ABSTRACT
The fruit pulp of Crescentia cujete is traditionally used in folk medicine for the treatment of a variety of respiratory conditions and gastrointestinal disorders. Due to the lack of a comprehensive phytochemical description of the fruit of this plant, its active compounds and rational quality control parameters have not yet been described. An untargeted metabolomics approach combining UPLC-MS/MS-based molecular networking with conventional isolation and NMR methods was carried out for the phytochemical profiling of the fruit pulp of Crescentia cujete. Sixty-six metabolites, including nine n-alkyl glycosides, twenty-three phenolic acid derivatives (such as cinnamoyl and benzoyl derivatives), fifteen flavonoids, four phenylethanoid derivatives and fifteen iridoid glycosides were identified at different levels of confirmation: eighteen confirmed structures (Level 1), six probable structures (Level 2) and forty two tentative candidates (Level 3). Among these, all four phenylethanoid derivatives were described for the first time within this species. In addition, 8-epi-eranthemoside, crescentiol A and crescentiol B were reported as three undescribed iridoid glucosides. The use of molecular networking has resulted in a detailed phytochemical overview of this species. This work provides a useful tool for further development and validation of appropriate analytical methods for routine quality control assessment of commercially available products containing the fruit of this species and further interpretation of their related pharmacological effects.
Subject(s)
Bignoniaceae , Chromatography, Liquid , Fruit , Phytochemicals , Plant Extracts , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
Introducción: el árbol de Crescentia cujete L. (Bignonaceae), conocido en Colombia como totumo, es una especie característica de climas tropicales. Su rasgo más distintivo es el fruto, el cual es una calabaza esférica con cáscara dura y leñosa, y una pulpa gelatinosa con numerosas semillas. Objetivo: realizar el estudio químico y biológico sobre el extracto etanólico del epicarpio de Crescentia cujete L. Métodos: se recolectó el material vegetal y se obtuvo el extracto etanólico total. Luego se realizó el tamizaje preliminar fitoquímico, los ensayos físico-químicos directos sobre el material vegetal, la cuantificación de metales pesados y, finalmente, el estudio biológico frente a larvas de Aedes aegypti L. (Culicidae) en estadios III y IV, larvas de Artemia salina Leach. (Artemiidae) y células apicales de raíces de Allium cepa L. (Amaryllidaceae). Resultados: se identificó la presencia de tres grupos de metabólitos secundarios: flavonoides, esteroides y triterpenos. Asimismo, se cuantificó el contenido de agua y cenizas en base seca, y se determinaron las concentraciones de algunos metales pesados como cadmio, cromo, mercurio y plomo. En el estudio biológico se puso de manifiesto que el extracto no presenta toxicidad aguda en ninguno de los sistemas biológicos ensayados, a las concentraciones y tiempos de experimentación. Conclusiones: la información obtenida en la presente investigación, constituye un recurso importante para la comunidad científica porque proporciona elementos relacionados con la naturaleza química y el comportamiento biológico del epicarpio del totumo, antes no reportados.
Introduction: Crescentia cujete L. (Bignonaceae) tree known in Colombia as totumo, is a characteristic species of tropical climates. Its most distinctive feature is the fruit, which is a spherical pumpkin with hard and woody peel, and a gelatinous pulp having a lot of seeds. Objective: to conduct the chemical and biological ethanol extract of Crescentia cujete L. epicarp. Methods: vegetal material was harvested and the total ethanol extract was obtained. Then, preliminary phytochemical screening, direct physical and chemical tests on vegetal material, the quantification of heavy metals and finally the biological study against Aedes aegypti L. (Culicidae) larvae in stages III and IV, Artemia salina Leach. (Artemiidae) larvae and apical cells of Allium cepa L. (Amaryllidaceae) roots. Results: the presence of three groups of secondary metabolites, that is, flavonoids, steroids and triterpenes were identified. Likewise, the water and ash content on dry basis was quantified as well as the levels of concentration of some heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium, mercury and lead were estimated. The biological study revealed that the extract did not show acute toxicity either in any of the tested biological systems or at the concentrations and the time of experimentation. Conclusions: the information obtained in this research is an important resource for the scientific community and provides elements associated to the chemical nature and the biological behavior of the totumo ´s epicarp not contained in previous reports.
