Prevalência e fatores de riscos relacionados a comportamentos suicidas em profissionais do sexo / Prevalencia y factores de riesgo relacionados con la conducta suicidal en trabajadores sexuales / Prevalence and risk factors related to suicidal behavior in sex workers

Introdução: O trabalho sexual consentido é, historicamente, permeado por estigmas, proporcionando a marginalização social de profissionais do sexo e sua maior exposição a fatores de riscos que tendenciam a condutas suicidas. Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência e dos fatores de riscos relacionados a comportamentos suicidas em profissionais do sexo, tendo em vista a vulnerabilidade social desse grupo. Metodologia: Este estudo é uma revisão integrativa de literatura, determinada a partir da seguinte questão de pesquisa: "Qual a prevalência e os fatores de riscos relacionados a comportamentos suicidas entre profissionais do sexo?". Em seguida, aplicou os subsequentes Descritores em Ciências da Saúde: "Suicide" e "Sex workers", que foram combinados com o operador booleano "AND", nas plataformas National Library of Medicine, Science Direct, Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe, Scientific Eletronic Library Online, BioMed Central, Business Source Completee WorldWideScience. Foram selecionados 19 artigos relacionados ao objeto de estudo. Resultados: A prevalência de suicídio em profissionais do sexo foi classificada em três subcategorias: tentativas de suicídio, com predominância de 31,57% (n=6), ideação suicida com 15,78% (n=3) e o risco de suicídio com 5,26% (n=1). Os riscos de comportamentos suicidas foram associados a diversos fatores, sobretudo a violência (47,36%; n=9), depressão (26,31%; n=5) e a pobreza (15,78%; n=3). Conclusões: Há uma alta prevalência de comportamentos suicidas em profissionais do sexo que está associada a diversos fatores de riscos, verificando a carência de abordagens comunitárias direcionadas à vulnerabilidade social desse grupo (AU).

Introduction: Consensual sex work has historically been permeated by stigma, leading to the social marginalization of sex workers and their increased exposure to risk factors that tend to correlate with suicidal behaviors. Objective:To explore the prevalence and risk factors related to suicidal behavior in sex workers, considering the social vulnerability of this group. Methodology: This study is an integrative literature review, guided by the research question: "What is the prevalence and risk factors related to suicidal behaviors among sex workers?" The following Health Science Descriptors were applied: "Suicide" and "Sex workers," combined with the boolean operator "AND," on platforms such as the National Library of Medicine, Science Direct, Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe, Scientific Eletronic Library Online, BioMed Central, Business Source Complete, and WorldWideScience. Nineteen articles related to the study's objectivewere selected. Results:The prevalence of suicide among sex workers were classified into three subcategories: suicide attempts, with a predominance of 31.57% (n=6), suicidal ideation with 15.78% (n=3) and the risk of suicide with a prevalence of 5.26% (n=1). The risks of suicidal behavior were associated with several factors, especially violence (47,36%; n=9), depression (26.31%; n=5) and poverty (15.78% /n=3). Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of suicidal behaviors among sex workers, associated with various risk factors, highlighting the need for community-based approaches addressing the social vulnerability of this group (AU).

Introducción: El trabajo sexual consensuado ha estado históricamente impregnado de estigmas, llevando a la marginación social de los profesionales del sexo y a una mayor exposición a factores de riesgo que tienden a asociarse con conductas suicidas. Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia y los factores de riesgo relacionados con comportamientos suicidas en profesionales del sexo, considerando la vulnerabilidad social de este grupo. Metodología: Este estudio es una revisión integradora de la literatura, derivada de la siguiente pregunta de investigación: "¿Cuál es laprevalencia y los factores de riesgo relacionados con comportamientos suicidas entre los profesionales del sexo?". Posteriormente, se aplicaron los siguientes Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud: "Suicide" y "Sex workers", combinados con el operador booleano "AND", en plataformas como la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina, Science Direct, Portal de Periódicos de la Coordinación de Perfeccionamiento de Personal de Nivel Superior, Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe, Scientific Electronic Library Online, BioMed Central, Business Source Complete y WorldWideScience. Se seleccionaron 19 artículos relacionados con el objeto de estudio. Resultados: La prevalencia de suicidio en profesionales del sexo se clasificó en tres subcategorías: intentos de suicidio, con una predominancia del 31,57% (n=6), ideación suicida con el 15,78% (n=3) y el riesgo de suicidio con el 5,26% (n=1). Los riesgos de comportamientos suicidas se asociaron con varios factores, especialmente la violencia (47,36%; n=9), la depresión (26,31%; n=5) y la pobreza (15,78%; n=3). Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de comportamientos suicidas en profesionales del sexo asociada con diversos factores de riesgo, destacando la necesidad de enfoques comunitarios dirigidos a la vulnerabilidad social de este grupo (AU).

Evaluation of health status of transgender sex workers in Turkey: A qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: Sex workers can be disadvantaged in terms of overall health due to challenging living and working conditions. This research aimed to evaluate the health status and experiences related to sexually transmitted infections (STDs) of unregistered transgender sex workers in Turkey. DESIGN: It employed a phenomenological qualitative research design. SITE: Data were collected in Istanbul between March 2021 and November 2021. PARTICIPANTS: Data were collected through in-depth interviews involving 24 people (19 sex workers and 5 physicians). METHODS: Key statements were listed during data analysis, and clusters of meanings were formed based on these statements. The participants' statements were used for contextual and structural descriptions. RESULTS: Sex workers suffer from chronic illnesses such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes, allergic diseases, and neurological disorders. Among the health issues affecting them, the most notable ones are STDs, psychological problems, and the risk of suicide. Sex workers also face a dilemma between choosing public hospitals and private hospitals. Majority of sex workers undergo regular testing for STDs, with the frequency varying from person to person. Reasons for not undergoing regular testing include lack of social security coverage, financial constraints, lack of information, and feeling undervalued. Some individuals are being subjected to mandatory testing. CONCLUSIONS: It is recommended that sex workers who seek and request healthcare services should be provided with detailed information and education, particularly regarding psychological problems and STDs.

Percepciones sobre salud (física, mental y bucal) en un grupo de mujeres en situación de prostitución en la ciudad de Medellín

Introducción: las mujeres y las personas trans que han ejercido el trabajo sexual se encuentran vulneradas puesto que son víctimas de discriminación por su condición laboral, por su género y por los riesgos que acarrea esta labor, y esto impacta en su situación de salud. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer las percepciones sobre salud (física, mental y bucal) en cuatro mujeres que ejercen la prostitución en Medellín, a partir de sus experiencias de vida y aquellas relacionadas con su contexto social. Métodos: se realizó una investigación cualitativa con enfoque etnográfico para analizar las situaciones mencionadas de acuerdo con el objetivo general. Se contó con la participación de cuatro mujeres: dos de nacionalidad venezolana y dos de nacionalidad colombiana; se llevaron a cabo entrevistas semiestructuradas. Se realizó análisis de contenido cualitativo, lo cual permitió la generación de cuatro categorías (salud mental, salud bucal, salud general y calidad de vida). Resultados: sus discursos permitieron elucidar la conexión entre las condiciones de vida y la situación de salud. La falta de oportunidades laborales, un proceso migratorio de profundos cambios económicos y sociales, y una Colombia con inequidades y barreras de acceso a servicios de salud y sociales, son procesos determinantes de orden general, particular y singular de las precarias condiciones de salud bucal y general. Conclusiones: la población participante se encuentra en situación de vulnerabilidad social y de salud, lo cual evidencia la necesidad de políticas públicas y estrategias basadas en la realidad social que contribuyan a generar equidad en salud.

Introduction: women and trans people who have engaged in sex work are triply vulnerable since they are victims of discrimination due to their employment status, their gender, and the risks that this work entails, this impacts their health situation. This study aimed to know the perceptions about health (physical, mental, and oral) of four women who work in prostitution in Medellin, based on their life experiences and those related to their social context. Methods: qualitative research with an ethnographic approach was conducted to analyze the situations mentioned. Four women participated, two Venezuelans and two Colombians, and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Qualitative content analysis was performed, which allowed the generation of four categories (mental health, oral health, general health, and quality of life). Results: her discourses made it possible to elucidate the connection between the living conditions and the health situation. Lack of job opportunities, a migratory process of profound economic and social changes, and a Colombia with inequities and barriers to access to health and social services are determining processes of a general and singular order of the precarious conditions of oral health and general. Conclusions: the participating population is in a situation of social and health vulnerability, which shows the need for public policies and strategies based on the social reality that contribute to generating equity in health.

"Cuida!": práticas de cuidado em saúde com mulheres trabalhadoras do sexo / "Take care!" "care!": health care practices with sex workers / "¡Cuida!": prácticas de atención médica con trabajadores sexuales

O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a experiência do Projeto de extensão universitária, "Cuida!", desenvolvido pelo Núcleo de Estudos sobre Drogas do Ceará e parceiros. O "Cuida!" envolve ações de cuidado em saúde direcionadas a trabalhadoras sexuais, com foco na Redução de Danos e na integralidade da atenção em saúde. Dentre as ações desenvolvidas estão:1) Testagem rápida de HIV/IST; 2) Consultas com profissionais da saúde; 3) Orientações sobre o acesso a políticas públicas; 4) Rodas de conversas e oficinas com diferentes temáticas. O "Cuida!" teve como resultado a ampliação do vínculo e do diálogo das mulheres com as equipes dos equipamentos, além do fortalecimento das estratégias de Redução de danos que passaram a ser referência de cuidado no território. Apostando em conhecer a vida que re-existe, toda proposta de cuidado foi assentada em um projeto ético-político, potencializando assim os processos de experimentação e resistência produzido pelas e com as mulheres. (AU)

The objective ofthis work is to report the experience of the University Extension Project, "Cuida!", Developed by the Center for Drug Studies in Ceará and partners. "Cuida!" it involves health care actions directed at sex workers, with a focus on Harm Reduction and comprehensive health care. Among the actions developed are: 1) Rapid HIV /STI testing; 2) Consultations with health professionals; 3) Guidelines on access to public policies; 4) Conversation circles and workshops with different themes. "Cuida!" the result was the expansion of the bond and dialogue of women with the equipment teams, in addition to strengthening the harm reduction strategies that have become a reference for care in the territory. Betting on knowing the life that re-exists, every care proposal was based on an ethical-political project, thus enhancing the processes of experimentation and resistance produced by and with women. (AU)

El objetivo de este trabajoes dar a conocer la experiencia del Proyecto de Extensión Universitaria "¡Cuida!", Desarrollado por el Centro de Estudios sobre Drogas de Ceará y socios. "¡Cuídate!" se trata de acciones de atención de la salud dirigidas a las trabajadoras sexuales, con un enfoque en la Reducción de Daños y la atención integral de la salud. Entre las acciones desarrolladas se encuentran: 1) Prueba rápida de SIDA/IST; 2) Consultas con profesionales de la salud; 3) Lineamientos sobre acceso a políticas públicas; 4) Círculos de conversación y talleres con diferentes temáticas. "¡Cuídate!" el resultado fue la ampliación del vínculo y el diálogo de las mujeres con los equipos de equipos, además de fortalecer las estrategias de reducción de daños que se han convertido en un referente de atención en el territorio. Apostando por conocer la vida que reexiste, toda propuesta de cuidado se basó en un proyecto ético-político, potenciando así los procesos de experimentación y resistencia producidos por y con las mujeres. (AU)

Prevalencia y genotipicación de virus papiloma humano vaginal y cervical en trabajadoras sexuales de un centro de salud sexual en la zona Norte de Santiago, Chile / Prevalence and genotypes of cervical and vaginal HPV in female sex workers attending a Sexual Control Centre, North Area of Santiago, Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: En Chile, el cáncer de cuello uterino (CCU) es la segunda causa de muerte por neoplasias malignas en la mujer. El principal agente causal es el virus papiloma humano (VPH). Comparando con la población general, los o las trabajadoras(es) sexuales (TS) tienen alto riesgo de adquirir VPH. OBJETIVO: Analizar la prevalencia y genotipos del VPH cervical y vaginal en TS que se atienden en un Centro de Salud Sexual de Santiago, Chile. Pacientes y MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 97 mujeres TS, de 19 a 70 años de edad. Se obtuvieron dos muestras por paciente, una de exocérvix y otra de paredes vaginales. El ADN de VPH fue identificado por reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC) y su genotipo fue investigado para 32 tipos de VPH. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de VPH global fue de 45%, observándose portación cervical en 41,2% y vaginal en 36,1%, con una coinfección de 32%. El 63% de las muestras tenía genotipos de alto riesgo. Los VPH de alto riesgo más frecuentes fueron el VPH 66 (12%), VPH 58 (9,3%), seguidos por VPH 16, VPH 59 y VPH 82 con igual frecuencia (8% c/u). Treinta y dos mujeres (43%) fueron infectadas con genotipos múltiples. CONCLUSIÓN: El VPH es una infección frecuente entre las TS. Este es el primer estudio en Chile sobre prevalencia y genotipos de VPH en TS.

BACKGROUND: In Chile, cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death from malignancy in women. The main causal agent of cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus (HPV). Compared with the general population, sex workers (SW) are at increased risk of acquiring HPV. AIM: To analyze the prevalence and genotypes of cervical and vaginal HPV in female SW attending a Sexual Control Centre. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 97 women (19-70 years old). Two samples were taken per patient, one from exocervix and the other from vaginal walls. HPV DNA. was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genotyping using specific probes for 32 types of HPV. RESULTS: The overall frequency of HPV was 45%, 41.2% in cervical carrier and 36.1% in vaginal carrier, 32% were co-infected, 63% of HPV were high-risk genotypes. The most frequent high-risk HPV was HPV 66 (12%), HPV 58 (9.3%), followed by HPV 16, HPV 59 and HPV 82 with the same frequency (8% each one). Thirty two (43%) of females were infected with multiple genotypes. CONCLUSION: HPV is frequent infection among SW. This is the first study in Chile on the prevalence and genotypes of HPV in sex workers.

Vulnerabilidad frente al VIH, clamidia y gonococia según el lugar donde se ejerce el trabajo sexual / HIV, Chlamydia and gonorrhoea vulnerability depending to sex work site

IntroducciónLas mujeres que ejercen el trabajo sexual (MTS) son una de las poblaciones clave en la monitorización y la evaluación del VIH y otras infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS). Factores socioeconómicos, estructurales y asociados al ámbito de trabajo influyen en la exposición a estas infecciones. Los objetivos del estudio fueron describir y comparar características sociales, conductas de riesgo y prevalencia del VIH, clamidia y gonococia según el lugar de realización del trabajo sexual (calle o carretera, clubs, pisos).MétodosEstudio transversal en 400MTS en Cataluña. Se recogieron características sociodemográficas, del trabajo sexual y conductuales mediante entrevista personal y muestras de fluido oral y orina para determinar la prevalencia de ITS.ResultadosLas MTS que ejercen en la calle o en la carretera presentaron condiciones más precarias y mayor vulnerabilidad relacionada con factores socioeconómicos: población más envejecida, con nivel de estudios inferior y menor retribución económica por su servicio. Se observaron otros factores asociados al estilo de vida o conductuales: mayor consumo de drogas por vía parenteral, mayor tiempo de trabajo sexual o vulnerabilidades asociadas a una serie de determinantes a nivel estructural o sociales: menor acceso a servicios de salud, mayor proporción de relaciones forzadas y estancia en prisión. La prevalencia global de VIH, clamidia y gonococia fue del 3,0, del 1,8% y del 0,5%, respectivamente, y superiores en las mujeres que ejercían en la calle-carretera: 5,6%, 1,9% y 1,2%, respectivamente.ConclusiónLa información generada en este estudio será clave para el diseño de intervenciones preventivas específicas dirigidas a este colectivo.

IntroductionWomen sex workers (WSW) are one of key population on the HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) monitoring and evaluation. Socioeconomic, structural factors and other factors associated with the workplace influence exposure to these infections. The objectives of this study were to describe and compare the social characteristics, risk behaviours and HIV, Chlamydia and gonorrhoeae prevalence according to sex work site (street or highway, clubs and flats).MethodsCross-sectional study on 400WSW in Catalonia. Socio-demographic, sex work and behavioral characteristics were collected through personal interview. Oral fluid and urine samples were collected to determine STI prevalence.ResultsWSW that exercised in the street or highway presented more precarious conditions and a greater vulnerability related to socioeconomic factors: older population, with a lower education level and with less economic remuneration for their service. Other factors associated with lifestyle or behaviour was also observed: greater injecting drug use, longer sex work or vulnerabilities associated with structural or social determinants: less access to health services, higher proportion of forced relations and stay in prison. The overall HIV, Chlamydia and gonorrhoeae prevalence was 3.0%, 1.8% and 0.5%, respectively, and higher in women who exercised on the street or highway: 5.6%, 1.9% and 1.2%, respectively.ConclusionThe information generated in this study will be useful for the design specific preventive interventions aimed at this group.

HIV, Chlamydia and gonorrhoea vulnerability depending to sex work site.

INTRODUCTION: Women sex workers (WSW) are one of key population on the HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) monitoring and evaluation. Socioeconomic, structural factors and other factors associated with the workplace influence exposure to these infections. The objectives of this study were to describe and compare the social characteristics, risk behaviours and HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhoeae prevalence according to sex work site (street or highway, clubs and flats). METHODS: Cross-sectional study on 400 WSW in Catalonia. Socio-demographic, sex work and behavioral characteristics were collected through personal interview. Oral fluid and urine samples were collected to determine STI prevalence. RESULTS: WSW that exercised in the street or highway presented more precarious conditions and a greater vulnerability related to socioeconomic factors: older population, with a lower education level and with less economic remuneration for their service. Other factors associated with lifestyle or behaviour was also observed: greater injecting drug use, longer sex work or vulnerabilities associated with structural or social determinants: less access to health services, higher proportion of forced relations and stay in prison. The overall HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhoeae prevalence was 3.0%, 1.8% and 0.5%, respectively and higher in women who exercised on the street or highway, 5.6%, 1.9% and 1.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The information generated in this study will be useful for the design specific preventive interventions aimed at this group.

Feminicídios de prostitutas no município de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil / Femicidio de prostitutas en el municipio Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil / Femicides of prostitutes in Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

Este artigo analisa inquéritos policiais referentes a feminicídios de trabalhadoras sexuais ocorridos no município de Porto Alegre entre 2006 e 2010. Trata-se de um estudo de caso que investigou 12 relatos de feminicídios ocorridos com prostitutas e identificados em 94 inquéritos policiais referentes a assassinatos de mulheres, disponibilizados pela Delegacia de Homicídios do município. Os feminicídios foram classificados segundo três categorias: crimes da miséria, pois todas as mulheres mortas eram muito pobres; crimes de ódio, nos quais houve estupro, mutilações, tortura e uso extremado de instrumentos letais; e crimes sexuais, nos quais houve violência sexual. No período estudado, os feminicídios de trabalhadoras sexuais apresentaram frequência elevada em relação a outras mulheres. Essas mortes expressam o descaso e a misoginia da sociedade patriarcal e a pouca valia dessas vidas humanas. (AU)

Este artículo analiza investigaciones de la policía relativas a feminicidios de trabajadoras sexuales habidos en el municipio de Porto Alegre entre 2006 y 2010. Se trata de un estudio de caso que investigó 12 relatos de feminicidios ocurrido con prostitutas e identificados en 94 investigaciones de la policía referentes a asesinatos de mujeres, puestos a disposición por la Comisaría de Homicidios del municipio. Los feminicidios se clasificaron en tres categorías: crímenes de la miseria, puesto que todas las mujeres muertas eran muy pobres; crímenes de odio, en los cuales hubo violación, mutilaciones, tortura y uso extremado de instrumentos letales; y crímenes sexuales, en los que hubo violencia sexual. En el período estudiado, los feminicidios de trabajadoras sexuales presentaron una frecuencia elevada con relación a otras mujeres. Esas muertes expresan el poco caso y la misoginia de la sociedad patriarcal y el poco valor dado a esas vidas humanas. (AU)

This article presents the feminicides among sex workers in the city of Porto Alegre, in the years 2006-2010. A case study analyses 12 feminicides that occurred in prostitutes and were identified in 94 police inquiries, referring to the women murders available by the Police State Department of the city. Feminicides were characterized into three categories: crimes of misery, because all the women were very poor; hate crimes, in which were rape, mutilations, torture and extreme use of lethal instruments; and sexual crimes in which were sexual violence. During the period studied, feminicides by sexual workers were highly frequent in relation to other women. These deaths express the neglect and the misogyny of patriarchal society and the little value of these human lives. (AU)

O impacto da Covid-19 em grupos marginalizados: contribuições da interseccionalidade como perspectiva teórico-política / The impact of Covid-19 on marginalized groups: the contribution of Intersectionality as theoretical and political perspective / El impacto de la Covid-19 en grupos marginalizados: contribuciones de la interseccionalidad como perspectiva teórico-política

A pandemia de Covid-19 traz desafios aos governos e às sociedades. Os efeitos da pandemia nas regiões marcadas por extrema desigualdade social e nas populações com maior vulnerabilidade e precariedade das condições de vida são deletérios, o que demanda referenciais teórico-metodológicos para compreender seus impactos e construir estratégias para enfrentá-la. Nesse ensaio crítico, aborda-se a interconexão de marcadores sociais da diferença na produção das desigualdades que atingem os grupos sociais já marginalizados - como usuários de drogas em situação de rua, trabalhadoras sexuais, trabalhadoras domésticas e jovens LGBTQIA+ - e analisam-se as potencialidades da perspectiva interseccional nas análises e na construção política do enfrentamento do problema. (AU)

The Covid-19 pandemic poses a number of challenges to governments and society. The pandemic has detrimental effects on regions characterized by deep social inequality and the most vulnerable populations, leading to the need for theoretical and methodological frameworks to help understand its impacts and build strategies to address them. This critical essay addresses the interconnection between social markers of the difference in the production of the inequalities that affect marginalized social groups, such as homeless drug users, sex workers, domestic workers and the young LGBTQIA+ community, and analyzes the strengths of the intersectional perspective for the analysis of problems and construction of policies to tackle them. (AU)

La pandemia de Covid-19 presenta desafíos a los gobiernos y a las sociedades. Los efectos de la pandemia en regiones señaladas por extrema desigualdad social y en las poblaciones con mayor vulnerabilidad y precariedad de las condiciones de vida son perniciosos, lo que demanda factores referenciales teórico-metodológicos para comprender sus impactos y construir estrategias para enfrentarla. En este ensayo crítico se abordan la interconexión de marcadores sociales de la diferencia en la producción de las desigualdades que afectan a los grupos sociales ya marginalizados, como usuarios de drogas en situación de vivir en la calle, trabajadoras sexuales, trabajadoras domésticas y jóvenes LGBTQIA+, y se analizan las potencialidades de la perspectiva interseccional en los análisis y en la construcción política del enfrentamiento del problema. (AU)

Situações de vulnerabilidades em saúde vivenciadas por trabalhadoras sexuais em tempos de pandemia da covid-19 / Situaciones de vulnerabilidades en salud experimentadas por las trabajadoras sexuales en tiempos de pandemia de covid-19 / Situations of health vulnerabilities experienced by sex workers in times of covid-19 pandemic

Objetivo refletir sobre as situações de vulnerabilidades em saúde vivenciadas por trabalhadoras sexuais durante a pandemia decorrente da infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2. Método trata-se de estudo reflexivo, fundamentado no referencial teórico conceitual da vulnerabilidade em quatro dimensões: ontológica, epidemiológica, simbólica e político-programática. Resultado a saúde das profissionais do sexo, na experiência cotidiana do trabalho sexual, tem sido um desafio para os governos entre todos os grupos associados a estigmas e populações vulneráveis, justamente por serem marginalizados socialmente. Isso se configura como importante para a compreensão desse fenômeno em meio à crise financeira, econômica e de saúde que pessoas de diferentes nações sofrem diante do progresso da SARS-CoV-2. Conclusão as situações de vulnerabilidade em saúde decorrente da infecção pelo SARS-CoV-2 que expõem as profissionais do sexo são consolidadas, principalmente, pela ausência do Estado na proteção sócio legal e na garantia dos direitos humanos, para que essas mulheres adquiram condições de enfrentamento e prevenção.

Objetivo reflexionar sobre las situaciones de vulnerabilidades en salud experimentadas por las trabajadoras sexuales durante la pandemia resultante de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Método se trata de un estudio reflexivo, basado en el marco teórico conceptual de vulnerabilidad en cuatro dimensiones: ontológica, epidemiológica, simbólica y política-programática. Resultado la salud de las trabajadoras sexuales, en la experiencia diaria del trabajo sexual, ha sido un desafío para los gobiernos entre todos los grupos asociados con estigmas y poblaciones vulnerables, precisamente porque están socialmente marginadas. Esto es importante para entender este fenómeno en medio de la crisis financiera, económica y de salud que sufren personas de diferentes naciones ante el progreso del SARS-CoV-2. Conclusión las situaciones de vulnerabilidad a la salud resultantes de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 a que exponen las trabajadoras sexuales se consolidan, principalmente, por la ausencia del Estado en la protección social-jurídica y en la garantía de los derechos humanos, para que estas mujeres adquieran condiciones de enfrentamiento y prevención.

Objective to reflect on the situations of health vulnerabilities experienced by sex workers during the pandemic resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Method this is a reflective study, based on the conceptual theoretical framework of vulnerability in four dimensions: ontological, epidemiological, symbolic and political-programmatic. Result the health of sex workers, in the daily experience of sexual work, has been a challenge for governments among all groups associated with stigmas and vulnerable populations, precisely because they are socially marginalized. This is important for understanding this phenomenon in the midst of the financial, economic and health crisis that people from different nations suffer before the progress of SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion the situations of health vulnerability resulting from the SARS-CoV-2 infection that expose sex workers are consolidated, mainly, by the absence of the State in the social-legal protection and in the guarantee of human rights, so that these women acquire conditions of coping and prevention.

HIV, Chlamydia and gonorrhoea vulnerability depending to sex work site. / Vulnerabilidad frente al VIH, clamidia y gonococia según el lugar donde se ejerce el trabajo sexual.

INTRODUCTION: Women sex workers (WSW) are one of key population on the HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) monitoring and evaluation. Socioeconomic, structural factors and other factors associated with the workplace influence exposure to these infections. The objectives of this study were to describe and compare the social characteristics, risk behaviours and HIV, Chlamydia and gonorrhoeae prevalence according to sex work site (street or highway, clubs and flats). METHODS: Cross-sectional study on 400WSW in Catalonia. Socio-demographic, sex work and behavioral characteristics were collected through personal interview. Oral fluid and urine samples were collected to determine STI prevalence. RESULTS: WSW that exercised in the street or highway presented more precarious conditions and a greater vulnerability related to socioeconomic factors: older population, with a lower education level and with less economic remuneration for their service. Other factors associated with lifestyle or behaviour was also observed: greater injecting drug use, longer sex work or vulnerabilities associated with structural or social determinants: less access to health services, higher proportion of forced relations and stay in prison. The overall HIV, Chlamydia and gonorrhoeae prevalence was 3.0%, 1.8% and 0.5%, respectively, and higher in women who exercised on the street or highway: 5.6%, 1.9% and 1.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The information generated in this study will be useful for the design specific preventive interventions aimed at this group.

Fatores biopsicossociais na história de vida de mulheres profissionais do sexo / Biopsychosocial factors in the life history of female professional sex workers / Factores biopsicosociales en la historia de vida de las trabajadoras sexuales

Esta pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, teve como objetivo compreender os fatores biopsicossociais no contexto de vida de seis profissionais do sexo que atuam em cidades de médio e pequeno porte, baseando-se no Modelo Biopsicossocial para compreender o processo de vida e suas influências em mulheres que exercem a profissão do sexo. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de questionário sociodemográfico e por método história de vida, utilizando a análise temática de conteúdo para o tratamento dos dados. Os resultados obtidos se relacionaram aos fatores que envolvem o campo biológico, psicológico e social. A pesquisa permitiu a compreensão da história de vida dessas mulheres, com destaque para ocorrência de dificuldades e sofrimentos.

This qualitative research aimed to understand the biopsychosocial factors in the life context of six sex workers who work in medium and small cities, based on the Biopsychosocial Model to understand the life process and its influences on women who practice the sex profession. Data collection was performed using the sociodemographic questionnaire and the life history method, adopting thematic content analysis for data treatment. The results obtained were related to factors involving the biological, psychological and social fields. The research allowed the understanding of the life history of these women, highlighting the occurrence of difficulties and suffering.

Esta investigación cualitativa tuvo como objetivo comprender los factores biopsicosociales en el contexto de la vida de seis trabajadoras sexuales que trabajan en ciudades medianas y pequeñas, con base en el Modelo Biopsicosocial, para comprender el proceso de vida y sus influencias en las mujeres que practican la profesión sexual. La recolección de datos se realizó utilizando el cuestionario sociodemográfico y el método de historia de vida, utilizando análisis de contenido temático para el tratamiento de datos. Los resultados obtenidos se relacionaron con factores del campo biológico, psicológico y social. La investigación permitió la comprensión de la historia de vida de estas mujeres, destacando la aparición de dificultades y sufrimientos.

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and Human papillomavirus in female sex workers in Central Veracruz, Mexico / Prevalencia de Trichomonas vaginalis y virus del papiloma humano en mujeres trabajadoras sexuales en el centro de Veracruz, México

Female sex workers (FSWs) have been considered a key population for sexually transTrichomonas mitted infections (STIs); therefore, they are periodically screened as a requirement to obtain a work card. However, there is insufficient epidemiological data on STIs among FSWs in Mexico. The detection of Trichomonas vaginalis is limited to microscopic studies and the molecular screening of Human papillomavirus (HPV) is only done to women 35 years of age and older. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of T. vaginalis and HPV infections in FSWs in the city of Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico. Samples from 105 FSWs were obtained by cervical swab and analyzed. The identification of T. vaginalis and HPV was performed by molecular methods. HPV DNA was identified in 5.71% of the samples with the presence of HPV16, HPV18, and HPV58. A percentage of 25.7% samples were positive for T. vaginalis for optical microscopy and 23.8% for PCR. The results of the study indicate the need to incorporate more sensitive methods for the timely diagnosis of STIs as well as comprehensive health promotion programs directed to the most vulnerable groups among FSWs.

Las mujeres trabajadoras sexuales (MTS) han sido consideradas una población clave para las infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS), por ello son examinadas periódicamente como requisito para obtener una tarjeta de trabajo. Sin embargo, no existen datos epidemiológicos suficientes sobre las ITS en las MTS en México. La detección de Trichomonas vaginalis se limita a los estudios microscópicos, y el cribado molecular del virus del papiloma humano (Human papillomavirus: HPV) solo se realiza en las mujeres de 35 años o mayores. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de T. vaginalis e infecciones por HPV en las MTS de la ciudad de Orizaba, Veracruz, México. Se analizaron 105 muestras de las MTS, obtenidas mediante frotis cervical. La identificación de T. vaginalis y HPV se realizó por métodos moleculares. El ADN del HPV se identificó en el 5,71% de las muestras, con la presencia de HPV16, HPV18 y HPV58. El 25,7% de las MTS fueron positivas para T. vaginalis por microscopia óptica el 23,8% por PCR. Los resultados del estudio indican la necesidad de incorporar métodos más sensibles para el diagnóstico oportuno de ITS y programas integrales de promoción de la salud en los grupos más vulnerables, entre las MTS.

Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and Human papillomavirus in female sex workers in Central Veracruz, Mexico.

Female sex workers (FSWs) have been considered a key population for sexually transmitted infections (STIs); therefore, they are periodically screened as a requirement to obtain a work card. However, there is insufficient epidemiological data on STIs among FSWs in Mexico. The detection of Trichomonas vaginalis is limited to microscopic studies and the molecular screening of Human papillomavirus (HPV) is only done to women 35 years of age and older. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of T. vaginalis and HPV infections in FSWs in the city of Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico. Samples from 105 FSWs were obtained by cervical swab and analyzed. The identification of T. vaginalis and HPV was performed by molecular methods. HPV DNA was identified in 5.71% of the samples with the presence of HPV16, HPV18, and HPV58. A percentage of 25.7% samples were positive for T. vaginalis for optical microscopy and 23.8% for PCR. The results of the study indicate the need to incorporate more sensitive methods for the timely diagnosis of STIs as well as comprehensive health promotion programs directed to the most vulnerable groups among FSWs.

Situações de vulnerabilidade a violência vivenciadas por mulheres profissionais do sexo: estudo de caso / Situaciones de vulnerabilidad a la violencia vivenciada por trabajadoras sexuales: estudio de caso / Instances of vulnerability to violence experienced by female sex workers: a case study

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as situações individuais de vulnerabilidade à violência, vivenciadas por mulheres profissionais do sexo. Método: Estudo de abordagem qualitativa cujo método empregado foi o estudo de caso. O cenário da pesquisa foi constituído por duas casas noturnas localizadas em dois municípios do Rio Grande do Sul. A unidade de análise foi composta por oito mulheres profissionais do sexo atuantes nas casas noturnas. Para a coleta das evidências, utilizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas, gravações dos áudios em formato MP3, observação do ambiente das casas noturnas e anotações no diário de campo. Para a análise foi utilizada a proposta de adequação ao padrão, tendo em vista as proposições iniciais do estudo. Resultados: Da análise emergiram duas categorias empíricas: caracterização das participantes e das casas noturnas e situações de vulnerabilidade individual à violência vivenciadas no contexto de trabalho das mulheres profissionais do sexo. O estudo evidenciou que as profissionais do sexo vivenciam a violência pautada nas relações de gênero, permeada por uma relação desigual e hierárquica, exercida por meio do abuso e da força pelos clientes. A carga de violência acontece nas formas física, verbal, sexual e psicológica, sendo o estupro considerado a pior das violências. Conclusão: A saúde das profissionais do sexo não pode ser reduzida a aspectos biológicos, especialmente em relação às doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, sendo necessário considerar o contexto em que as mesmas estão inseridas. Assim, aponta a premência da formulação de políticas públicas no campo da saúde, direcionadas especificamente a esse grupo de mulheres.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe individual situations of vulnerability to violence experienced by female sex workers. Method: A qualitative study in which the method used was the case study. The research setting consisted of two nightclubs located in two municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul. The unit of analysis was composed of eight sex workers working in the nightclubs. For the collection of evidence, we used semi-structured interviews, audio recordings in MP3 format, observation of the nightclub environment and notes in the field diary. For the analysis of the evidence the proposal of adaptation to the standard was used, in view of the initial propositions of the study. Results: From the analysis emerged two empirical categories: characterization of participants and nightclubs, and situations of individual vulnerability to violence experienced in the work context of female sex workers. The study showed that sex workers experience violence based on gender relations, permeated by an unequal and hierarchical relationship, exercised through abuse and force by clients. The burden of violence occurs in physical, verbal, sexual and psychological forms, with rape considered to be the worst form of violence. Conclusion: The health of sex workers cannot be reduced to biological aspects, especially in relation to sexually transmitted diseases, and it is necessary to consider the context in which they are inserted. Thus, the urgency of the formulation of public policies in the field of health is highlighted, directed specifically to this group of women.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir las situaciones individuales de vulnerabilidad a la violencia, vivenciada por mujeres trabajadoras sexuales. Método: Estudio de enfoque cualitativo cuyo método empleado fue el estudio de caso. El escenario de la investigación estuvo constituido por dos casas nocturnas ubicadas en dos municipios de Rio Grande do Sul. La unidad de análisis estuvo compuesta por ocho mujeres trabajadoras sexuales de casas nocturnas. Para la recolección de las evidencias se utilizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, grabaciones de los audios en formato MP3, observación del ambiente de las casas nocturnas y anotaciones en el diario de campo. Para el análisis de las evidencias se utilizó la propuesta de adecuación al estándar, teniendo en vista las proposiciones iniciales del estudio. Resultados: Del análisis surgieron dos categorías empíricas: caracterización de las participantes y de las casas nocturnas y situaciones de vulnerabilidad individual y violencia vivenciadas en el contexto del trabajo de las mujeres trabajadoras sexuales. El estudio evidenció que las trabajadoras sexuales vivencian la violencia pautada en las relaciones de género, permeada por una relación desigual y jerárquica, ejercida por el abuso y la fuerza por los clientes. La carga de violencia ocurre en las formas físicas, verbal, sexual y psicológica, siendo la violación considerada la peor de las violencias. Conclusión: La salud de las trabajadoras sexuales no puede ser reducida a aspectos biológicos, especialmente en relación a las enfermedades sexualmente transmisibles, siendo necesario considerar el contexto en el que las mismas están insertadas. Así, es urgente la formulación de políticas públicas en el campo de la salud, dirigidas específicamente a ese grupo de mujeres.

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal en mujeres en situación de prostitución en Medellín (Colombia) y sus factores relacionados / Oral health-related quality of life of women in prostitution in Medellin (Colombia) and its associated factors

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: La calidad de vida es un elemento a considerar en el análisis de los determinantes sociales en grupos vulnerables. Se pretende determinar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud bucal (CVRSB) en un grupo de mujeres en situación de prostitución de Medellín y sus factores relacionados. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en una muestra a conveniencia de 53 mujeres que ejercen la prostitución. Se aplicó encuesta y examen clínico con información sociodemográfica, uso de servicios de salud y situación de salud bucal. Aplicación del instrumento OHIP-14 (Perfil de Impacto de la Salud Oral en la Calidad de Vida). Descripción del OHIP-14 y sus medidas de resumen según diferentes variables. Resultados: Las dimensiones de malestar psicológico y minusvalía son las que presentaron mayores puntajes. El 85% de las mujeres reportaron uno o más impactos de su salud bucal en la calidad de vida, lo que representa un promedio de 4,8 impactos IC95% (3,8-5,9). Se observaron indicadores de impacto más altos según factores sociodemográficos como: nivel educativo, tiempo en el oficio, cargas familiares, apoyo social o consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Igualmente, se reportaron mayores impactos de acuerdo a factores como: estar insatisfechas con su salud bucal, estado de salud bucal bajo, tener problemas bucodentales, requerir atención prioritaria y reportar problemas de acceso a la atención odontológica. Conclusiones: Se observaron gradientes en la CVRSB de acuerdo a características sociodemográficas, salud bucal y acceso a la atención odontológica. Se evidencian situaciones de inequidad que deben ser consideradas para promover acciones colectivas en esta población.

Abstract Introduction and objective: The quality of life is an element to consider in the analysis of social determinants in vulnerable social groups. This study aims to determine to determine the oral health related quality of life (OHRQOL) in a group of women in situation of prostitution situation in Medellín (Colombia) and its related factors. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was conducted in a convenience sample of 53 women. A survey and clinical examination was carried out with sociodemographic information, use of health services and oral health status. The instrument OHIP-14 (Profile of Impact of Oral Health on Quality of Life) was used. A description of the OHIP-14 and its summary measures according to different variables was applied. Results: Psychological distress and disability were the dimensions that presented highest scores in the sample. 85% of women reported one or more impacts of their oral health on quality of life, representing an average of 4.8 impacts 95%CI (3.8-5.9). Higher impact indicators were observed according to sociodemographic factors such as: educational level, time at work, family burden, social support or use of psychoactive substances. Likewise, greater impacts were reported according to factors such as: being unsatisfied with their oral health, low oral health status, having oral problems, requiring priority oral health attention and reporting problems of access to dental care. Conclusions: There were gradients in the OHRQOL according to sociodemographic characteristics and oral health and access to oral health care variables. Situations of inequity are evidenced that must be considered in order to promote collective actions in this population.

Estado de salud bucal y factores relacionados en mujeres en situación de prostitución en Medellín (Colombia) / Oral health status and its related factors in a group of women in situation of prostitution in Medellín (Colombia)

Antecedentes: Se requiere analizar la situación de salud bucal en grupos vulnerables desde la perspectiva de los determinantes sociales para establecer estrategias de intervención efectivas. Objetivo: Describir el estado de salud bucal y factores relacionados en un grupo de mujeres en situación de prostitución en la ciudad de Medellin (Colombia). Métodos: Este fue un estudio descriptivo en una muestra por conveniencia de 53 mujeres que ejercen la prostitución. Se aplicó encuesta y examen clínico y se analizaron variables de autopercepción de salud bucal, índice COP-D (cariados, obturados y perdidos), índice de caries significativa (SiC), problemas de articulación temporomandibular (ATM) y estado protésico. Resultados: 88,2 % de las mujeres encuestadas reportaron un mal estado de salud bucal, 81 % se sentían insatisfechas con su estado bucal y 60 % reportó problemas bucales. La prevalencia de caries dental fue del 64 %, con un COP-D de 15,6 (±8,4), y un SiC de 25,5 (±3,6). Se presentaron diferencias en el estado de salud bucal en indicadores clínicos y subjetivos según factores sociodemográficos. Más de tres cuartas partes requerían cambia o realizar nuevas prótesis superiores o inferiores. En casi la mitad se hallaron ruidos articulares en la ATM según evaluación clínica. Conclusiones: El estado de salud bucal según los indicadores analizados es reflejo de las condiciones sociales en que se encuentran estas mujeres. Se encontraron diferencias en los indicadores de salud bucal de acuerdo con diferentes factores sociodemográficos, lo cual sugiere la influencia de los determinantes sociales en las desigualdades en salud bucal.

Background: The analysis of the oral health situation in vulnerable groups from a perspective of social determinants is required to implement effective intervention strategies. Purpose: To describe the oral health status and its related factors in a group of women in situation of prostitution in Medellin (Colombia). Methods: A descriptive study was conducted with a convenience sample of 53 women. A survey and clinical exanimation was earned out. The study analyzed variables related to self-perceived oral health, DTMF Index, Significant Caries Index (SiC), temporomandibular joint problems (TMJ), and the status of fixed/removable prosthesis. Results: 88.2 % of the sun-eyed women reported their oral health status was poor, 81 % of them felt unsatisfied with their mouth, and 60 % reported oral problems. The prevalence of dental caries was 64 %, with a DTMF of 15.6 (± 8.4), and a SiC of 25.5 (± 3.6). There were differences in oral health status in clinical and subjective indicators accordmg to sociodemographic factors. More than three-quarters required changing or making new upper and/or lower partial or fixed dentures. In almost half, articular noises were found in TMJ according to the clinical evaluation. Conclusions: The oral health status, from the basis of the indicators analyzed, reflects the social conditions found in these women. Differences in the oral health indicators were in accordance to sociodemographic factors. This situation suggests that there is an influence of social determinants on oral health inequalities.

Vadias, putas e feministas: diálogos em Belo Horizonte / Zorras, putas y feministas: diálogos en Belo Horizonte / Sluts, whores and feminists: dialogues at Belo Horizonte

Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo mostrar as formas como os debates feministas em torno da prostituição em Belo Horizonte se atualizam e adquirem novos contornos a partir da emergência da "Marcha das Vadias" e de sua relação com o movimento de prostitutas. O artigo apresenta parte dos dados da pesquisa de doutorado concluída por uma das autoras em 2015, incluindo métodos como observação participante, entrevistas em profundidade, coleta documental, dentre outros. No que toca à Marcha das Vadias de Belo Horizonte, realizamos etnografia das edições de 2012, 2014 e 2015, participando também das listas de discussão e grupos de organização e avaliação da mesma. Observamos que a Marcha das Vadias se mostra aberta ao diálogo com as prostitutas na cidade, mas que esse debate é frequentemente perpassado por concepções prévias e pouca margem para construções e ações efetivamente conjuntas.

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar las formas en que se actualizan o reformulan los debates feministas acerca de la prostitución en Belo Horizonte con la aparición de "Slutwalk". El artículo presenta parte de los datos de investigación de doctorado completados por una de las autoras en 2015, incluyendo métodos tales como la observación participante, entrevistas en profundidad, análisis documental, entre otros. En cuanto a la Slutwalk de Belo Horizonte, se realizó la etnografía de las ediciones de 2012, 2014 y 2015, participando también en la organización de listas de correo electrónico y grupos y la evaluación de la misma. Se observó que la Slutwalk se muestra abierta al diálogo con las prostitutas en la ciudad, pero este debate es a menudo impregnado de ideas preconcebidas y con poco espacio para las estructuras y acciones conjuntas eficaces.

Abstract This article aims to show the ways in which feminist debates on prostitution at Belo Horizonte are updated and acquire new characteristics from the emergence of the "Slutwalk" and its relation with the prostitutes movement. The article presents part of the doctoral research data completed by one of the authors in 2015, including methods such as participant observation, in-depth interviews, documents collection, among others. Regarding the Slutwalk of Belo Horizonte, we conducted ethnography of the editions of 2012, 2014 and 2015, also participating in the mailing lists and the Facebook group of the organization members. We observed that the Slutwalk showed open to dialogue with the prostitutes in the city, but this debate is often permeated by preconceptions and gives little room for effective joint structures and actions.

HIV prevention and care-seeking behaviour among female sex workers in four cities in India, Kenya, Mozambique and South Africa.

OBJECTIVE: To identify gaps in the use of HIV prevention and care services and commodities for female sex workers, we conducted a baseline cross-sectional survey in four cities, in the context of an implementation research project aiming to improve use of sexual and reproductive health services. METHODS: Using respondent-driven sampling, 400 sex workers were recruited in Durban, 308 in Tete, 400 in Mombasa and 458 in Mysore and interviewed face-to-face. RDS-adjusted proportions were estimated by nonparametric bootstrapping and compared across cities using post hoc pairwise comparison. RESULTS: Condom use with last client ranged from 88.3% to 96.8%, ever female condom use from 1.6% to 37.9%, HIV testing within the past 6 months from 40.5% to 70.9%, receiving HIV treatment and care from 35.5% to 92.7%, care seeking for last STI from 74.4% to 87.6% and having had at least 10 contacts with a peer educator in the past year from 5.7% to 98.1%. Many of the differences between cities remained statistically significant (P < 0.05) after adjusting for differences in FSWs' socio-demographic characteristics. CONCLUSION: The use of HIV prevention and care by FSWs is often insufficient and differed greatly between cities. Differences could not be explained by variations in socio-demographic sex worker characteristics. Models to improve use of condoms and HIV prevention and care services should be tailored to the specific context of each site. Programmes at each site must focus on improving availability and uptake of those services that are currently least used.

La distribución gratuita de condones a trabajadoras sexuales en Ecuador: efectos en el comportamiento de compra / Free distribution of condoms to female sex workers in Ecuador: effects on purchase behavior

Los condones son considerados un método eficaz para evitar la propagación de infecciones de transmisión sexual. En Ecuador, un factor común en las políticas públicas de salud sexual es la entrega gratuita de condones a trabajadoras sexuales (TS). Esto ocurre junto con el asesoramiento sobre otras medidas preventivas y la importancia de las pruebas de detección del VIH. Este estudio busca determinar si la distribución gratuita de condones afecta la compra de los mismos y su uso consecuente. A través de una encuesta apli-cada a 2.566 trabajadoras sexuales en ocho ciudades del Ecuador, se analiza el comportamiento de compra de condones. Los datos corresponden a las encuestas realizadas por el Proyecto de Prevención de Fronteras (PPF) en Ecuador en 2006. Dado que el acceso a las políticas públicas y a los condones gratuitos no es aleatorio, existen riesgos de sesgos de selección muestral. Para ello utilizamos un procedimiento de estimación Heckman en dos etapas. En la primera se analiza la probabilidad de comprar condones, y en la segunda, la cantidad de condones comprados. Se encuentra que por cada condón recibido gratuitamente, la TS compra uno más. Este resultado muestra la efectividad de las políticas de distribución cuando son acompañadas de componentes de asesoramiento e información.

Condoms are considered an effective method to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections. In Ecuador, a common factor in sexual health public policy is the provision of free condoms to female sex workers. This occurs together with advice on other preventive measures and the importance of HIV screening. The present study seeks to determine whether he distribution of free condoms affects their purchase and subsequent use. A survey to assess condom purchase behavior was completed by 2566 female sexual workers (FSW) in eight cities in Ecuador. The Frontiers Prevention Project (FPP) conducted surveys during 2006. There is a risk of sample selection bias as access to public policy and free condoms is not random: we therefore used a Heckman estimation procedure in two stages. The probability of purchasing condoms and the quantity of condoms purchased were analyzed. We find that for each condom received for free, FSW purchased one more. This result shows the effectiveness of distribution policies when they are accompanied by advice and information.