as medidas de área e análise de Feret dos forames apicais,utilizando o software ImageJ. As imagens foram avaliadas por 1 examinador previamente treinado e calibrado. Fotos em alta resolução e o software Image J 1.48V foram utilizados para mensuração do comprimento total e diâmetros a cada milímetro da parte ativa dos instrumentos (n=10). A flexibilidade dos instrumentos (n=10) foi aferida através de ensaios de dobramento a 45° utilizando uma máquina de testes (Analógica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil) construída com base na especificação ISO 3630-1 (International Organization for Standardization, 1992). Todos os valores observados foram anotados e a análise estatística foi realizada através do programa SPSS ­ Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Foram feitas análises descritivas através das frequências absolutas, média, mediana, desvio padrão e amplitude. O teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para avaliar a distribuição das variáveis contínuas de acordo com os grupos e sistemas de limas analisados. Para as variáveis com distribuição normal foram realizados os testes ANOVA one-way com pós-teste de Tukey e teste T pareado. Para as variáveis com distribuição não-normal foram realizados os testes Kruskal-Wallis com pós-teste Dunn e teste Wilcoxon. Para todos os testes, foi considerado um nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostraram que, em relação à ampliação foraminal, todos canais apresentaram um aumento da área final dos forames em comparação à área inicial, sem diferença estatística entre os sistemas de instrumentos e comprimentos de trabalho avaliados. Não foi encontrada diferença na Relação de Feret obtida para os grupos, tanto antes quanto após a instrumentação, demonstrando que não houve transporte apical significativo em nenhuma das situações avaliadas. O sistema de limas Reciproc Blue apresentou menor diâmetro nas medidas de diâmetro D1, quando comparado ao sistema de limas V-File (P = 0,021), e nas medidas D3 e D4, quando comparado ao sistema de limas Univy One (P = 0,039 e P = 0,017, respectivamente). Nos testes de flexibilidade, o sistema Univy One mostrou-se mais flexível e o V-File menos flexível (P<0,001). O estudo concluiu que apesar de os sistemas Reciproc Blue e suas réplicas não serem iguais em termos de geometria e flexibilidade, não houve diferença entre eles quanto à ampliação foraminal e transporte apical, em nenhuma das situações avaliadas.

One of the biggest challenges in Endodontics is to overcome the great morphological variability of the root canal system and promote an adequate disinfection in all its extension. Transport of the apical foramen can lead to complications in subsequent cleaning and obturation procedures. This work aimed to evaluate, by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the morphological alterations, and the enlargement and centralization of the apical preparation after instrumentation of root canals in extracted teeth using Reciproc Blue R25 reciprocating files, and two of its replicas, systems NiTi TDK V-File and UnivyOne. Forty-eight extracted premolars were used and divided into 9 groups. Each group with 7 canals was instrumented with one of the 3 file systems evaluated and in one of the 3 following situations: working lengths in the foramen (RB0, VF0 and UO0), one millimeter beyond the foramen (RB1, VF1 and UO1) and two millimeters beyond the foramen (RB2, VF2 and UO2). The study also related the behavior of these instruments to their flexibility and geometric characteristics. To evaluate the morphological alterations of the apical foramen after foraminal enlargement, the root apexes of the teeth were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM. The enlargement of the foramen and the occurrence of apical transport was measured from images before and after canal preparation according to area measurements and Feret analysis of the apical foramen using ImageJ software. The images were evaluated by 1 previously trained and calibrated examiner. High resolution photos and the Image J 1.48V software were used to measure the total length and diameters at each millimeter of the active part of the instruments (n=10). The flexibility of the instruments (n=10) was checked through bending tests at 45° using a testing machine (Analógica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil) built based on the ISO 3630-1 specification (International Organization for Standardization, 1992). All observed values were noted down and the statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS ­ Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program. Descriptive analyzes were performed using absolute, mean, median, standard deviation and amplitude frequencies. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was used to evaluate the distribution of continuous variables according to the groups and file systems analyzed. For variables with normal distribution, one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-test and paired t test were performed. For variables with non-normal distribution, Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed with Dunn post-test and Wilcoxon test. For all tests, a significance level of 5% was considered. The results showed that, regarding foraminal enlargement, all canals showed an increase in the final area compared to the initial area, with no statistical difference between the instrument systems and working lengths evaluated. No difference was found in the Feret Ratio obtained for the groups, both before and after instrumentation, demonstrating that there was no significant apical transport in any of the evaluated situations. Reciproc Blue file system had a smaller diameter in the D1 diameter measurements, when compared to the V-File file system (P = 0.021), and in the D3 and D4 measurements, when compared to the Univy One file system (P = 0.039 and P = 0.017, respectively). In the flexibility tests, the Univy One system was more flexible and the V-File less flexible (P<0.001). The study concluded that although the Reciproc Blue systems and their replicas are not the same in terms of geometry and flexibility, there was no difference between them in terms of foraminal enlargement and apical transport, in any of the evaluated situations.

Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity of Two Types of Triple Antibiotic Paste on Human Permanent Dental Apical Papilla Stem Cells: an in vitroin vitro Study.

Statement of the Problem: The use of a new antimicrobial combination in the regenerative endodontic treatment of immature teeth pulp necrosis is a well-known method. Concerns have been raised about the destructive effect of this combination on the stem cells from the apical papilla of permanent human teeth, and there is a study gap. Purpose: The main objective of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxic effect of modified triple antibiotic paste (mTAP) on stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) of permanent human teeth. Materials and Method: In this in vitro study, stem cells were removed from the immature teeth. After cultivation and third passage, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, minocycline, and clindamycin were placed in the cell culture medium alone , paired, and in combinations as triple antibiotic paste (TAP) (metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, and minocycline) and mTAP (metronidazole, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin) with doses of 25, 50, 100, 200, 400µg/ml. After 1 and 3 days, cell viability in the culture medium was assessed using the MTT method ([4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). SPSS software version 24, descriptive statistics methods, and statistical tests such as Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were adopted to analyze the data. Results: Analysis of MTT findings indicated that the use of mTAP at 100µg/ml and TAP at 200µg/ml had no adverse cytotoxic effect on stem cells in the first 24 hours, compared to the control group. The cell viability decreased at higher concentrations, although it was not statistically significant. After 72 hours, the toxicity of concentrations higher than 100µg/ml of mTAP and 400 µg/ml of TAP significantly mitigated the percentage of viable cells. Conclusion: The obtained results demonstrated that the concentration of 100 µg/ml of mTAP could replace TAP in regenerative endodontic treatments at the studied time intervals without worrying about the toxicity.

Panoramic radiography and cone-beam computed tomography to measure distances between root apexes and anatomical structures / Radiografía panorámica y tomografía computarizada de haz cónico para medir distancias entre ápices radiculares y estructuras anatómicas

Aim: To compare the accuracy of the panoramic radiography with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans in measuring the distances between root apexes and the adjacent anatomical structures including the maxillary sinus and the mandibular canal. Material and Methods: A total of 200 CBCT scans (100 maxillary and 100 mandibular) from patients who also had corresponding panoramic radiography were selected. Linear measurements (in mm) presenting centralized image were made between the apexes of the maxillary teeth and the inferior wall of the maxillary sinus, and between the apexes of the mandibular teeth and the superior border of the mandibular canal by using specific software for panoramic radiography and the measurements on the coronal sections in CBCT scans. Data were submitted to inferential statistical analysis and Student's t-test for comparison between measurements. Results: CBCT scans were significantly more accurate than panoramic radiography to measure the distances between the apexes of the maxillary teeth and the inferior wall of the maxillary sinus (p<0.05) and between the apexes of the mandibular teeth and the superior border of the mandibular canal or mental foramen (p<0.05). Conclusion: CBCT scans present more accurate measurements than panoramic radiography.

Objetivo: Comparar la precisión de la radiografía panorámica con las exploraciones de la tomografía computarizada dental de haz en cónico (CBCT) para medir las distancias entre los vértices radiculares y las estructuras anatómicas adyacentes, incluidos el seno maxilar y el canal mandibular. Material y Métodos: Se seleccionaron un total de 200 tomografías CBCT (100 maxilares y 100 mandibulares) de pacientes que además tenían la correspondiente radiografía panorámica. Se realizaron mediciones lineales (en mm) que presentaban imagen centralizada entre los ápices de los dientes maxilares y la pared inferior del seno maxilar, y entre los ápices de los dientes mandibulares y el borde superior del canal mandibular mediante software específico para radiografía panorámica. y las mediciones en las secciones coronales en escaneos CBCT. Los datos se sometieron a análisis estadístico inferencial y prueba t de Student para comparación entre mediciones. Resultados: Las exploraciones CBCT fueron significativamente más precisas que la radiografía panorámica para medir las distancias entre los ápices de los dientes maxilares y la pared inferior del seno maxilar (p<0,05) y entre los ápices de los dientes mandibulares y el borde superior de los dientes mandibulares. canal o agujero mentoniano (p<0.05). Conclusión: Las exploraciones CBCT presentan mediciones más precisas que la radiografía panorámica.

Effect of apical microsurgery on force regulation of incisor teeth during unpredictable force control task.

BACKGROUND: Apical microsurgery (AMS) involves removal of the root-end which can affect the force regulation of teeth. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the force regulation of incisor teeth treated with AMS during the unpredictable force control task in comparison with their contralateral teeth with complete root apices, in humans. METHODS: Fifteen eligible participants (8 women and 7 men; mean age 52.9 ± SD 4.4 years) performed a standardised unpredictable force control task, which involved pulling and holding a force transducer with AMS-treated incisors and their contralateral control teeth (n = 30 teeth). A series of four load masses: 100, 200, 50 and 300 gm were attached to the force transducer through a string in an unpredictable manner. The obtained force profile was divided into initial and later time-segments. The peak force and peak force rate during the initial time-segment, and the holding force and coefficient of variability during the later time-segments were calculated and compared by the repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: During the initial time-segment, the peak force and peak force rate were significantly lower in the AMS-treated teeth than in the controls (p = .001, p = .013, respectively). However, during the later time-segment, no significant differences in the holding force nor the coefficient of variability were observed between the AMS-treated teeth and their controls (p = .755, p = .213, respectively). CONCLUSION: In contrast to incisors with complete normal root apices, AMS-treated incisors do not show robust changes in force regulation.

Evaluation of foramen locating accuracy of an endodontic motor integrated with electronic foramen employing optimal glide path kinematics.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the auto apical function in the maintenance of the apical limit of instrumentation during glide path procedures when associated to OGP kinematics of Tri Auto ZX2, compared to the continuous rotation of the same motor, as well as Root ZX II and VDW Gold. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight extracted human mandibular single-rooted premolars were selected. After endodontic access, cervical pre-flaring was performed using size 30, 0.10 taper rotary instruments, and the apical foramen size was standardized to 200 µm. Teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12) according to the device and kinematics. For all the groups, the Auto Apical Stop function (AAS) was set to the 0.0 mark. Glide path instruments size 25, .01 taper were activated inside the canals until the apical limit was reached. Then, the files were fixed with cyanoacrylate to the teeth and decoupled from the equipment. Data were statistically analyzed in GraphPad Prism 6.0 software with the significance set at 5% (Kruskal-Wallis tests). RESULTS: There was no difference in the mean deviation between the groups. No significant difference was found among the groups when the distributions and percentages of differences between the file tip and the apical foramen were compared (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The use of auto apical function at the 0.0 mark of all tested devices provided an adequate control of the apical limit during glide path preparation. Foramen locating accuracy of Tri Auto ZX2 in OGP kinematics was similar to those of Tri Auto ZX2, Root ZX II, and VDW Gold in continuous kinematics. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinical strategies in canal negotiation and glide path as OGP motion associated to electronic foramen locators could reduce iatrogenic risk of deviation and file fractures and create an easier initial preparation to facilitate endodontic procedures.

Endodontic and Periodontal Treatment of Complete Buccal Root and Apex Exposition: A Challenging Case Report With 17 Months Follow-Up.

INTRODUCTION: This case report demonstrated a challenging clinical case addressed within a multidisciplinary approach to achieve its maintenance, even though had a poor prognosis. It was associated with the endodontic treatment with mucogingival techniques, including periodontal microsurgery and connective tissue graft. CASE PRESENTATION: A patient presented a deep gingival recession with the apex-exposed non-vital tooth with interproximal bone loss (RT2) and without mobility. The treatment involved an initial endodontic approach and periodontal therapy (scaling and root planing), microsurgical techniques with coronally advanced flap, root preparation with PrefGel (24% EDTA), enamel matrix derivatives (Emdogain), and connective tissue graft. As a clinical result, it was verified an increase of keratinized tissue width and gingival thickness, and root coverage (RC), reaching good esthetics and a stable result after 17 months. CONCLUSION: The correct diagnosis and technique selection may affect directly the outcome, especially in challenging cases. Even though there was a poor prognosis, an adequate treatment plan, patient cooperation, and technique mastery help to achieve a high level of RC, esthetic recovering, and successful outcome.

Avaliação das alterações morfológicas do forame apical após ampliação foraminal: uma revisão sistemática / Evaluation of morphological alterations of apical foramen after foraminal enlargement: a systematic review

Este trabalho de revisão sistemática propôs-se a avaliar as alterações morfológicas do forame apical após procedimento de ampliação foraminal. Foi realizada busca eletrônica nas bases de dados PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, Embase, Google Acadêmico e listas de referência até abril de 2022. Apenas estudos ex vivo avaliando a influência do alargamento foraminal nas alterações morfológicas do forame apical foram incluídos. Estudos sem um grupo controle ou texto completo disponível foram excluídos. Deformação foraminal e aumento de área do forame foram considerados os desfechos primários. A avaliação do risco de viés foi realizada de acordo com uma lista de verificação modificada do Joanna Briggs Institute. Setecentos e dois estudos foram recuperados, dos quais treze eram elegíveis para análise qualitativa. A maioria dos estudos utilizou molares superiores ou inferiores com canais radiculares curvos e sistemas rotatórios e reciprocantes para instrumentação. O comprimento de trabalho determinado pelos estudos incluídos variou de dois milímetros aquém a um milímetro além do forame apical. Em relação à deformação foraminal, dos estudos incluídos nesta revisão, oito encontraram aumento da deformação do forame após ampliação foraminal, enquanto cinco não observaram influência significativa. Entre oito estudos que avaliaram a área foraminal, todos encontraram aumento da área após ampliação foraminal. Dados insuficientes para paredes tocadas/intocadas pelos instrumentos endodônticos e formação de microtrincas dentinárias foram observados. Um baixo risco de viés foi encontrado. Dentro das limitações desta revisão, nota-se que a ampliação foraminal durante o preparo do canal radicular parece aumentar a deformação e a área do forame apical, especialmente quando o comprimento de trabalho excede o limite do forame maior em, pelo menos, um milímetro. No entanto, não foi possível concluir se existe um protocolo conservador, porém eficaz, para ampliação foraminal, devido à grande heterogeneidade metodológica dos estudos. Futuras investigações com metodologias padronizadas são encorajadas a fim de se fornecer evidências mais robustas.

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the morphological alterations of the apical foramen after foraminal enlargement procedure. Electronic searches were performed in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, Embase, Google Scholar databases and reference lists until April 2022. Only ex vivo studies evaluating the influence of foraminal enlargement on morphological changes of the apical foramen were included. Studies without a control group or full text available were excluded. Foraminal deformation and increased area were considered the primary outcomes. The risk of bias assessment was performed according to a modified Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Seven hundred two studies were retrieved, of which thirteen were eligible for qualitative analysis. Most studies used maxillary or mandibular molars with curved root canals and rotary and reciprocating systems for instrumentation. The working length determined by the included studies ranged from two millimeters short to one millimeter beyond the apical foramen. Regarding foraminal deformation, of the studies included in this review, eight found an increase in foramen deformation after foraminal enlargement, while five did not observe a significant influence. Among eight studies that evaluated the foraminal area, all found an increase in the area after foraminal enlargement. Insufficient data for touched/untouched cemental walls by endodontic instruments and formation of dentin microcracks were observed. A low risk was found in the risk of bias analysis of eligible studies. Within the limitations of this review, it is noted that foraminal enlargement during root canal preparation seems to increase the deformation and area of the apical foramen, especially when the working length exceeds the limit of the greater foramen by at least one millimeter. However, it was not possible to conclude whether there is a conservative but effective protocol for foraminal enlargement due to the great methodological heterogeneity of the studies. Future investigations with standardized methodologies are encouraged in order to provide more robust evidence.

Influence of different reciprocating systems on the apical extrusion of debris in flat-oval canals

Aim: To evaluate the apical extrusion of debris in flat-oval canals, using three reciprocating systems at two different working lengths (WL), 0 mm and 1 mm from the apical foramen. Methods: Ninety mandibular incisors were randomly divided into three groups based on the systems: WaveOne Gold #25.07 (WOG), ProDesign R #25.06 (PDR), and X1 Blue #25.06 (X1B). Extruded debris were collected and dried in pre-weighed Eppendorf tubes. Three consecutive weighings were performed for each tube, and the mean was calculated. If the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance were not met, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the amount of extruded debris between groups with the same WL, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison within groups for each WL. Results: All groups had extruded debris, with higher median values occurring at 1 mm. No significant difference regarding the amount of debris extrusion was observed at 0 mm (p>0.05) and 1 mm (p>0.05) between groups. However, within the groups, at different WL, there was greater extrusion at 1 mm (p<0.05), with PDR differing significantly from the other systems (p<0.05). Conclusion: The extrusion of debris occurred regardless of the group, with higher values at 1 mm. However, using PDR at 1 mm from the apical foramen showed the highest values of extrusion

A Novel Surgical Approach for the Successful Removal of Overextruded Separated Endodontic Instruments.

Endodontic procedures can result in various complications. Separation of the endodontic instrument is a common complication of incorrect use or overuse of the instrument. However, a separated endodontic instrument may hinder cleaning and shaping during endodontic treatment procedures, which can potentially impact prognosis. Therefore, it is necessary to manage this complication by removal of the separated instruments from inside the root canal. Although several devices are used, nonsurgical removal for retreatment remains difficult. We report the case of a failed attempt to manage a separated endodontic instrument nonsurgically by a private dentist, which resulted in extrusion of the instrument beyond the root apex and its migration into the mandible. We describe a novel surgical approach involving intentional tooth replantation combined with alveolar osteotomy. There have been few reports on the management of separated endodontic instruments that were pushed out beyond the root apex. Our novel surgical approach suggests a technique for the potential removal of a separated endodontic instrument extruded beyond the root apex.

CBCT influences endodontic therapeutic decision-making in immature traumatized teeth with suspected pulp necrosis: a before-after study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in endodontic therapeutic decision-making of immature traumatized teeth with suspected pulp necrosis. METHODS: Over two years, consecutive patients with a dental trauma in their front teeth (apex >0.5 mm) and with suspected pulp necrosis based on clinical and radiographic findings were referred to a specialist clinic in Sweden. Fifteen patients aged 6-13 (18 teeth) were included and clinically examined by an endodontist. Intraoral radiographs and CBCT examinations were obtained. Five practitioners, three endodontists and two residents in endodontics, used these examinations to determine the most appropriate treatment for the 18 cases (all central incisors) on two occasions scheduled 19 weeks apart. On the first occasion, the practitioners had access to clinical information and the intraoral radiographs ('before' CBCT); on the second occasion, the practitioners had also access to a radiologist report and the CBCT images ('after' CBCT). Their treatment plans - no treatment, watchful waiting, endodontic orthograde treatment, or extraction - were made anonymously and independently. Results were analysed using descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: 'After' CBCT, practitioners changed treatment plans in 30% of the 90 assessments, 74% of which were more aggressive (p = 0.028). In 49% of the assessments, practitioners who chose the watchful and waiting treatment plan 'before' CBCT changed to a more aggressive therapy such as endodontic orthograde treatment and extraction 'after' CBCT (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that CBCT influences endodontic therapeutic decision-making regarding immature traumatised teeth with suspected pulp necrosis, chiefly when expectant management (i.e., watchful and waiting) was selected before access to CBCT.

Different techniques for the treatment of teeth with an incomplete root development and pulp necrosis: a systematic review / Diferentes técnicas para o tratamento de dentes com rizogênese incompleta e necrose pulpar: uma revisão sistemática

Introduction: The objective of this systematic review was to compare the apexification techniques of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), or mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), with the pulp regeneration technique, using cohort studies, and non-randomized and randomized clinical trials. Methods: The methodology was based on electronic research in the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, SciELO, and LILACS. In addition, a manual search was carried out using the references that were listed in the articles found. Results: A total of 403 potentially eligible studies were found, with seven being included in the inclusion criteria of this systematic review. The seven studies involved a total of 312 teeth. The minimum time of a follow-up period was 12 months. The irrigation solution most used was sodium hypochlorite, for both of the apexification and revascularization techniques. The medication commonly chosen in the apexification groups was Ca(OH)2, with antibiotic triple paste in the revascularization groups. The clinical rate of success in the groups treated with revascularization varied from 76% to 100%, while in the groups treated with apexification, it ranged from 68% to 100%. Only two studies reached a success rate equal to 100%. Conclusions: Variable levels of evidence were observed in relation to the treatments. However, it was confirmed that revascularization is an excellent option since its outcomes produced a greater gain of thickness and root length, besides developing a decrease in the apical foramen.

Introdução: O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi comparar as técnicas de apexificação, com hidróxido de cálcio (Ca(OH)2) ou agregado trióxido mineral (MTA), com a técnica de regeneração pulpar, utilizando estudos coorte, ensaio clínico não randomizado e randomizado. Métodos: A metodologia foi baseada em pesquisa eletrônica nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Acadêmico, SciELO e LILACS. Além disso, foi realizada uma pesquisa manual utilizando as referências listadas nos artigos encontrados. Resultados: Foram encontrados 403 estudos potencialmente elegíveis, sendo sete incluídos nos critérios de inclusão desta revisão sistemática. Os sete estudos envolveram um total de 312 dentes. O tempo mínimo de um período de acompanhamento foi de 12 meses. A solução de irrigação mais utilizada foi o hipoclorito de sódio, para as técnicas de apexificação e revascularização. O medicamento comumente escolhido nos grupos de apexificação foi o Ca(OH)2, com pasta tripla antibiótica nos grupos de revascularização. A taxa clínica de sucesso nos grupos tratados com revascularização variou de 76% a 100%, enquanto nos grupos tratados com apexificação variou de 68% a 100%. Apenas dois estudos atingiram uma taxa de sucesso igual a 100%. Conclusões: Níveis variáveis de evidência foram observados em relação aos tratamentos. No entanto, confirmou-se que a revascularização é uma excelente opção, pois seus desfechos produzem maior ganho de espessura e comprimento radicular, além de diminuir o forame apical.

Análise comparativa da precisão de medição dos localizadores apicais eletrônicos Romiapex a15® e Root zx mini®: um estudo in vitro / Comparative analysis of the measuring accuracy of the electronic apex locators Romiapex a15® and Root zx mini®: an in vitro study

Este estudo analisou a precisão de medição dos aparelhos ROMIAPEX A 15® e ROOT ZX MINI®, in vitro, comparativamente pelo método radiográfico e eletrônico no que diz respeito à precisão e confiabilidade na determinação do Comprimento Real de Trabalho (CRT) e Comprimento Real do Dente (CRD). Vinte dentes humanos (incisivos superiores e pré-molares superiores/inferiores) foram avalia das e seus CRD's e CRT's aferidos de forma direta por meio de lima tipo k nº 10 ou 15 (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Suíça), pelo método radiográfico e método eletrônico. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre as medidas para CRD (p=0,003) e CRT (p=0,042) entre os métodos direto, radio gráfico e eletrônico. Ambos os métodos ficaram próximos da medida real, quando por vezes também definiram a mesma medida real. Os CRD's obtidos pelos métodos radiográfico e eletrônico foram sub metidos ao Teste t de Student (p<0,024) apontando relação estatística significativa para a verificação da odontometria, sugerindo que ambos os métodos são eficazes na determinação do comprimento real do dente quanto de trabalho. O método eletrônico apresentou eficácia satisfatória estatistica mente nos casos comparativamente aos outros métodos também avaliados. Os dados sugerem que os localizadores citados podem auxiliar as tomadas de decisões para determinação do CRD e CRT

This study analyzed the measurement accuracy of the ROMIAPEX A15® and ROOT ZX MINI® locators, in vitro, comparatively by the radiographic and electronic methods with regard to the precision and reliability in the determination of the Real Working Length (RWL) and Real Tooth Length (RTL). Twenty human teeth (upper incisors and upper/lower premolars) were evaluated it had the RTL and RWL measured through rasp k No 10/15 (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland) by radiographic and electronic methods. There were no significant differences between the measures for RTL (p = 0,003) and RWL (p = 0,042) for the methods. It means that both methods were very close to the real measure, when sometimes they also defined the same real measure. The RTL obtained by methods radiographic and electronic, were submitted to Student's t test (p <0,024), showed statistical significance in relation to the methods used for verification of odontometry, which means that both methods are effective to determine an actual length of the element and the length of actual work. The electronic method showed statistically satisfactory effectiveness in the cases compared to the other methods.The data suggest that these locators can assist decision making to determine RTL and RWL ... (AU)

A laboratory study of the accuracy of three electronic apex locators: influence of embedding media and radiographic assessment of the electronic apical limit.

AIM: To evaluate several factors that might interfere with the use of electronic root canal length measurement devices (ERCLMDs) in a laboratory setting, including two different embedding media (alginate and electroconductive gel), three different types of devices and the radiographic view on the assessment of the electronic readings. METHODOLOGY: Thirty single-rooted extracted human mandibular premolars were selected. After access and canal pre-flaring, a size 10 K-file was inserted in the canal up to the major apical foramen under magnification (×10), and this length was recorded as the actual length (AL) of the canal. Teeth were mounted on a specific endodontic training kit platform (ProTrain). Two different embedding media (electroconductive gel and alginate) and three different ERCLMDs: Apex ID (SybronEndo, Glendora, CA, USA), CanalPro Apex Locator (Coltene-Endo, Cuyahoga Falls, OH, USA) and the Root ZX II (J. Morita, Tokyo, Japan), were tested. Following the measurement at the 0.5 mark of each ERCLMD using alginate, two periapical radiographs (bucco-lingual and proximal views) were taken. The difference between the electronic readings and the AL, as well as the distance from the file tip to the apex of the roots on the radiographs, was calculated. Data were analysed statistically (two-way anova, Tukey's and chi-squared tests) at 5% significance level. RESULTS: The incidence of over-extended readings was significantly greater (P < 0.05) when using the ProTrain electroconductive gel, except for Root ZX II at the 0.5 mark. Root ZX, CanalPro and Apex ID had similar accuracy when the 0.0/APEX mark was used to locate the foramen. For the radiographic method, no difference was found between the devices or radiographic views. CONCLUSION: Compared with alginate, the conductive gel of the ProTrain kit negatively affected most of the electronic readings. The three evaluated ERCLMDs had similar accuracy in locating the apical foramen when using the mark 0.0/APEX and alginate as the embedding media. Although the ProTrain platform allows radiographs to be exposed in both bucco-lingual and proximal views, no difference was found between the views when evaluating the apical limit provided by the 0.5 mark in mandibular premolars embedded in alginate.