Using applied social science disciplines to implement creative outdoor cat management solutions and avoid the trap of one-size-fits-all policies.

In the United States, policy conflicts have prevented successful population-level management of outdoor cats for decades. Wildlife conservation professionals have sought widespread use of humane dispatch (i.e., lethal culling applied humanely), whereas cat welfare professionals have promoted trap-neuter-return (TNR) (cats are trapped, neutered, and returned to the outdoors). These conflicts represent a policy panacea trap, which we argue drives many conservation conflicts. In these situations, the focus on defending a one-size-fits-all policy fails to account for the value differences that shape the different understandings of the problem and desired outcomes associated with each policy, as well as complexities in the social-ecological system. Over the past 5 years, a group of wildlife conservation and cat welfare professionals codeveloped a set of products that have started to be used to help organizations break out of the policy panacea trap. We used a case study to illustrate how efforts grounded in applied social science disciplines, such as science communication, social-ecological systems, and conservation marketing, can help identify a more robust set of policy options tailored to local management and cultural contexts for successful implementation. Shifting the focus to embrace a shared understanding of the broader system helped us identify areas for collaboration, broaden the policy toolbox, and allow space for policy tools originally framed as opposing panaceas. This work helped prepare all parties to have difficult but productive discussions and address shared policy needs. We suggest that many value-based conservation conflicts would benefit from similar efforts that use applied social science to transform how conflict is addressed, moving beyond policy panaceas that end in stalemate to develop shared understandings of context-specific policies, and to identify opportunities for creative cooperation that yield real conservation progress.

Uso de las disciplinas aplicadas de las ciencias sociales para implementar soluciones creativas de manejo de gatos callejeros y evitar la trampa de las políticas universales Resumen Durante décadas, los conflictos entre políticas han evitado un manejo exitoso a nivel poblacional de los gatos callejeros en los Estados Unidos. Los profesionales de la conservación silvestre han buscado el uso extenso de los sacrificios con humanidad, mientras que los profesionales del bienestar felino han promovido la captura­esterilización­liberación (CEL) de los gatos. Estos conflictos representan una trampa panacea de políticas, la cual argumentamos causa muchos conflictos de conservación. En estas situaciones, el enfoque en defender una política universal no logra considerar la diferencia de valores que forman los diferentes entendimientos del problema y los resultados deseados que se asocian con cada política, así como las complejidades dentro del sistema socio­ecológico. A lo largo de los últimos cinco años, un grupo de profesionales de la conservación silvestre y del bienestar felino desarrollaron en conjunto una serie de productos que han comenzado a ayudar a las organizaciones a salir de la trampa panacea de políticas. Usamos un estudio de caso para ilustrar cómo los esfuerzos cimentados en las disciplinas aplicadas de las ciencias sociales (p. ej.: las ciencias de la comunicación, los sistemas socio­ecológicos y el marketing de la conservación) pueden ayudar a identificar un conjunto más sólido de opciones de políticas personalizadas para el manejo local y los contextos culturales para tener una implementación exitosa. El cambio de enfoque para aceptar el entendimiento compartido del sistema más amplio nos ayudó a identificar áreas de colaboración, a ampliar las herramientas para las políticas y a permitirle espacio a las herramientas formuladas originalmente como panaceas contrarias. Este trabajo ayudó a que todas las partes se prepararan para tener discusiones difíciles pero productivas y para abordar las necesidades compartidas de las políticas. Sugerimos que muchos conflictos de conservación basados en los valores se beneficiarían de un esfuerzo similar que use las ciencias sociales aplicadas para transformar cómo se aborda el conflicto, llegando más allá de las panaceas de políticas que terminan en un punto muerto para el desarrollo del entendimiento compartido de políticas específicas al contexto, y para identificar las oportunidades de cooperación creativa que producen un progreso real de la conservación.

LPS-TLR4 pathway exaggerates alcoholic hepatitis via provoking NETs formation.

BACKGROUND: Intrahepatic infiltration of neutrophils is a character of alcoholic hepatitis (AH) and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are an important strategy for neutrophils to fix and kill invading microorganisms. The gut-liver axis has been thought to play a critical role in many liver diseases also including AH. However, whether NETs appear in AH and play role in AH is still unsure. METHODS: Serum samples from AH patients were collected and LPS and MPO-DNA were detected. WT, NE KO, and TLR4 KO mice were used to build the AH model, and the intestinal bacteria were eliminated at the same time and LPS was given. Then the formation of NETs and AH-related markers were detected. RESULTS: The serum MPO-DNA and LPS concentration was increased in AH patients and a correlation was revealed between these two indexes. More intrahepatic NETs formed in AH mice. NETs formation decreased with antibiotic intervention and restored with antibiotic intervention plus LPS supplement. While NETs formation failed to change with gut microbiome or combine LPS supplement in TLR4 KO mice. As we tested AH-related characters, liver injury, intrahepatic fat deposition, inflammation, and fibrosis alleviated with depletion of NE. These related marks were also attenuated with gut sterilization by antibiotics and recovered with a combined treatment with antibiotics plus LPS. But the AH-related markers did show a difference in TLR4 KO mice when they received the same treatment. CONCLUSION: Intestinal-derived LPS promotes NETs formation in AH through the TLR4 pathway and further accelerates the AH process by NETs.

Rol de trampas extracelulares de neutrófilos en el pronóstico de las infecciones del sistema respiratorio / Role of neutrophil extracellular traps in the prognosis of respiratory tract infections

Las trampas extracelulares de neutrófilos (NET, por sus siglas en inglés) han surgido recientemente como un vínculo potencial entre la inmunidad y la inflamación, que podría cumplir un papel clave en la patogénesis de las infecciones de vías respiratorias. El objetivo de esta revisión es determinar su rol como marcador pronóstico en enfermedades infecciosas de vías respiratorias. Para la elaboración de este artículo de revisión narrativa se consultaron las publicaciones disponibles a través de una búsqueda automatizada en las bases de datos de PubMed, Scopus y Embase. Las concentraciones elevadas de trampas extracelulares de neutrófilos (cfADN, complejos de mieloperoxidasas-ADN) en pacientes con cuadro clínico grave por infecciones de vías respiratorias, se relacionan con una estancia hospitalaria más larga, periodo prolongado de administración de antibióticos, aumento del riesgo de ingreso a la UCI, necesidad de ventilación mecánica, disfunción orgánica e incluso la muerte (p ≤ 0,05). A pesar de no contar con un parámetro de medición estandarizado, el exceso de trampas extracelulares de neutrófilos se corresponde con la gravedad del daño tisular observado en pacientes con infecciones de vías respiratorias, esto revela el importante rol pronóstico de la respuesta de los neutrófilos y del proceso de la NETosis en las enfermedades infecciosas pulmonares

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) have recently emerged as a potential link between immunity and inflammation, which could play a key role in the pathogenesis of respiratory tract infections. This review aims to determine the role of neutrophil extracellular traps as prognostic markers in respiratoria tract infectious diseases. For this article a literature review was undertaken, consulting available publications through an automated search in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases. High concentrations of neutrophil extracellular traps (cfDNA, Myeloperoxidase-DNA complexes) in patients with severe clinical presentation due to respiratory tract infections are related to a longer length of hospital stay, prolonged period of antibiotic administration and increased risk of admission to the ICU, need for mechanical ventilation, organ dysfunction and even death (p ≤ 0.05). Despite not having a standardized measurement parameter, the excess of neutrophil extracellular traps corresponds to the severity of tissue damage observed in patients with respiratory tract infections, revealing the important prognostic role of the neutrophil response and NETosis process in pulmonary infectious diseases

Distribution, diversity, endemism, and ecology of Nymphalid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Loxicha Region, Oaxaca, Mexico / Distribución, diversidad, endemismo y ecología de las mariposas Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) en la Región Loxicha, Oaxaca, México

Abstract Introduction: The Loxicha Region of Oaxaca, Mexico, has been historically important for the study of Nymphalidae, second in the Papilionoidea for species richness. Describing the diversity patterns of this butterfly clade in Loxicha can improve our understanding of the evolutionary history of the Sierra Madre del Sur, the Mexican Pacific slope, and Mexico in general. Objective: To describe the temporal and spatial patterns of Nymphalidae diversity along an elevational gradient (80-2 600 m), and to compare Loxicha's fauna with other regions in Mexico. Methods: We obtained 28 756 records from 21 sites in the Loxicha Region, representing seven years of sampling. We estimate and analyze the diversity, endemism, and distributional patterns for three elevational levels and five vegetation types. We estimated species composition and similarity with other regions of the Pacific and Atlantic slopes. Results: We identified 189 taxa, including species and subspecies, from 85 genera and ten subfamilies of Nymphalidae. Loxicha contains 46 % of the species in the family recognized for Mexico, including ten endemic species and 56 endemic subspecies. Cloud forest and low elevations were the most diverse habitats for this family. There is a clear divergence between the Atlantic and Pacific faunas, and the Sierra Madre del Sur has two faunal components. High-elevation sites in Oaxaca, and in the neighboring state of Guerrero, have a distinctive fauna, apparently isolated from low-elevation sites, revealing an archipelagic distribution for cloud forest Nymphalidae. Conclusions: The Loxicha Region is one of the richest areas for Nymphalidae in Mexico. Distribution on the Pacific slope is determined by geographical history and ecological conditions, including elevation. Nymphalidae can be used to test hypotheses of biogeographic regionalization in Mexico.

Resumen Introducción: La Región Loxicha de Oaxaca, México, ha sido históricamente importante para el estudio de Nymphalidae, segunda en riqueza de especies en Papilionoidea. Describir los patrones de diversidad de este taxón de mariposas en Loxicha puede mejorar nuestra comprensión de la historia evolutiva de la Sierra Madre del Sur, la vertiente del Pacífico mexicano y México en general. Objetivo: Describir los patrones temporales y espaciales de la diversidad de Nymphalidae a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal (80-2 600 m), y comparar la fauna de Loxicha con otras regiones de México. Métodos: Obtuvimos 28 756 registros de 21 sitios de la Región Loxicha, que representan siete años de muestreo. Estimamos y analizamos la diversidad, el endemismo y los patrones de distribución para tres niveles altitudinales y cinco tipos de vegetación. Estimamos la composición de especies y la similitud con otras regiones de las vertientes del Pacífico y Atlántico de México. Resultados: Identificamos 189 taxones, incluyendo especies y subespecies, de 85 géneros y diez subfamilias de Nymphalidae. Loxicha contiene 46 % de las especies de la familia reconocidas para México, incluidas diez especies endémicas y 56 subespecies endémicas. El bosque mesófilo y las elevaciones bajas fueron los hábitats más diversos para esta familia. Existe una clara divergencia entre las faunas del Atlántico y del Pacífico, y la Sierra Madre del Sur tiene dos componentes faunísticos. Los sitios de elevaciones altas en Oaxaca, y en el estado vecino de Guerrero, tienen una fauna distintiva, aparentemente aislada de los sitios de elevaciones bajas, lo que revela una distribución archipelágica para los Nymphalidae del bosque mesófilo. Conclusiones: La Región Loxicha es una de las zonas más diversas para Nymphalidae en México. La distribución en la vertiente del Pacífico está determinada por la historia geográfica y las condiciones ecológicas, incluida la elevación. Nymphalidae puede usarse para probar hipótesis de regionalización biogeográfica en México.

Neutrophil extracellular traps in autoimmune diseases / Trampas extracelulares de neutrófilos en enfermedades autoinmunes

ABSTRACT Neutrophils play an important role in immune defence against several pathogens. These cells actively participate in the innate immune response through different functions, such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, oxidative burst and degranulation, which have been widely studied. However, in the last few years, a new function has been described; activated neutrophils are able to release web-like chromatin structures known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These structures formed by DNA, histones, and proteins, immobilize and kill microorganisms. Disruption in NET formation is associated with the pathophysiology of several disorders, including the autoimmune diseases. NETs are an important source of the autoantigens involved in the production of autoantibodies and maintenance of the inflammatory milieu. This review provides a summary of the contribution of NETs to the pathogenesis of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. The preliminary findings on NETs components in Sjögren.'s syndrome will also be described.

RESUMEN Los neutrófilos juegan un papel muy importante en la defensa inmune contra diferentes patógenos. Estas células participan activamente en la respuesta inmune innata a través de diferentes funciones como quimiotaxis, fagocitosis, estallido oxidativo y degranulación, las cuales han sido estudiadas ampliamente. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se ha descrito una nueva función; los neutrófilos activados son capaces de liberar redes de cromatina llamadas trampas extracelulares de neutrófilos (NETs). Estas estructuras están formadas por ADN, histonas y proteínas capaces de inmovilizar y matar microorganismos. Alteraciones en la formación de estas NETs están asociadas con la fisiopatología de varios trastornos, incluyendo las enfermedades autoinmunes (EAI). Las NETs son consideradas una fuente de autoantígenos que ayudan a la producción de autoanticuerpos y al mantenimiento de un ambiente inflamatorio. Esta revisión resume la contribución de las NETs a la patogénesis de vasculitis asociada a anticuerpos contra el citoplasma de los neutrófilos, lupus eritematoso sistémico y artritis reumatoide. Adicionalmente, se describirán los resultados preliminares de la detección de componentes de las NETs en pacientes con síndrome de Sjögren.

Nocturnal variation of the zooplankton community in coral reef substrates at Isla del Coco National Park (Eastern Tropical Pacific)

Introduction: Zooplankton is a major link in coral reef food webs and a source of nutrients for corals. Demersal zooplankton in coral reefs makes diel migrations at night to avoid predation by fish and corals, increasing abundance and biomass at night. Objectives: To study the composition and variation of the demersal and pelagic zooplankton community at night and to increase the taxonomic knowledge of the benthic copepod fauna over different substrates of a coral reef. Methods: Traps made of plastic, with a 100 μm mesh size collector cup attached, were placed for 12 hours between 5-10 m depth over four substrates: (1) sand, (2) small and (3) big colonies of Porites lobata, and (4) dead and alive corals. Sampling started at dusk (1800 h), and the collector cups were collected and replaced at 2100 and 0000, and the last samples removed at down (0600 h). Results: The highest abundance of zooplankton was capture over P. lobata colonies between 0000 to 0600 h. Copepods (adults, copepodites, and nauplii) dominated the community structure and were more abundant during all the time intervals and substrates. Pelagic copepods were more abundant than the benthic, however, not more diverse. Among the benthic copepods, 20 new records of harpacticoids and calanoids were registered for Isla del Coco and Costa Rican waters. Appendicularians and decapod larvae were also abundant. Changes in coral reef community structure were related with time and not with the kind of substrate, although some taxa were found only in a specific time interval or substrate. Conclusions: Community structure and abundance of demersal and pelagic coral reef zooplankton in Chatham Bay were dominated by copepods, larvaceans and decapod larvae, similar to other coral reefs around the world. The highest abundance peak of organisms in the water column between 0000 to 0600 h could be related to diel migration.

Introducción: El zooplancton demersal en los arrecifes de coral diariamente realiza migraciones diarias durante la noche para evitar ser depredados, su abundancia y su biomasa aumentan durante la noche. Objetivos: Registrar la composición y la variación del zooplancton pelágico-demersal durante la noche y aumentar el conocimiento taxonómico de la fauna de copépodos bénticos sobre diferentes sustratos de un arrecifes de coral. Métodos: El zooplancton asociado a diferentes sustratos fue colectado usando trampas en forma de cono confeccionadas con una bolsa plástica y un copo colector de zooplancton de 100 μm, las trampas se ubicaron sobre cuatro tipos de sustratos en un arrecife de coral: (1) arena, (2) colonias pequeñas y (3) grandes de Porites lobata, y (4) coral vivo y muerto ubicadas entra 5 y 10 m de profundidad. El muestreo fue realizado durante 12 horas, las trampas fueron colocadas a las 1800 h y los copos colectores se cambiaron a las 2100, 0000 y 0600 h. Resultados: Los copépodos (adultos, copepoditos y nauplios) dominaron la composición y fueron más abundantes en todos los intervalos de tiempo y cada uno de los sustratos. Los copépodos pelágicos fueron más abundantes pero no más diversos que los bentónicos. Dentro de los copépodos bénticos recolectados, 20 nuevos registros fueron identificados para las aguas de la Isla del Coco y Costa Rica. Los cambios en la estructura de la comunidad del zooplancton de los arrecifes de coral se relacionaron con el intervalo tiempo de muestreo y no con el tipo de sustrato en que fue colocado la red. Conclusiones: La composición de la comunidad y la abundancia de zooplancton pelágico-demersal en los arrecifes de coral de Bahía Chatham fueron dominadas por copépodos, larvaceos y larvas de decápodos, similar a otros arrecifes de coral alrededor del mundo. El intervalo de tiempo con la mayor abundancia de organismos fue el de 0000 a 0600 h, este pico de abundancia puede estar relacionado con la migración vertical.

Diversidad de macro-invertebrados en sistemas silvopastoriles del sur de Quintana Roo, México

La diversidad de macro-invertebrados está relacionada con el estado de conservación del suelo, no obstante, la remoción de la cubierta vegetal natural para el establecimiento de sistemas ganaderos extensivos afecta su integridad. Una estrategia para la conservación de estos organismos es la implementación de sistemas silvopastoriles; no obstante, en el sureste de México la información aún es limitada. El propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar y comparar la riqueza y la abundancia de macro-invertebrados en cuatro agro-ecosistemas contrastantes: dos sistemas silvopastoriles conformados por Leucaena leucocephala y pastos asociados (i.e. Panicum máximum cv mombaza y Cynodon plectostachyus), un pastizal convencional de Brachiaria brizantha con árboles dispersos en baja densidad y una selva mediana subperennifolia. En cada sistema se delimitó una superficie de una hectárea y se estableció un transecto de 50 m de longitud en los que se colocaron cinco trampas de caída tipo pit-fall cada 10 m. El muestreo se realizó en febrero y mayo 2018 y en cada mes se realizaron cinco recolectas con intervalos de cinco días. Se recolectaron un total de 1 737 organismos pertenecientes a 10 órdenes de la clase Insecta y uno a la clase Gastropoda. Los sistemas con mayor abundancia de macro-invertebrados fueron el sistema de selva media subperennifolia (923 individuos) y el sistema silvopastoril de L. leucocephala con C. plectostachyus (354 individuos). Los órdenes más abundantes fueron: Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Araneae y Orthoptera. La mayor diversidad de macro-invertebrados se presentó en los sistemas silvopastoriles de L. leucocephala con P. maximum (H'=1.58) y L. leucocephala con C. plectostachyus (H´=1.44). Los resultados encontrados muestran que los sistemas pecuarios manejados con componentes leñosos (árboles/arbustos) albergan una riqueza y abundancia importante de órdenes de macro-invertebrados en comparación con sistemas como selva mediana subperennifolia. Esta diversidad de macro-invertebrates podría contribuir a la integridad y funcionalidad de los agro-ecosistemas.

The diversity of macro-invertebrates is related to the state of disturbance of the soil, caused mainly by the land-use change for agricultural activities. A strategy for the conservation of these organisms is the implementation of diversified production systems such as silvopastoral systems. However, in the Southeast of Mexico, information is still limited. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the richness, abundance and composition of macro-invertebrates in four contrasting agro-ecosystems: two silvopastoral systems made of Leucaena leucocephala and associated pastures (i.e. Panicum maximum cv mombaza and Cynodon plectostachyus), a pasture of Brachiaria brizantha with scattered trees in low density and, a medium-statured tropical dry forest. In each system, an area of one hectare was delimited and a transect of 50 m in length was established in which five pit-fall traps were placed every 10 m. The sampling was carried out in February and May of 2018 and in each month five collections were made with five-day intervals. A total of 1 737 organisms belonging to 10 orders of the class Insecta and one of the class Gastropoda were collected. The medium-statured tropical dry forest (923 individuals) and the silvopastoral systems of L. leucocephala with C. Plectostachyus (354 individuals) show the highest abundance of macro-invertebrates. The most abundant genera were: Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Aracninae and Orthoptera. The higher macro-invertebrate diversity was found in the silvopastoral systems of L. leucocephala with P. maximum (H '= 1.58) and L. leucocephala with C. plectostachyus (H' = 1.44). The results show that livestock systems managed with woody components (trees or shrubs) are home of an important abundance and richness of macro-invertebrates, compared to tropical forests. This diversity of macro-invertebrates may contribute to the integrity and functionality of the agro-ecosystems.

Analysis of radiation effects on some properties of GaAs:Cr and Si sensors exposed to a 22 MeV electron beam / Análisis de los efectos de la radiación en algunas propiedades de sensores de GaAs:Cr y Si expuestos a un haz de electrones de 22 MeV

Abstract Nowadays, the experiments related to High Energy Physics and others fields demand the use of detectors with greater radiation resistance, and the novel material GaAs:Cr has demonstrated excellent radiation hardness compared with other semiconductors. On the basis of evidence obtained in the JINR experiment with the use of 22 MeV electrons beam generated by the LINAC-800 accelerator, an analysis of electron radiation effects on GaAs:Cr and Si detectors is presented. The measured I-V characteristics showed a dark current increase with dose, and an asymmetry between the two branches of behaviors for all detectors. Analyzing the MIP spectra and CCE dose dependence measurements a deterioration process of detectors collection capacity with dose increase was found, although behaviors are somewhat different according to the detector type. The detailed explanation of these effects from the microscopic point of view appears in the text, and are generally linked to the generation of atomic displacement, vacancies and other radiation defects, modifying the energy levels structure of the target material. These changes affect the lifetime and concentration of the charge carriers, and other characteristics of the target material.

Resumen Actualmente, los experimentos relacionados con la física de altas energías y otros campos, demandan el uso de detectores con mayor resistencia a las radiaciones y el novedoso material GaAs:Cr ha demostrado poseer una excelente fortaleza comparado con otros semiconductores. En base a las evidencias obtenidas en el experimento del IUIN con el uso de un haz de electrones de 22 MeV generado por el acelerador LINAC-800, se presenta un análisis de los efectos de la radiación en detectores de Si y GaAs:Cr. Las características I-V medidas mostraron un incremento de la corriente de fuga con la dosis y una asimetría entre las dos ramas de estos comportamientos para todos los detectores. Analizando las mediciones de los espectros MIP y la dependencia de la CCE con la dosis, fue encontrado un proceso de deterioro de la capacidad de detección de los detectores con el aumento de la dosis, sin embargo, los comportamientos son diferentes de acuerdo al tipo de detector. La explicación detallada de estos efectos desde el punto de vista microscópico aparece en el texto, los cuales están relacionados generalmente con la generación de desplazamientos atómicos, vacancias y otros defectos producto de la radiación, modificando la estructura de los niveles energéticos en el material sensor. Estos cambios afectan el tiempo de vida y la concentración de los portadores de carga, así como otras características del material.

Diversidad y patrones de actividad de mamíferos medianos y grandes en la Reserva de la Biosfera La Encrucijada, Chiapas, México / Diversity and activity patterns of medium and large mammals in La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve, Chiapas, Mexico

Resumen En México, los humedales ocupan una porción importante del país, entre ellos, los manglares son particularmente diversos. La Reserva de la Biosfera de La Encrucijada (REBIEN) es un ecosistema costero de manglares localizado en la planicie costera del pacífico en la porción suroeste del estado de Chiapas. Los manglares de la REBIEN se encuentran entre los más importantes de la costa pacífica americana, destacando el papel que juegan en el mantenimiento de la comunidad de mamíferos en la costa del estado. Existen pocos estudios en México relacionados con los mamíferos asociados a estos ecosistemas, nuestro objetivo fue estimar la diversidad y los patrones de actividad de los mamíferos medianos y grandes en la REBIEN. El muestreo se realizó de agosto de 2015 a agosto de 2016 utilizando trampas-cámara. Se obtuvieron un total de 1 851 registros de fotografías independientes con un esfuerzo de muestreo total de 5 400 días-trampa. Se registraron 19 especies de mamíferos pertenecientes a 15 familias y siete órdenes, y cinco especies fueron nuevos registros en el área. Seis especies presentes figuran en la lista, dos en peligro de extinción y cuatro amenazadas. Los análisis de interpolación y extrapolación mostraron una tendencia asintótica en las curvas para las estaciones de lluvia y seca. La cobertura de la muestra para ambas temporadas fue de 99.9 % y 99.8 %, respectivamente, lo que indica en ambos casos un muestreo representativo. Según el índice de abundancia relativa obtenido, las especies más abundantes fueron Procyon lotor (IAR = 4.35), Nasua narica (IAR = 3.91), Philander opossum (IAR = 2.04), Cuniculus paca (IAR = 1.89), Didelphis marsupialis (IAR = 1.67) y Dasypus novemcinctus (IAR = 1.02). En términos de patrones de actividad, C. paca, P. opossum, D. marsupialis y D. novemcinctus fueron principalmente nocturnos; P. lotor mostró una tendencia hacia hábitos nocturnos, pero también se registró durante el día; N. narica fue principalmente diurno. Esta información puede ser útil para la creación de programas de manejo y la conservación de mamíferos medianos y grandes en la REBIEN, especialmente para especies en riesgo.

Abstract In Mexico, wetlands occupy an important portion of the country, among them, mangroves are particularly diverse. La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve (ENBIRE) is a coastal ecosystem of mangrove located along the Pacific Coastal Plain in the Southwestern portion of Chiapas state. The ENBIRE mangroves are among the most important of the American Pacific Coast, highlighting the role they play in the maintenance of the community of mammals on the coast of the state. There are few studies in Mexico related to the mammals associated with these ecosystems, our aim was to estimate the diversity and activity patterns of medium and large mammals in the ENBIRE. Sampling was conducted from August 2015 to August 2016 using camera traps. We obteined 1 851 independent photographs records, with a total sampling effort of 5 400 trap-days. Nineteen species of mammals were registered belonging to 15 families and seven orders, and five species were new records to the area. Six species present are listed, two as endangered and four as threatened. Interpolation and extrapolation analyzes showed an asymptotic trend in the curves for the rainy and dry seasons. The coverage of the sample for both seasons was 99.9 % and 99.8 %, respectively, indicating that both cases were a representative sample. According to the relative abundance index obtained, the most abundant species were Procyon lotor (IAR = 4.35), Nasua narica (IAR = 3.91), Philander opossum (IAR = 2.04), Cuniculus paca (IAR = 1.89), Didelphis marsupialis (IAR = 1.67) and Dasypus novemcinctus (IAR = 1.02). In terms of patterns of activity C. paca, P. opossum, D. marsupialis and D. novemcinctus were primarily nocturnal; P. lotor showed a tendency towards nocturnal habits but was also recorded during the day; N. narica was mainly diurnal. This information can be useful to the creation of management programs and the conservation of medium and large mammals in the ENBIRE, especially for species at risk. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 634-646. Epub 2018 June 01.

Eficiencia de trampas de caída y suficiencia taxonómica en comunidades de arañas (Araneae) epigeas en tres ecorregiones del noroeste argentino / Efficiency of pitfall traps and taxonomic sufficiency for epigeal spider communities (Araneae) in three ecoregions of northwestern Argentina

Resumen El incremento de la degradación de los hábitats naturales ha fortalecido la necesidad de conocer y evaluar los patrones de biodiversidad; siendo los inventarios biológicos y la suficiencia taxonómica herramientas que permiten describir y monitorear la diversidad en cortos períodos de tiempo. El estudio de la araneofauna en el norte Argentino es escaso en particular en ecorregiones donde se considera prioritario conservar sus ambientes. Las arañas son utilizadas como taxón indicador para comparar patrones de biodiversidad, donde el estudio de las familias y de los gremios puede potencialmente servir como sustitutos ecológicos de las especies dando indicación del uso del hábitat y de las estrategias de forrajeo. En este estudio, analizamos la diversidad alfa y beta de las comunidades de arañas epigeas en diferentes ecorregiones de la provincia de Salta (Chaco Serrano, Monte de Sierras y Bolsones, y Puna) utilizando trampas de caída y muestreos en las cuatro estaciones del año; y testeamos si el nivel taxonómico familia, en el caso de las arañas, puede actuar como potencial sustituto del nivel especie en las evaluaciones rápidas de biodiversidad. Para ello, en cada ecorregión seleccionamos tres sitios ampliamente separados que fueron muestreados durante el otoño, invierno, primavera y verano del 2005-2007. En cada sitio se colocaron 10 trampas de caída separadas por 10 m a lo largo de una transecta lineal y con una actividad de 7 días por estación. Se recolectaron 886 arañas de 100 especies/morfoespecies correspondientes a 19 familias. La ecorregión Chaco (S = 56, N = 495) reportó la mayor riqueza de especies y abundancia comparada con el Monte (S = 44, N = 262) y la Puna (S = 23, N = 129). La completitud del inventario obtenido para cada ecorregión fue completa, superando el 70 %. La diversidad alfa y beta evidenciaron que las comunidades ecorregionales de arañas fueron diferentes. Las estaciones más frías (otoño e invierno) demostraron ser claves a la hora de evaluar la diversidad de arañas en las ecorregiones, aportando a la diversidad regional conjuntamente con la diversidad de las estaciones cálidas (primavera y verano). Además, el nivel taxonómico de familia evidenció reflejar, de igual manera que el nivel especie, los cambios en la diversidad alfa y beta. El uso de trampas de caída en todas las estaciones del año y el reconocimiento de las familias de arañas para la fauna epigea son de gran utilidad para realizar futuras evaluaciones rápidas de biodiversidad en el área en estudio; permitiendo así incorporar este grupo taxonómico en los estudios de monitoreo de biodiversidad que se lleven a cabo en estas ecorregiones.

Abstract The increased degradation of natural habitats has strengthened the need to know and assess biodiversity patterns. Particularly, the study of the spider fauna in the North of Argentina is scarce in ecoregions with priority interests of conservation. Generally, spiders are used as indicators to compare biodiversity patterns, and here we tested whether the spider family-level can act as a substitute of the species-level in biodiversity rapid assessments. For this, we analyzed the alpha and beta diversity of the epigeal spider communities in three separate sites of three ecoregions of Salta province (Chaco Serrano, Monte de Sierras and Bolsones, and Puna), during the fall, winter, spring and summer of 2005-2007. In each site, 10 pitfall traps, located along a linear transect and 10 meters apart, were placed for seven days per season of continuous activity. A total of 886 spiders were collected from 100 species/morphospecies of 19 families. The completeness of the inventory obtained for each ecoregion surpassed 70 %. The Chaco ecoregion (S = 56, N = 495) reported the highest species richness and abundance compared to Monte (S = 44, N = 262) and Puna (S = 23, N = 129). Alpha and beta diversity showed that ecoregional spider communities were different, sharing few species (0.7 %). The Chaco reported a high dissimilarity of its assemblage with respect to the other ecoregions. The colder seasons (autumn and winter) are important in assessing the diversity of spiders, contributing to regional diversity in conjunction with the diversity of warm seasons (spring and summer). Four guilds were reported (ground hunters, specialists, other hunters and ambush hunters), but the latter was absent in Monte, and the specialists dominated Chaco. Zodariidae was dominant in Chaco Serrano, where Leprolochus birabeni is an indicator of native environments. On the other hand, Lycosidae, Philodromidae, Anyphaenidae and Oonopidae were important for Monte and Puna. Year-round pitfall traps and identification of epigeal spider families are useful for biodiversity rapid assessments in this area. Like the species-level, the taxonomic family-level evidenced changes in alpha and beta diversity. This allows the inclusion of this taxonomic group for future biodiversity monitoring. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(1): 204-217. Epub 2018 March 01.

A spatial approach to combatting wildlife crime.

Poaching can have devastating impacts on animal and plant numbers, and in many countries has reached crisis levels, with illegal hunters employing increasingly sophisticated techniques. We used data from an 8-year study in Savé Valley Conservancy, Zimbabwe, to show how geographic profiling-a mathematical technique originally developed in criminology and recently applied to animal foraging and epidemiology-can be adapted for use in investigations of wildlife crime. The data set contained information on over 10,000 incidents of illegal hunting and the deaths of 6,454 wild animals. We used a subset of data for which the illegal hunters' identities were known. Our model identified the illegal hunters' home villages based on the spatial locations of the hunting incidences (e.g., snares). Identification of the villages was improved by manipulating the probability surface inside the conservancy to reflect the fact that although the illegal hunters mostly live outside the conservancy, the majority of hunting occurs inside the conservancy (in criminology terms, commuter crime). These results combined with rigorous simulations showed for the first time how geographic profiling can be combined with GIS data and applied to situations with more complex spatial patterns, for example, where landscape heterogeneity means some parts of the study area are less likely to be used (e.g., aquatic areas for terrestrial animals) or where landscape permeability differs (e.g., forest bats tend not to fly over open areas). More broadly, these results show how geographic profiling can be used to target antipoaching interventions more effectively and more efficiently and to develop management strategies and conservation plans in a range of conservation scenarios.

Range extension of the rare Peruvian fish-eating rat Neusticomys peruviensis (Rodentia: Cricetidae) in Peru / Rango de extensión de la rata acuática peruana Neusticomys peruviensis (Rodentia: Cricetidae) en Perú

Neusticomys peruviensis (Musser & Gardner 1974) is a semi aquatic rodent which belongs to the Ichthyomyini Tribe. It is an endemic species of Peru, previously known for three specimens: type specimen from Balta, another specimen from Rio Shesha, both from Ucayali department; and the third specimen from Pakitza (Madre de Dios department). We captured an additional specimen in Cusco Department. Its geographic distribution extends 84.15 km south of the previously known distribution range. This suggest that this species would have a broader distribution. More detailed studies are needed to know the ecology and distribution of these rodents.

Neusticomys peruviensis (Musser & Gardner 1974) es una especie de roedor acuático perteneciente a la tribu Icthyomyini, es una especie endémica de Perú. Fue previamente conocida por tres especímenes, el espécimen tipo proviene de Balta, otro espécimen del Rio Shesha, ambos ubicados en el departamento de Ucayali y un tercer espécimen de Pakitza (departamento de Madre de Dios). Nosotros capturamos un espécimen adicional en el departamento de Cusco, con esto se extiende su distribución geográfica a 82.15 km al sur de su rango de distribución. Se necesitan más estudios detallados para conocer la ecología y la distribución de este roedor

Monitoring program for mammals in a protected area of Colombia / Programa de monitoreo de mamíferos en un área protegida de colombia / Programa de monitoração de mamíferos em uma área protegida em Colômbia

Abstract Between the second semester of 2009 and the first semester of 2011, camera traps were set up in conserved and disturbed habitats in the Otun Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary. From a sampling effort of 2,066 camera-days, 673 photographs of 157 independent events were obtained for eight species of wild mammals and a domestic one. Their activity patterns were mainly nocturnal even for those species reported as diurnal. The impact of human interference and exotic species was evident for two species: Tapiruspinchaque and Cerdocyon thous. The former was observed below its altitudinal range with activity patterns mainly crepuscular and nocturnal. The second was observed in the same habitats where domestic dogs were found, with activity patterns mainly crepuscular and nocturnal. These findings suggest that both species have altered their activity patterns. Actions must be focused on decreasing the interaction of these mammals with humans and domestic dogs.

Resumen La información sobre los mamíferos de mediano y gran tamaño que habitan áreas protegidas en Colombia es cada vez más necesaria para impulsar acciones tendientes a su protección. La identificación completa de estas especies, sus números y sus patrones de actividad son esenciales en programas de monitoreo, especialmente por las relaciones entre estos animales y las dinámicas antropogénicas. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo en el Santuario de Flora y Fauna Otún-Quimbaya (Colombia). Entre el segundo semestre de 2009 y el primer semestre de 2011, se colocaron trampas cámara en áreas conservadas y perturbadas del Santuario de Flora y Fauna Otún-Quimbaya. Con un esfuerzo de muestreo de 2066 días-cámara se obtuvieron 673 fotografías de 157 eventos independientes para 8 especies silvestres y una doméstica. Los patrones de actividad observados fueron principalmente nocturnos, incluso para especies reportadas como diurnas. El impacto de la interferencia humana y de las especies exóticas fue evidente en 2 especies: Tapirus pinchaque y Cerdocyon thous. La primera fue observada por debajo de su rango altitudinal con patrones de actividad principalmente crepusculares y nocturnos. La segunda se observó en los mismos hábitats donde se encontraron los perros domésticos, con patrones de actividad principalmente crepusculares y nocturnos. Estos hallazgos sugieren que ambas especies han alterado sus patrones de actividad. Es necesario enfocar acciones en la disminución de la interacción de estos mamíferos con los humanos y con perros domésticos.

Resumen Entre o segundo semestre de 2009 e o primeiro semestre de 2011, câmeras foram armadas em habitats conservados e perturbados no Santuário de Flora e Fauna Otún Quimbaya. A partir de uma amostragem de 2066 dias de instalação da câmera, foram obtidas 673 fotografias de 157 eventos independentes para oito espécies de mamíferos selvagens e uma espécie doméstica. Os padrões de atividade observados eram principalmente noturnos, inclusive para espécies reportadas como diurnas. O impacto da interferência humana e de espécies exóticas foi observado para duas espécies: Tapirus pinchaque e Cerdocyon thous. A primeira foi observada abaixo de seu intervalo de altitude com padrões de atividade majoritariamente crepuscular e noturno. A segunda espécie foi observada nos mesmos habitats em que espécies de cachorros domésticos foram observados, com padrões de atividade majoritariamente crepuscular e noturno. Estes resultados sugerem que ambas as espécies alteraram seus comportamentos padrão. Ações devem ser focalizadas para reduzir a interação de estes mamíferos com os humanos e cães domésticos.

Control of invasive rats on islands and priorities for future action.

Invasive rats are one of the world's most successful animal groups that cause native species extinctions and ecosystem change, particularly on islands. On large islands, rat eradication is often impossible and population control, defined as the local limitation of rat abundance, is now routinely performed on many of the world's islands as an alternative management tool. However, a synthesis of the motivations, techniques, costs, and outcomes of such rat-control projects is lacking. We reviewed the literature, searched relevant websites, and conducted a survey via a questionnaire to synthesize the available information on rat-control projects in island natural areas worldwide to improve rat management and native species conservation. Data were collected from 136 projects conducted over the last 40 years; most were located in Australasia (46%) and the tropical Pacific (25%) in forest ecosystems (65%) and coastal strands (22%). Most of the projects targeted Rattus rattus and most (82%) were aimed at protecting birds and endangered ecosystems. Poisoning (35%) and a combination of trapping and poisoning (42%) were the most common methods. Poisoning allows for treatment of larger areas, and poison projects generally last longer than trapping projects. Second-generation anticoagulants (mainly brodifacoum and bromadiolone) were used most often. The median annual cost for rat-control projects was US$17,262 or US$227/ha. Median project duration was 4 years. For 58% of the projects, rat population reduction was reported, and 51% of projects showed evidence of positive effects on biodiversity. Our data were from few countries, revealing the need to expand rat-control distribution especially in some biodiversity hotspots. Improvement in control methods is needed as is regular monitoring to assess short- and long-term effectiveness of rat-control.

9-[(E)-2-feniletenil]antraceno Y 9-[(E)-2-(naftalen-2-il)etenil] antraceno COMO TRAMPAS PARA OXÍGENO SINGULETE: OXIDACIÓN FOTOSENSIBILIZADA Y EFECTO FOTODINÁMICO SOBRE PARÁSITOS Leishmania tarentolae / 9-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]anthracene AND 9-[(E)-2-(naphthalen-2-yl)ethenyl] anthracene AS TRAPS FOR SINGLET OXYGEN: PHOTOSENSITIZED OXIDATION AND PHOTODYNAMIC EFFECT ON Leishmania tarentolae PARASITES

Introducción: El oxígeno singulete es una especie reactiva que se obtiene mediante transferencia energética usando un fotosensibilizador. Su cuantificación directa requiere de instrumentación costosa, por lo cual es necesario recurrir a métodos indirectos que tengan suficiente selectividad y bajo costo. Estos procedimientos se basan en la interceptación química del oxígeno singulete produciendo una especie que se pueda detectar por métodos analíticos convencionales. En este artículo se describe la utilización del 9-[(E)-2-feniletenil] antraceno 1 (PEA) y del 9-[(E)-2-(naftalen-2-il) etenil]antraceno 2 (NEA), como alternativas viables y económicas para la cuantificación indirecta del oxígeno singulete, en medios acuosos. Su ventaja radica en la fácil detección de la desactivación de su fluorescencia una vez son oxidados por el oxígeno singulete. Materiales y Métodos: Los compuestos se sintetizaron y caracterizaron siguiendo procedimientos previamente reportados. Su capacidad para atrapar oxígeno singulete se determinó siguiendo su oxidación fotosensibilizada en solución de H2O/THF y en parásitos de Leishmania tarentolae, empleando azul de metileno o rosa bengala como fotosensibilizadores. Las muestras experimentales se iluminaron con una lámpara de emisión de luz visible, y se utilizaron métodos espectroscópicos (absorción UV-Vis, fluorescencia, RMN-1H) y espectrometría de masas para monitorear el atrapamiento y fotooxidación. Resultados y Discusión: Las pruebas espectroscópicas demostraron la capacidad que tienen los compuestos PEA 1 y NEA 2 para atrapar oxígeno singulete en solución acuosa y dentro de parásitos de L. tarentolae. Estudios de viabilidad parasitaria demuestran que PEA 1 es citotóxico en la oscuridad y cuando los cultivos son expuestos a la luz, mientras que NEA 2 no es citotóxico en la oscuridad, pero sí lo es cuando el cultivo es expuesto a la luz. En conclusión, los compuestos estudiados pueden servir como sondas para detectar y medir la producción de oxígeno singulete en medio acuoso y potencialmente en cultivos celulares, aunque es recomendable evaluar su actividad citotóxica en la oscuridad y bajo iluminación en estos casos.

Introduction: Singlet oxygen is a reactive species obtained via energy transfer using a photosensitizer. Its direct quantification requires expensive instrumentation, so it is necessary to use indirect methods having sufficient selectivity and low cost. These procedures are based on the chemical interception of singlet oxygen producing a species that can be detected using conventional analytical methods. This article describes the utilization of 9-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]anthracene 1 (PEA) and 9-[(E)-2-(naphtalen-2-yl)ethenyl]anthracene 2 (NEA) as suitable and economic alternatives for the indirect quantification of singlet oxygen in aqueous media. Their advantage is the easy detection of their fluorescence once they are oxidized by singlet oxygen. Materials and Methods: Compounds were synthesized and characterized following procedures previously reported. Their capacity to trap singlet oxygen was determined by monitoring their photosensitized oxidation in either a H2O/THF solution or within Leishmania tarentolae parasites, utilizing methylene blue or rose bengal as photosensitizers. Experimental samples were illuminated with a lamp emitting visible light, while spectroscopical techniques (absorption, fluorescence, 1 H-NMR) and mass spectrometry were used to monitor trapping and photooxidation. Results and Discussion: Spectroscopical evidence demonstrates that both PEA 1 and NEA 2 are capable of trapping singlet oxygen in both aqueous media and within L. tarentolae parasites. Viability studies demonstrate that PEA 1 is cytotoxic in the dark and when parasite cultures were exposed to light, while NEA 2 does not show dark cytotoxicity, but is toxic when cultures were exposed to light. It can be concluded that both compounds under study may be utilized as probes to detect and quantify the production of singlet oxygen in aqueous media and potentially in cell cultures, although it is recommended to evaluate their cytotoxic activity both in the dark and upon light exposure in these cases.

Dynamics of a low-density tiger population in Southeast Asia in the context of improved law enforcement.

Recovering small populations of threatened species is an important global conservation strategy. Monitoring the anticipated recovery, however, often relies on uncertain abundance indices rather than on rigorous demographic estimates. To counter the severe threat from poaching of wild tigers (Panthera tigris), the Government of Thailand established an intensive patrolling system in 2005 to protect and recover its largest source population in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary. Concurrently, we assessed the dynamics of this tiger population over the next 8 years with rigorous photographic capture-recapture methods. From 2006 to 2012, we sampled across 624-1026 km(2) with 137-200 camera traps. Cameras deployed for 21,359 trap days yielded photographic records of 90 distinct individuals. We used closed model Bayesian spatial capture-recapture methods to estimate tiger abundances annually. Abundance estimates were integrated with likelihood-based open model analyses to estimate rates of annual and overall rates of survival, recruitment, and changes in abundance. Estimates of demographic parameters fluctuated widely: annual density ranged from 1.25 to 2.01 tigers/100 km(2) , abundance from 35 to 58 tigers, survival from 79.6% to 95.5%, and annual recruitment from 0 to 25 tigers. The number of distinct individuals photographed demonstrates the value of photographic capture-recapture methods for assessments of population dynamics in rare and elusive species that are identifiable from natural markings. Possibly because of poaching pressure, overall tiger densities at Huai Kha Khaeng were 82-90% lower than in ecologically comparable sites in India. However, intensified patrolling after 2006 appeared to reduce poaching and was correlated with marginal improvement in tiger survival and recruitment. Our results suggest that population recovery of low-density tiger populations may be slower than anticipated by current global strategies aimed at doubling the number of wild tigers in a decade.

Función del sistema NADPH oxidasa en la formación de trampas extracelulares de los neutrófilos (NETs) / Role of nadph oxidase system in the neutrophil extracelular Traps (NETs) formation

Las trampas extracelulares de los neutrófilos son estructuras fundamentalmente compuestas de cromatina y proteínas granulares, que una vez liberadas constituyen un mecanismo de defensa que tiene la capacidad de atrapar y destruir microorganismos patógenos. El proceso que libera estas estructuras es conocido como NETosis y en el caso que provoque muerte celular, esta es diferente a la apoptosis y a la necrosis. Si bien no se conocen todos los eventos moleculares involucrados en la formación de las NETs, se sabe que dependiendo del estímulo, las especies reactivas del oxígeno son esenciales para que ocurra la descondensación de la cromatina y se lleve a cabo el proceso de NETosis(AU)

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are structures mainly composed of chromatin and granule proteins that once released constitute a defense mechanism due to their ability to trap and destroy pathogen microorganisms. The process by which these structures are released is known as NETosis and in case this may lead to cell death is different to apoptosis and necrosis. Although all the molecular events involved in the formation of NETs are poorly understood, it is known that depending on the stimulus, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential to the chromatin decondensation and subsequent NETs formation(AU)

Divergence in sink contributions to population persistence.

Population sinks present unique conservation challenges. The loss of individuals in sinks can compromise persistence; but conversely, sinks can improve viability by improving connectivity and facilitating the recolonization of vacant sources. To assess the contribution of sinks to regional population persistence of declining populations, we simulated source-sink dynamics for 3 very different endangered species: Black-capped Vireos (Vireo atricapilla) at Fort Hood, Texas, Ord's kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ordii) in Alberta, and Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) in the northwestern United States. We used empirical data from these case studies to parameterize spatially explicit individual-based models. We then used the models to quantify population abundance and persistence with and without long-term sinks. The contributions of sink habitats varied widely. Sinks were detrimental, particularly when they functioned as strong sinks with few emigrants in declining populations (e.g., Alberta's Ord's kangaroo rat) and benign in robust populations (e.g., Black-capped Vireos) when Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism was controlled. Sinks, including ecological traps, were also crucial in delaying declines when there were few sources (e.g., in Black-capped Vireo populations with no Cowbird control). Sink contributions were also nuanced. For example, sinks that supported large, variable populations were subject to greater extinction risk (e.g., Northern Spotted Owls). In each of our case studies, new context-dependent sinks emerged, underscoring the dynamic nature of sources and sinks and the need for frequent re-assessment. Our results imply that management actions based on assumptions that sink habitats are generally harmful or helpful risk undermining conservation efforts for declining populations.

Surveillance of adult Aedes mosquitoes in Selangor, Malaysia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of using sticky traps and the NS1 dengue antigen kit for the surveillance of Aedes mosquitoes for dengue control. METHODS: Apartments were selected in a dengue-endemic area, and sticky traps were set to capture adult Aedes mosquitoes. NS1 dengue antigen kit was used to detect dengue antigen in mosquitoes, and positive mosquitoes were serotyped using real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS: The sticky traps were effective in capturing Aedes aegypti, and a minimum of three traps per floor was sufficient. Multiple serotypes were found in individual mosquitoes. CONCLUSION: The sticky trap and the NS1 dengue antigen test kit can be used as surveillance tool in dengue control programmes. This proactive method will be better suited for control programmes than current reactive methods.

Combining malaria control with house electrification: adherence to recommended behaviours for proper deployment of solar-powered mosquito trapping systems, Rusinga Island, western Kenya.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate community adherence to recommended behaviours for proper deployment of solar-powered mosquito trapping systems (SMoTS) after 3- to 10-week use. METHODS: Solar-powered mosquito trapping system, which also provided power for room lighting and charging mobile phones, were installed in houses in Rusinga Island, western Kenya. We used a structured checklist for observations and a semi-structured questionnaire for interviews in 24 homesteads. We also analysed the subject of 224 community calls to the project team for technical maintenance of SMoTS. RESULTS: Most respondents cared for SMoTS by fencing, emptying and cleaning the trap. Our observations revealed that most traps were fenced, clean and in good working condition. A significantly higher proportion of community calls was lighting-related. Lighting was the main reason respondents liked SMoTS because it reduced or eliminated expenditure on kerosene. However, some respondents observed they no longer heard sounds of mosquitoes inside their houses. All respondents reportedly slept under insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) before receiving SMoTS. After receiving SMoTS, most respondents reportedly continued to use ITNs citing that the project advised them to do so. Some beach residents stopped using ITNs because they no longer heard mosquitoes or due to heat discomfort caused by lights. CONCLUSION: Electricity-related incentives played a greater role in encouraging adherence to recommended behaviours for proper deployment of SMoTS than the potential health benefits in the early stages of the intervention. Although energy-related financial incentives may play a role, they are insufficient to ensure adherence to health advice, even in the short term. Ongoing community engagement and research monitors and addresses adherence to recommended behaviours including continuation of current malaria control strategies.