ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. It can affect any organ, but the pulmonary form is the most common manifestation. Not only humans can be affected by tuberculosis, and animals are also commonly infected. This disease can be transmitted to humans usually by inhalation of aerosols or by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or dairy products. We report the case of a zoo worker. He reported an epidemiological context of contact with sea lions and dolphins, of which he takes care, with tuberculosis in the last 4 months. He sought permanent medical care for a 3-week history of cough, fever, sweating, and weight loss. Bronchial lavage was positive for acid-alcohol resistant bacilli. Lavage cultures were positive for the M. tuberculosis complex. The patient was referred for treatment with antituberculosis drugs. Tuberculosis is a major public health problem worldwide. In the occupational setting, tuberculosis remains a matter of great concern and attention, most often in the hospital environment or among health care professionals. However, the case reported here shows another, less usual occupational setting in which this type of contact can also occur. It is expected that the warning of this case can be used by occupational health teams, namely those who are responsible for periodic surveillance of workers' health in the animal sector.
A tuberculose é uma doença infecciosa causada por bactérias do Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Pode atingir qualquer órgão, sendo a forma pulmonar a mais frequente. Não só os humanos podem ser atingidos pela tuberculose, sendo também muito comum a existência de infecção de animais. Essa patologia pode espalhar-se para os humanos, normalmente pela inalação de aerossóis ou pela ingestão de leite ou derivados não pasteurizados. Trata-se do caso de um trabalhador de zoológico, com contexto epidemiológico de contato com leões-marinhos com tuberculose nos últimos 4 meses. Recorreu a atendimento permanente por história de 3 semanas de tosse, febre, sudorese e perda ponderal. A pesquisa de bacilos resistentes a álcool-ácido no lavado brônquico revelou-se positiva. Quanto ao exame cultural do lavado, concluiu-se positivo para M. tuberculosis complex. Foi, então, realizado o devido encaminhamento, e o paciente iniciou tratamento com antibacilares. A tuberculose constitui um importante problema de saúde pública em nível global. No contexto ocupacional, mantém-se como um motivo de grande preocupação e atenção, mais frequentemente em meio hospitalar ou entre os profissionais de saúde. No entanto, este caso mostra outro contexto ocupacional, menos óbvio, em que este tipo de contato também pode acontecer. Espera-se que o alerta do presente caso possa ser utilizado pelas equipas de saúde ocupacional, nomeadamente as que realizam vigilância periódica a trabalhadores do setor animal.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) remains an important economic and zoonotic problem in Latin America. Traditionally, the fight against BTB is initiated by the implementation of routine diagnostic tests for certification of free properties. The diagnosis of BTB can be made by direct and indirect methods, in which we can mention clinical, post mortem, histopathological, immunological, bacteriological and molecular methods. The renewal of scientific interest in tuberculosis in recent year has led to develop and improve methods of diagnosis, prevention, control and eradication of BTB. The aim of this review is to present and discuss different diagnosis methods of BTB.
Resumo A tuberculose bovina (BTB) continua sendo um importante problema econômico na América Latina, com potenciais consequências zoonóticas. Tradicionalmente, a luta contra a tuberculose bovina tem sido iniciada pela execução de testes de diagnóstico de rotina para a certificação de propriedades livres da doença. O diagnóstico de BTB pode ser feito através de métodos diretos e indiretos, nos quais podemos citar os métodos clínicos, post mortem, histopatológicos, imunológicos, bacteriológicos e moleculares. A renovação do interesse científico em tuberculose nos últimos anos tem levado à necessidade de desenvolver e melhorar os métodos de diagnóstico, prevenção, controle e erradicação da BTB. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar e discutir sobre os diferentes métodos de diagnóstico de BTB.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods , Tuberculosis, Bovine/diagnosisABSTRACT
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) remains an important economic and zoonotic problem in Latin America. Traditionally, the fight against BTB is initiated by the implementation of routine diagnostic tests for certification of free properties. The diagnosis of BTB can be made by direct and indirect methods, in which we can mention clinical, post mortem, histopathological, immunological, bacteriological and molecular methods. The renewal of scientific interest in tuberculosis in recent year has led to develop and improve methods of diagnosis, prevention, control and eradication of BTB. The aim of this review is to present and discuss different diagnosis methods of BTB.(AU)
A tuberculose bovina (BTB) continua sendo um importante problema econômico na América Latina, com potenciais consequências zoonóticas. Tradicionalmente, a luta contra a tuberculose bovina tem sido iniciada pela execução de testes de diagnóstico de rotina para a certificação de propriedades livres da doença. O diagnóstico de BTB pode ser feito através de métodos diretos e indiretos, nos quais podemos citar os métodos clínicos, post mortem, histopatológicos, imunológicos, bacteriológicos e moleculares. A renovação do interesse científico em tuberculose nos últimos anos tem levado à necessidade de desenvolver e melhorar os métodos de diagnóstico, prevenção, controle e erradicação da BTB. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar e discutir sobre os diferentes métodos de diagnóstico de BTB.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods , Tuberculosis, Bovine/diagnosisABSTRACT
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a chronic and contagious disease that affects domestic animals, wildlife, and humans. Caused by Mycobacterium bovis, BTB causes major economic losses and poses a serious constraint to international livestock trade. Moreover, in developing countries where BTB controls are lacking, M. bovis is a public health concern. In most developing countries, the prevalence of BTB in livestock is unknown because the information is either not reported or not available. In Ecuador, there is no national BTB control program. This article reviews the BTB situation in Ecuador by examining exhaustive data from tuberculin testing surveys and slaughterhouse surveillance studies conducted in 1972-2008 in a variety of the country's geographic areas. In Ecuador, several factors, including the dairy industry's expansion (preempted by the high demand for milk and its by-products), intensified efforts to increase the cattle population, the presence of M. bovis, and a lack of BTB controls, have caused a rise in BTB prevalence, and consequently, a growing push for the implementation of a national BTB control program.
La tuberculosis bovina es una enfermedad contagiosa crónica que afecta a los animales domésticos, los animales salvajes y los seres humanos. Es producida por Mycobacterium bovis; causa grandes pérdidas económicas y plantea una grave limitación para el comercio ganadero internacional. Por otro lado, en los países en desarrollo donde no hay controles de la tuberculosis bovina, la infección por M. bovis representa un problema de salud pública. En la mayoría de los países en desarrollo, la prevalencia de tuberculosis en el ganado se desconoce porque la información no se comunica o no se consigue. En el Ecuador no hay un programa nacional de control de la tuberculosis bovina. En este artículo se revisa la situación de la tuberculosis bovina en el Ecuador, sobre la base de un análisis de los datos exhaustivos obtenidos de encuestas sobre pruebas de tuberculina y de los estudios de vigilancia llevados a cabo en mataderos entre 1972 y 2008 en varias zonas geográficas del país. En el Ecuador varios factores, como el crecimiento de la industria láctea (impulsado por la alta demanda de leche y sus derivados), los intensos esfuerzos para aumentar la población bovina, la presencia de M. bovis y la falta de controles de la tuberculosis bovina, han ocasionado un aumento de la prevalencia de esta y, en consecuencia, representan una motivación creciente para llevar a cabo un programa nacional de control de la tuberculosis bovina.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Tuberculosis, Bovine/epidemiology , Ecuador/epidemiology , Tuberculin Test , Zoonoses/epidemiologyABSTRACT
With the purpose of identifying management factors that may be influencing the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis under tropicalconditions, namely in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1632 cows were tested through the single cervical tuberculin test. A questionnairewas completed for each herd. A total of 207 positive reactions were observed, corresponding to 12.7% of the studied cattle. Themain factors observed that may be influencing the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis on those farms were the absence orreduced veterinary assistance and the herd size. The presence of adequate cattle houses and the highly intensive managementare also considered to be likely to influence the prevalence of the disease. Under tropical conditions, a tuberculosis controlprogram, in addition to the test-and-slaughter control method, should include an investigation of herd management practices totry to identify factors that are likely to influence the prevalence of the disease.
ABSTRACT
With the purpose of identifying management factors that may be influencing the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis under tropicalconditions, namely in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1632 cows were tested through the single cervical tuberculin test. A questionnairewas completed for each herd. A total of 207 positive reactions were observed, corresponding to 12.7% of the studied cattle. Themain factors observed that may be influencing the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis on those farms were the absence orreduced veterinary assistance and the herd size. The presence of adequate cattle houses and the highly intensive managementare also considered to be likely to influence the prevalence of the disease. Under tropical conditions, a tuberculosis controlprogram, in addition to the test-and-slaughter control method, should include an investigation of herd management practices totry to identify factors that are likely to influence the prevalence of the disease.