Optimize the parameters for the synthesis by the ionic gelation technique, purification, and freeze-drying of chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate nanoparticles for biomedical purposes.

BACKGROUND: Polymeric nanoparticles can be used for wound closure and therapeutic compound delivery, among other biomedical applications. Although there are several nanoparticle obtention methods, it is crucial to know the adequate parameters to achieve better results. Therefore, the objective of this study was to optimize the parameters for the synthesis, purification, and freeze-drying of chitosan nanoparticles. We evaluated the conditions of agitation speed, anion addition time, solution pH, and chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate concentration. RESULTS: Chitosan nanoparticles presented an average particle size of 172.8 ± 3.937 nm, PDI of 0.166 ± 0.008, and zeta potential of 25.00 ± 0.79 mV, at the concentration of 0.1% sodium tripolyphosphate and chitosan (pH 5.5), with a dripping time of 2 min at 500 rpm. The most representative factor during nanoparticle fabrication was the pH of the chitosan solution, generating significant changes in particle size and polydispersity index. The observed behavior is attributed to the possible excess of sodium tripolyphosphate during synthesis. We added the surfactants poloxamer 188 and polysorbate 80 to evaluate the stability improvement during purification (centrifugation or dialysis). These surfactants decreased coalescence between nanoparticles, especially during purification. The centrifugation increased the zeta potential to 40.8-56.2 mV values, while the dialyzed samples led to smaller particle sizes (152-184 nm). Finally, freeze-drying of the chitosan nanoparticles proceeded using two cryoprotectants, trehalose and sucrose. Both adequately protected the system during the process, and the sugar concentration depended on the purification process. CONCLUSIONS: In Conclusion, we must consider each surfactant's benefits in formulations for selecting the most suitable. Also, it is necessary to do more studies with the molecule to load. At the same time, the use of sucrose and trehalose generates adequate protection against the freeze-drying process, even at a 5% w/v concentration. However, adjusting the percentage concentration by weight must be made to work with the CS-TPP NPs purified by dialysis.

Poly(allylamine)-tripolyphosphate Ionic Assemblies as Nanocarriers: Friend or Foe?

Designing effective drug nanocarriers that are easy to synthesize, robust, and nontoxic is a significant challenge in nanomedicine. Polyamine-multivalent molecule nanocomplexes are promising drug carriers due to their simple and all-aqueous manufacturing process. However, these systems can present issues of colloidal instability over time and cellular toxicity due to the cationic polymer. In this study, we finely modulate the formation parameters of poly(allylamine-tripolyphosphate) complexes to jointly optimize the robustness and safety. Polyallylamine was ionically assembled with tripolyphosphate anions to form liquid-like nanocomplexes with a size of around 200 nm and a zeta potential of -30 mV. We found that nanocomplexes exhibit tremendous long-term stability (9 months of storage) in colloidal dispersion and that they are suitable as protein-loading agents. Moreover, the formation of nanocomplexes induced by tripolyphosphate anions produces a switch-off in the toxicity of the system by altering the overall charge from positive to negative. In addition, we demonstrate that nanocomplexes can be internalized by bone-marrow-derived macrophage cells. Altogether, these nanocomplexes have attractive and promising properties as delivery nanoplatforms for potential therapies based on the immune system activation.

Negatively charged chitosan nanoparticles prepared by ionotropic gelation for encapsulation of positively charged proteins.

The nanoprecipitation of hydrogel nanoparticles by complex coacervation is investigated through a systematic study of the popular chitosan-polyphosphate pair of polyelectrolytes with opposite charges at pH 4. Polyphosphates of varying molar masses and electrical charges are investigated as alternatives to the commonly used tripolyphosphate, so as to assess the influence of the strength of electrostatic interactions on the fabrication possibility, the size of hydrogel particles, and their overall charge. Sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium polyphosphate allow the manufacture of such nanoparticles with either a positive or a negative charge, depending on the chitosan/polyphosphate ratio and the order of mixing. The classical way of mixing by pouring the polyphosphate solution into the chitosan solution yields microparticles. Inverting the order of mixing by pouring the chitosan solution into the polyphosphate solution allows the precipitation of negatively charged nanoparticles with diameters in the range 100-200 nm. Such charge inversion of the chitosan into negative is not possible with the common TPP. It was achieved using sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium polyphosphate having a larger negative charge. Charge inversion of chitosan allows an efficient encapsulation of positively charged proteins with an improved encapsulation efficiency than in the usual TPP-based coacervate. The encapsulation of the bovine serum albumin at pH 4 is given as a case study of a positively charged protein.

Development of Gelatin/Misoprostol Compounds for Use in Pregnancy Failures.

Early abortion is one of the most common complications during pregnancy. However, the frequent handling of the genital region, more precisely the vagina, which causes discomfort to patients in this abortion process due to the frequency of drug insertion, as four pills are inserted every six hours, has led to the search for alternatives to alleviate the suffering caused by this practice in patients who are already in a shaken emotional state. Hence, this work aimed to develop composites of gelatin and misoprostol, using a conventional single-dose drug delivery system. These composites were prepared by freeze/lyophilization technique, by dissolving the gelatin in distilled water, with a concentration of 2.5% (w/v), and misoprostol was incorporated into the gelatin solution at the therapeutic concentration (800 mcg). They were subsequently molded, frozen and lyophilized. The samples of the composites were then crosslinked with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) 1% (v/v) with respect to the gelatin mass for 5 min. The characterization techniques used were: Optical Microscopy (OM), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetry (TG), Swelling, Biodegradation and Cytotoxicity. In OM it was observed that the addition of the drug improved the cylindrical appearance of the compounds, in comparison with the sample that was composed of only gelatin. There was a reduction in the degree of swelling with the addition of the drug and crosslinking. The cytotoxicity test indicated the biocompatibility of the material. Based on the results obtained in these tests, the composites have therapeutic potential for uterine emptying in pregnancy failures, especially in the first trimester.

Ionically Crosslinked Chitosan Membranes Used as Drug Carriers for Cancer Therapy Application.

The aim of this paper was to prepare, by the freeze-drying method, ionically crosslinked chitosan membranes with different contents of pentasodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and loaded with 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ14) drug, in order to evaluate how the physical crosslinking affects NQ14 release from chitosan membranes for cancer therapy application. The membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), swelling degree, and through in vitro drug release and cytotoxicity studies. According to the results, the molecular structure, porosity and hydrophilicity of the chitosan membranes were affected by TPP concentration and, consequently, the NQ14 drug release behavior from the membranes was also affected. The release of NQ14 from crosslinked chitosan membranes decreased when the cross-linker TPP quantity increased. Thus, depending on the TPP amount, the crosslinked chitosan membranes would be a potential delivery system to control the release of NQ14 for cancer therapy application. Lastly, the inhibitory potential of chitosan membranes ionically crosslinked with TPP and loaded with NQ14 against the B16F10 melanoma cell line was confirmed through in vitro cytotoxicity studies assessed via MTT assay. The anti-proliferative effect of prepared membranes was directly related to the amount of cross-linker and among all membranes prepared, such that one crosslinked with 0.3% of TPP may become a potential delivery system for releasing NQ14 drug for cancer therapy.

Investigation of the parameters affecting the release of flurbiprofen from chitosan microspheres

ABSTRACT Flurbiprofen (FLB), a NSAID, widely used for preventing pain generally for arthritis or dental problems. In this study, FLB loaded chitosan microspheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation method. In this method, microspheres were formed by dropping chitosan solutions containing FLB into sodium alginate solutions including sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). A variety of formulation parameters like drug:polymer ratio, drug concentration, polymer's molecular weight, polymer concentration, pH and the concentration of TPP solutions, drying method and stirring time were analyzed. The dissolution studies were performed in a shaking water bath in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at 37 °C. Laser diffractometer was used for particle size analysis, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for morphological properties. Drug loading and loading efficiency were calculated by using UV spectrophotometer. The particles obtained were spherical with 0.7-1.3 mm size range, and the loading efficiency was approximately 21-79%. The dissolution studies conducted revealed that drug:polimer ratio and the polymer type and concentration affected the drug release from microspheres. It was observed that increasing the polymer concentration, polymer's molecular weight and TPP concentration decreased the FLB release from microspheres, which was according to Higuchi kinetics.

Chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol)/bovine bone powder biocomposites: A potential biomaterial for the treatment of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects a large percent of the world́s population. This long-lasting skin disease has been treated by different approaches according to its causative agent and severity. Nonetheless, the use of advanced biomaterials to treat AD is poorly explored. The present study assessed the protective effectiveness of biocomposites films based on chitosan (Cs), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and bovine bone powder (BBP) on AD-like skin lesions. These original biocomposites were fully characterized and in vivo biological assays concerning the AD treatment were performed using a mouse model induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The dorsal skin and ear of Balb/c female mice were challenging cutaneously with DNCB. Our findings demonstrate BBP-based biocomposite attenuated and treated considerably the DNCB-induced skin lesions in an AD-like model. In this sense, this study suggests that this original biocomposite may be applied as an active biomaterial for AD treatment.

In vitro performance of injectable chitosan-tripolyphosphate scaffolds combined with platelet-rich plasma.

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro biological effectiveness of chitosan microparticles crosslinked with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) in combination with activated pure platelet-rich plasma (aP-PRP) as an injectable composite scaffold for growth factors release, cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Two main novelties were addressed in the field of scaffolds in regenerative medicine: the first is the approach including simultaneously the three vertices of the proliferation triangle formed by the capabilities genic progenitor cells, conductive scaffolds and inductive growth factors, which are provided by platelet rich plasma (PRP); secondly, the approach of an injectable composite scaffolds formed by the fibrin network from aP-PRP and the chitosan microparticles crosslinked with TPP. The microparticles were prepared by vortexing the chitosan and TPP solutions. The ionic crosslinking of chitosan with TPP was made at mass ratios of 2:1, 5:1, and 10:1 at pH 4.0. P-PRP was obtained via the controlled centrifugation of whole blood. The composite scaffolds were prepared by adding the microparticles to immediately activated P-PRP. The results showed that the microparticles had adequate physicochemical and mechanical properties for injection. Furthermore, the microparticles controlled the release of growth factors from P-PRP. The proliferation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells was lower than in aP-PRP alone but significant at a 2:1 chitosan-TPP mass ratio. Osteogenic differentiation was stimulated at all studied mass ratios, as indicated by the alkaline phosphatase activity. These results offer perspectives for optimizing the composite scaffold, and to prove its potential as an injectable scaffold in regenerative medicine.

Sodium-reduced lean sausages with fish oil optimized by a mixture design approach.

A partial NaCl replacement by KCl and sodium tripolyphosphate on low-fat meat sausages formulated with fish oil was studied using a mixture design. Thermal behavior by modulated differential scanning calorimetry, physicochemical, and textural properties were determined; afterwards they were mathematically modeled as a function of salts content. The thermo-rheological behavior of the different formulations was also studied in a control-stress rheometer. The optimal sodium reduction was found employing a desirability function approach. This formulation was experimentally validated and employed for microstructure analysis by environmental scanning microscopy. The results obtained in this work revealed that partial sodium replacement affected the matrix microstructure, but this change had no impact on sensory acceptability. In comparison with US and Argentinean commercial sausages, our product has 58% and 70% less Na(+) respectively.

Didanosine-loaded chitosan microspheres optimized by surface-response methodology: a modified "Maximum Likelihood Classification" approach formulation for reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

Didanosine-loaded chitosan microspheres were developed applying a surface-response methodology and using a modified Maximum Likelihood Classification. The operational conditions were optimized with the aim of maintaining the active form of didanosine (ddI), which is sensitive to acid pH, and to develop a modified and mucoadhesive formulation. The loading of the drug within the chitosan microspheres was carried out by ionotropic gelation technique with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as cross-linking agent and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) to assure the stability of ddI. The optimization conditions were set using a surface-response methodology and applying the "Maximum Likelihood Classification", where the initial chitosan concentration, TPP and ddI concentration were set as the independent variables. The maximum ddI-loaded in microspheres (i.e. 1433 mg of ddI/g chitosan), was obtained with 2% (w/v) chitosan and 10% TPP. The microspheres depicted an average diameter of 11.42 µm and ddI was gradually released during 2 h in simulated enteric fluid.

Applying multicriteria analysis for choosing the best marination for pork / Aplicación de análisis multicriterio para elegir el mejor marinado para la carne de cerdo

Objective. This research aimed to choose a best marination solution using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Materials and methods. Pork meat samples were collected in a commercial slaughterhouse, and they were randomly distributed in four treatments with three different salt contents blend. Color, pH, retention of the solution, exudate and cooking loss, shear force and sensory attributes were assessed and evaluated. Multicriteria analysis using AHP was applied to the results in order to choose the best overall marination solution. Criteria used for selection were the physical and sensory characteristics of meat, and based on these criteria were classified solutions marination. Results. Results showed that the combination of the salts was the best alternative (Na2CO3+NaCl+Na5P3O10), followed by the solutions of (Na2CO3 + NaCl), and (Na5P3O10 + NaCl). Conclusions. All tested solutions with the salts used alone or in combination led to better physical and sensory attributes than the meat not marinated.

Objetivo. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo elegir la mejor solución para los productos marinados, utilizando el Proceso Analítico Jerárquico (AHP). Materiales y métodos. Las muestras de carne de cerdo fueron recogidas en un beneficiadero comercial, y fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a cuatro tratamientos con tres contenidos diferentes de soluciones salinas. Color, pH, solución de retención, pérdida de exudado, pérdida de peso por cocción, fuerza cortante y atributos sensoriales fueron analizados y evaluados. Fue utilizado el análisis multicriterio AHP jerárquico con el fin de elegir la mejor solución de marinado. Los criterios adoptados para la selección fueron las características físicas y sensoriales de la carne y con base a estos criterios se clasificaron las soluciones del marinación. Resultados. Los resultados mostraron que la mejor combinación de sales fue la alternativa (Na2CO3 + NaCl + Na5P3O10), seguida por (Na2CO3 + NaCl + NaCl y Na5P3O10). Conclusiones. Todas las soluciones ensayadas con sales usados sólos o en combinación dieron lugar a los mejores atributos físicos y sensoriales de que la carne sin marinar.

Preparation and in vitro characterization of chitosan nanoparticles containing Mesobuthus eupeus scorpion venom as an antigen delivery system

Hydrophilic nanoparticles have been widely investigated in recent years as delivery systems for therapeutic macromolecules such as antigens. In the present study Mesobuthus eupeus venom-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared via ionic gelation of tripolyphosphate (TPP) and chitosan. The optimum encapsulation efficiency (91.1 percent) and loading capacity (76.3 percent) were obtained by a chitosan concentration of 2 mg/mL, chitosan-to-TPP mass ratio of 2 and M. eupeus venom concentration of 500 µg/mL. The average nanoparticle size at optimum conditions was determined by Zetasizer (Malvern Instruments, UK). The nanoparticle size was about 370 nm (polydispersity index: 0.429) while the zeta potential was positive. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging showed a spherical, smooth and almost homogenous structure for nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed tripolyphosphoric groups of TPP linked with ammonium groups of chitosan in the nanoparticles. The in vitro release of nanoparticles showed an initial burst release of approximately 60 percent in the first ten hours, followed by a slow and much reduced additional release for about 60 hours. It is suggested that the chitosan nanoparticles fabricated in our study may provide a suitable alternative to traditional adjuvant systems.(AU)

Preparation and in vitro characterization of chitosan nanoparticles containing Mesobuthus eupeus scorpion venom as an antigen delivery system

Hydrophilic nanoparticles have been widely investigated in recent years as delivery systems for therapeutic macromolecules such as antigens. In the present study Mesobuthus eupeus venom-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared via ionic gelation of tripolyphosphate (TPP) and chitosan. The optimum encapsulation efficiency (91.1 percent) and loading capacity (76.3 percent) were obtained by a chitosan concentration of 2 mg/mL, chitosan-to-TPP mass ratio of 2 and M. eupeus venom concentration of 500 µg/mL. The average nanoparticle size at optimum conditions was determined by Zetasizer (Malvern Instruments, UK). The nanoparticle size was about 370 nm (polydispersity index: 0.429) while the zeta potential was positive. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging showed a spherical, smooth and almost homogenous structure for nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed tripolyphosphoric groups of TPP linked with ammonium groups of chitosan in the nanoparticles. The in vitro release of nanoparticles showed an initial burst release of approximately 60 percent in the first ten hours, followed by a slow and much reduced additional release for about 60 hours. It is suggested that the chitosan nanoparticles fabricated in our study may provide a suitable alternative to traditional adjuvant systems.(AU)

Evaluación del tripolifosfato de sodio como anticoagulante en determinaciones hematológicas en seres humanos / Assessment of anticoagulant sodium tripolyphosphate used in hematologic determinations in human being

El propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar la utilidad del tripolifosfato de sodio (TPF) como anticoagulante en diferentes determinaciones hematológicas en seres humanos. Muestras de sangre venosa procedentes de adultos sanos de ambos sexos fueron anticoaguladas con TPF, sales dipotásicas del ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (EDTA) y citrato de sodio. Las muestras anticoaguladas con EDTA y citrato de sodio fueron utilizadas como controles. Al comparar los valores obtenidos en todas las pruebas realizadas se encontró que la sangre anticoagulada con TPF ofreció resultados similares a las tratadas con los anticoagulantes usados como controles. Los resultados muestran que es posible la utilización del TPF para la determinación de los parámetros de hematología completa y tiempos de coagulación, permitiendo el uso de una sola muestra con menos volumen sanguíneo, lo cual resultaría beneficioso para los pacientes en quienes la extracción de importantes volúmenes de sangre es en ocasiones difícil y molesta.

The aim of present study was to assess the usefulness of anticoagulant sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) in different hematologic determinations in human beings. Venous blood samples from healthy adults of both sexes were anticoagulated with TPP, dipotassium salts of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and sodium citrate. Anticoagulated samples with EDTA and sodium citrate were used as controls. Verifying the values achieved in all tests performed we noted that anticoagulated blood with TPP offered results similar to those treated with anticoagulant used as controls. Results show that it is possible the use of TPP to determine the parameters of total hematology and coagulation times, allowing the use of only one sample with less blood volume, which could be beneficial for patients in which blood collection in significant volumes in occasions is difficult and annoying.

Tripolifosfato de sódio e hexametafosfato de sódio na prevenção do cálculo dentário em cães / Sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate in preventing dental calculus accumulation in dogs

Avaliou-se o efeito de dois fosfatos, tripolifosfato de sódio (TPF) e hexametafosfato de sódio (HMF), incorporados à ração seca sob diferentes formas, como cobertura do grânulo da ração e no interior da massa da ração, na prevenção do desenvolvimento de cálculo dentário em 25 cães. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: 1) ração seca; 2) ração seca com TPF incorporado na cobertura do grânulo da ração; 3) ração seca com TPF incorporado na massa da ração; 4) ração seca com HMF incorporado na cobertura do grânulo da ração; 5) ração seca com HMF incorporado na massa da ração. Os animais receberam as dietas por um período experimental de 90 dias e, após esse período, foram submetidos à avaliação da área de cálculo dentário formado. A inclusão do HMF na ração seca, tanto na cobertura dos grânulos como no interior da massa, e do TPF, como cobertura dos grânulos, reduziu o acúmulo de cálculo dentário em cães, comparada à dieta sem adição de fosfatos. O HMF foi o fosfato mais eficiente, ao reduzir o acúmulo de cálculo dentário em até 47 por cento. As formas de inclusão do HMF na ração não influenciaram o acúmulo de cálculo dentário. Houve redução do desenvolvimento de cálculo dentário pela incorporação do TPF como cobertura do grânulo da ração, comparada à inclusão deste fosfato no interior da massa da ração. Conclui-se que os fosfatos incorporados na ração seca reduzem o acúmulo de cálculo dentário em cães.

The effect of dry food treated with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) or sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP), as kibble coated or added into the interior of the kibble on the accumulation of dental calculus in 25 dogs was evaluated. The study used a completely randomized design with five treatments and five repetitions. The experimental treatments were: 1) dry food; 2) dry food coated with TPP; 3) dry food with TPP incorporated into the interior of the kibble; 4) dry food coated with HMP; 5) dry food with HMP incorporated into the interior of the kibble. The animals received the diets for a 90-day experimental period, and then, the teeth were clinically examined for the presence of calculus. The inclusion of HMP in the dry food, as kibble coated or added into the interior of the kibble, and the inclusion of TPP as kibble coated reduced the accumulation of dental calculus compared to the control group without anti-calculus agents. HMP was the most efficient phosphate, reducing the accumulation of dental calculus in 47 percent. The forms of HMP inclusion in the dry food exerted no significant effect upon calculus formation. However, there was a reduction of calculus accumulation when TPF was incorporated as coating of the kibble, compared to the inclusion of this phosphate into the interior of the kibble. It was concluded that phosphates incorporated in the dry food reduce the accumulation of dental calculus in dogs.

Tripolifosfato de sódio e hexametafosfato de sódio na prevenção do cálculo dentário em cães / Sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate in preventing dental calculus accumulation in dogs

Avaliou-se o efeito de dois fosfatos, tripolifosfato de sódio (TPF) e hexametafosfato de sódio (HMF), incorporados à ração seca sob diferentes formas, como cobertura do grânulo da ração e no interior da massa da ração, na prevenção do desenvolvimento de cálculo dentário em 25 cães. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: 1) ração seca; 2) ração seca com TPF incorporado na cobertura do grânulo da ração; 3) ração seca com TPF incorporado na massa da ração; 4) ração seca com HMF incorporado na cobertura do grânulo da ração; 5) ração seca com HMF incorporado na massa da ração. Os animais receberam as dietas por um período experimental de 90 dias e, após esse período, foram submetidos à avaliação da área de cálculo dentário formado. A inclusão do HMF na ração seca, tanto na cobertura dos grânulos como no interior da massa, e do TPF, como cobertura dos grânulos, reduziu o acúmulo de cálculo dentário em cães, comparada à dieta sem adição de fosfatos. O HMF foi o fosfato mais eficiente, ao reduzir o acúmulo de cálculo dentário em até 47 por cento. As formas de inclusão do HMF na ração não influenciaram o acúmulo de cálculo dentário. Houve redução do desenvolvimento de cálculo dentário pela incorporação do TPF como cobertura do grânulo da ração, comparada à inclusão deste fosfato no interior da massa da ração. Conclui-se que os fosfatos incorporados na ração seca reduzem o acúmulo de cálculo dentário em cães.(AU)

The effect of dry food treated with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) or sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP), as kibble coated or added into the interior of the kibble on the accumulation of dental calculus in 25 dogs was evaluated. The study used a completely randomized design with five treatments and five repetitions. The experimental treatments were: 1) dry food; 2) dry food coated with TPP; 3) dry food with TPP incorporated into the interior of the kibble; 4) dry food coated with HMP; 5) dry food with HMP incorporated into the interior of the kibble. The animals received the diets for a 90-day experimental period, and then, the teeth were clinically examined for the presence of calculus. The inclusion of HMP in the dry food, as kibble coated or added into the interior of the kibble, and the inclusion of TPP as kibble coated reduced the accumulation of dental calculus compared to the control group without anti-calculus agents. HMP was the most efficient phosphate, reducing the accumulation of dental calculus in 47 percent. The forms of HMP inclusion in the dry food exerted no significant effect upon calculus formation. However, there was a reduction of calculus accumulation when TPF was incorporated as coating of the kibble, compared to the inclusion of this phosphate into the interior of the kibble. It was concluded that phosphates incorporated in the dry food reduce the accumulation of dental calculus in dogs.(AU)

Eficácia dos coadjuvantes de higiene bucal utilizados na alimentação de cães / Effectiveness of buccal hygiene coadjutant used in the dogs feeding

Avaliou-se a utilização de coadjuvantes na diminuição da placa bacteriana e formação do cálculo dentário em 16 cães. O delineamento experimental foi casualizado com quatro tratamentos (T) e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1- controle, T2- coadjuvante com ação mecânica, T3- coadjuvante com tripolifosfato de sódio e T4- coadjuvante com hexametafosfato de sódio. Após sete dias de adaptação, no dia anterior ao início dos tratamentos, os animais foram submetidos à remoção de cálculo dentário. O experimento teve duração de 21 dias e ao final realizaram-se as medições das placas bacterianas formadas com o uso de marcadores (fucsina). O coadjuvante somente com ação mecânica não foi efetivo em retardar o aparecimento da placa bacteriana. Os coadjuvantes com polifosfatos apresentaram uma ação efetiva e significativa na diminuição da formação do calculo dentário

The use of coadjutants in the decrease of the bacterial plate and formation of the dental calculus was evaluated in 16 dogs. The experimental design was randomized with four treatments (T) and four repetitions. The treatments were the following: 1- control; 2- coadjutant 1 (one) with mechanical action; 3- coadjutant 2 (two) with tripolyphosphate of sodium and 4- coadjutant 3 (three) with hexametaphosphate of sodium. After seven days of adaptation, on the day previous to the beginning of the treatments, the animals were submitted to the removal of dental calculus and after twenty-one days of treatment a measurement of the bacterial plaque formed through the use of markers (fucsin). The coadjutant only with mechanical action was not effective in delaying the appearance of the bacterial plaque. The coadjutant containing polyphosphates presented an effective and significant action decreasing the formation of the dental calculus

Eficácia dos coadjuvantes de higiene bucal utilizados na alimentação de cães / Effectiveness of buccal hygiene coadjutant used in the dogs feeding

Avaliou-se a utilização de coadjuvantes na diminuição da placa bacteriana e formação do cálculo dentário em 16 cães. O delineamento experimental foi casualizado com quatro tratamentos (T) e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1- controle, T2- coadjuvante com ação mecânica, T3- coadjuvante com tripolifosfato de sódio e T4- coadjuvante com hexametafosfato de sódio. Após sete dias de adaptação, no dia anterior ao início dos tratamentos, os animais foram submetidos à remoção de cálculo dentário. O experimento teve duração de 21 dias e ao final realizaram-se as medições das placas bacterianas formadas com o uso de marcadores (fucsina). O coadjuvante somente com ação mecânica não foi efetivo em retardar o aparecimento da placa bacteriana. Os coadjuvantes com polifosfatos apresentaram uma ação efetiva e significativa na diminuição da formação do calculo dentário(AU)

The use of coadjutants in the decrease of the bacterial plate and formation of the dental calculus was evaluated in 16 dogs. The experimental design was randomized with four treatments (T) and four repetitions. The treatments were the following: 1- control; 2- coadjutant 1 (one) with mechanical action; 3- coadjutant 2 (two) with tripolyphosphate of sodium and 4- coadjutant 3 (three) with hexametaphosphate of sodium. After seven days of adaptation, on the day previous to the beginning of the treatments, the animals were submitted to the removal of dental calculus and after twenty-one days of treatment a measurement of the bacterial plaque formed through the use of markers (fucsin). The coadjutant only with mechanical action was not effective in delaying the appearance of the bacterial plaque. The coadjutant containing polyphosphates presented an effective and significant action decreasing the formation of the dental calculus(AU)

Eficácia dos coadjuvantes de higiene bucal utilizados na alimentação de cães

The use of coadjutants in the decrease of the bacterial plate and formation of the dental calculus was evaluated in 16 dogs. The experimental design was randomized with four treatments (T) and four repetitions. The treatments were the following: 1- control; 2- coadjutant 1 (one) with mechanical action; 3- coadjutant 2 (two) with tripolyphosphate of sodium and 4- coadjutant 3 (three) with hexametaphosphate of sodium. After seven days of adaptation, on the day previous to the beginning of the treatments, the animals were submitted to the removal of dental calculus and after twenty-one days of treatment a measurement of the bacterial plaque formed through the use of markers (fucsin). The coadjutant only with mechanical action was not effective in delaying the appearance of the bacterial plaque. The coadjutant containing polyphosphates presented an effective and significant action decreasing the formation of the dental calculus.

Avaliou-se a utilização de coadjuvantes na diminuição da placa bacteriana e formação do cálculo dentário em 16 cães. O delineamento experimental foi casualizado com quatro tratamentos (T) e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1- controle, T2- coadjuvante com ação mecânica, T3- coadjuvante com tripolifosfato de sódio e T4- coadjuvante com hexametafosfato de sódio. Após sete dias de adaptação, no dia anterior ao início dos tratamentos, os animais foram submetidos à remoção de cálculo dentário. O experimento teve duração de 21 dias e ao final realizaram-se as medições das placas bacterianas formadas com o uso de marcadores (fucsina). O coadjuvante somente com ação mecânica não foi efetivo em retardar o aparecimento da placa bacteriana. Os coadjuvantes com polifosfatos apresentaram uma ação efetiva e significativa na diminuição da formação do calculo dentário.