Tumor carcinoide de duodeno: un raro e interesante hallazgo incidental / Carcinoid tumor of the duodenum: a rare and interesting incidental finding

RESUMEN Fundamento: el tumor carcinoide de localización duodenal es poco frecuente, representa 2 % de los tumores neuroendocrinos gastrointestinales. Por lo cual se presenta un caso de este, recientemente diagnosticado en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Joaquín Albarrán de La Habana. Objetivo: realizar la comunicación de un caso de tumor carcinoide del duodeno y revisar la literatura con énfasis en el diagnóstico histopatológico. Presentación del caso: paciente masculino de 86 años de edad que fallece al quinto día de su ingreso. En la autopsia, durante el examen macroscópico de los intestinos, se revela a nivel de la primera porción del duodeno, una lesión que por su histopatología se correspondió con tumor carcinoide de duodeno. Conclusiones: el carcinoide duodenal es un tumor raro cuyo diagnóstico endoscópico o histológico se realiza en la gran mayoría de los casos de forma incidental; se asocia por lo general con una progresión benigna, aunque se recomienda la extracción endoscópica de tumores menores de 1 cm sin localización periampular o evidencia de invasión de la capa de propia muscular, evaluada mediante histología o ecografía endoscópica.

ABSTRACT Background: duodenal carcinoid tumor is rare; it represents 2 % of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Therefore, a case of this is presented, recently diagnosed at the Joaquín Albarrán Clinical Surgical Hospital in Havana. Objective: to report a case of carcinoid tumor of the duodenum and review the literature with emphasis on the histopathological diagnosis. Clinical case: 86-year-old male patient who died on the fifth day after admission. At autopsy, during the macroscopic examination of the intestines, a lesion was revealed at the level of the first portion of the duodenum which, due to its histopathology, corresponded to a carcinoid tumor of the duodenum. Conclusions: duodenal carcinoid is a rare tumor whose endoscopic or histological diagnosis is made incidentally in the vast majority of cases; it is generally associated with a benign progression, although endoscopic removal of tumors smaller than 1 cm without periampullary location or evidence of invasion of the muscular layer is recommended, evaluated by histology or endoscopic ultrasound.

A Computational Method to Assist the Diagnosis of Breast Disease Using Dynamic Thermography.

Breast cancer has been the second leading cause of cancer death among women. New techniques to enhance early diagnosis are very important to improve cure rates. This paper proposes and evaluates an image analysis method to automatically detect patients with breast benign and malignant changes (tumors). Such method explores the difference of Dynamic Infrared Thermography (DIT) patterns observed in patients' skin. After obtaining the sequential DIT images of each patient, their temperature arrays are computed and new images in gray scale are generated. Then the regions of interest (ROIs) of those images are segmented and, from them, arrays of the ROI temperature are computed. Features are extracted from the arrays, such as the ones based on statistical, clustering, histogram comparison, fractal geometry, diversity indices and spatial statistics. Time series that are broken down into subsets of different cardinalities are generated from such features. Automatic feature selection methods are applied and used in the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. In our tests, using a dataset of 68 images, 100% accuracy was achieved.

Circulating tumor cells in the clinical cancer diagnosis.

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells that have shed into the vasculature or lymphatics from a primary tumor and are carried around the body in the blood circulation. CTCs undergo a series of migration, adhesion and aggregation to form metastases, leading to post-operative recurrence and metastasis in patients with malignant tumors. The detection and analysis of CTCs, as a new non-invasive diagnostic tool, plays an important role in tumor diagnosis, therapeutic efficacy, monitoring recurrence, prognosis assessment and tumor precision medical treatment.

Tumor de células granulares intratiroideo / Intra-thyroid granular cell tumor

RESUMEN Fundamento: los tumores de células granulares son lesiones benignas infrecuentes de crecimiento lento que pueden aparecer en cualquier sitio del organismo. La región de cabeza y cuello incluye las localizaciones más frecuentes (entre el 30 y el 50 % de todos los tumores de este tipo, hasta los del sistema nervioso central). Objetivo: presentar un caso de tumor de células granulares intratiroideo. Caso clínico: se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 37 años de edad con enfermedad nodular de la glándula tiroides de crecimiento lento con escasa sintomatología, con confirmación histológica tumor de células de la granulosa. Al examen físico se identificó aumento de volumen en la región anterolateral del cuello, en relación con el lóbulo derecho de la glándula tiroidea, que correspondía con lesión tumoral de 3 cm, mal delimitada, adherida a planos profundos, no dolorosa a la palpación. En la ecografía se observó: lóbulo derecho del tiroides de 4,3 cm x 1,2 cm x 1,4 cm, no homogéneo con lesión nodular de 2,8 x 1,4 cm mal delimitada, de bordes irregulares. Se realizó biopsia transoperatoria que se reportó como positiva de células neoplásicas malignas, sin embargo, el estudio histológico extemporáneo reveló un tumor benigno de células granulares intratiroideo. El tratamiento quirúrgico es curativo en este caso. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico de tumor de células granulares intratiroideo benigno, se presenta con las características de una lesión tumoral maligna, debe tenerse en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencial de los tumores de la glándula tiroides.

ABSTRACT Background: the granular cells tumors are uncommon benign lesions of slow growth that can appear in any place of the organism. The head and neck region includes the most frequent localizations (between the 30 and 50% of all the tumors of this type, including those of the central nervous system). Objective: to present a case of intra-thyroid granular cell tumor. Clinical case: a case of a 37 year-old female patient with nodular illness of the thyroid of slow growth with scarce symptoms, with histologic confirmation of granular cells tumor is presented. To the physical exam, an increase of volume was identified in the anterolateral region of the neck, in connection with the right lobe of the thyroid gland that corresponded with a tumoral lesion of 3cm approximately, not well defined, stuck to deep planes, not painful to the palpation. In the echography, it was observed: right lobe of the thyroid of 4.3 cm x 1.2cm x 1.4 cm, not homogeneous with a nodular lesion of 2.8 x 1.4 cm not well defined, of irregular borders. During the surgery, a frozen section was examined and reported as positive of malignancy, however, the untimely histologic study revealed a benign intra-thyroid granular cell tumor. The surgical treatment is healing in this case. Conclusions: the diagnosis of intra-thyroid benign granular cell tumor is presented with the characteristics of a malign tumor, it should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of the tumors of the thyroid.

Bronchial carcinoid tumors: second primary neoplasms and outcomes of surgical treatment / Tumores carcinoides brônquicos: segunda neoplasia primária e desfechos do tratamento cirúrgico

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze determinants of prognosis in patients with bronchial carcinoid tumors treated surgically and the potential concomitance of such tumors with second primary neoplasms. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 51 bronchial carcinoid tumors treated surgically between 2007 and 2016. Disease-free survival (DFS) was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and determinants of prognosis were evaluated. Primary neoplasms that were concomitant with the bronchial carcinoid tumors were identified by reviewing patient charts. Results: The median age was 51.2 years, 58.8% of the patients were female, and 52.9% were asymptomatic. The most common histology was typical carcinoid (in 80.4%). Five-year DFS was 89.8%. Ki-67 expression was determined in 27 patients, and five-year DFS was better among the patients in whom Ki-67 expression was ≤ 5% than among those in whom it was > 5% (100% vs. 47.6%; p = 0.01). Concomitant primary neoplasms were observed in 14 (27.4%) of the 51 cases. Among the concomitant primary neoplasms that were malignant, the most common was lung adenocarcinoma, which was observed in 3 cases. Concomitant primary neoplasms were more common in patients who were asymptomatic and in those with small tumors. Conclusions: Surgical resection is the mainstay treatment of bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors and confers a good prognosis. Bronchial carcinoid tumors are likely to be accompanied by second primary neoplasms.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os determinantes do prognóstico em pacientes com tumores carcinoides brônquicos tratados cirurgicamente e possível segunda neoplasia primária concomitante. Métodos: Trata-se de uma análise retrospectiva de 51 tumores carcinoides brônquicos tratados cirurgicamente entre 2007 e 2016. A sobrevida livre de doença (SLD) foi calculada pelo método de Kaplan-Meier, e os determinantes do prognóstico foram avaliados. As neoplasias primárias concomitantes aos tumores carcinoides brônquicos foram identificadas por meio da análise dos prontuários dos pacientes. Resultados: A mediana de idade foi de 51,2 anos, 58,8% dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino e 52,9% eram assintomáticos. A classificação histológica mais comum foi carcinoide típico (em 80,4%). A SLD em cinco anos foi de 89,8%. A expressão de Ki-67 foi determinada em 27 pacientes, e a SLD em cinco anos foi melhor nos pacientes nos quais a expressão de Ki-67 foi ≤ 5% do que naqueles nos quais a expressão de Ki-67 foi > 5% (100% vs. 47,6%; p = 0,01). Neoplasias primárias concomitantes foram observadas em 14 (27,4%) dos 51 casos. Entre as neoplasias primárias malignas concomitantes, a mais comum foi o adenocarcinoma pulmonar, observado em 3 casos. Neoplasias primárias concomitantes foram mais comuns em pacientes assintomáticos e naqueles com tumores pequenos. Conclusões: A resseção cirúrgica é o principal tratamento de tumores carcinoides broncopulmonares e propicia um bom prognóstico. É provável que tumores carcinoides brônquicos se relacionem com segunda neoplasia primária.

Herramientas para el abordaje diagnóstico de los tumores neuroendocrinos de páncreas / Tools for the diagnostic approach of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Introducción. Los tumores neuroendocrinos de páncreas son relativamente raros y heterogéneos. Sin embargo, su incidencia se ha incrementado a nivel mundial, y los avances en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento han mejorado la supervivencia. Tienen un pronóstico más favorable que el adenocarcinoma de páncreas, pero el reconocimiento y el abordaje diagnóstico son complejos y requieren un equipo humano multidisciplinario entrenado. Objetivo. Actualizar al médico en el abordaje clínico, patológico, imaginológico y genético, y en la evaluación hormonal basada en la evidencia disponible, brindando herramientas y recomendaciones específicas para las diferentes circunstancias clínicas. Conclusión. La incidencia de los tumores neuroendocrinos de páncreas en los últimos 40 años ha aumentado en más del 600 %, y corresponden a la segunda neoplasia pancreática con gran mortalidad. Actualmente, disponemos de múltiples biomarcadores para caracterizarlos y plantear un tratamiento más personalizado

Background: Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (nNET) are rare and heterogeneous. However, the incidence has increased worldwide, and the newer diagnostic methods and treatment have improved survival. They have a more favorable prognosis than pancreatic adenocarcinoma, but recognition and overall diagnostic methods are complex and require a trained multidisciplinary team. Aim: To update the clinical, pathological, imaging, genetic and hormonal evaluation based on the available evidence. To provide tools and recommendations for different clinical scenarios. Coclusions: The incidence of pNET in the last 40 years has increased by more than 600% and corresponds to the second pancreatic neoplasia with a high mortality rate

Adenoma corticosuprarrenal no funcionante / Non-functional corticosuprarenal adenoma

Alrededor del 50 por ciento de las tumoraciones corticosuprerrenales son benignas y funcionales, muchas son sólidas con signos y síntomas de exceso de glucocorticoides (Cushing) o mineralocorticoides (Conn). El otro 50 por ciento de neoplasias sólidas corresponde a carcinomas adrenocorticales primarios, la mitad funcionales. Dentro de las tumoraciones sólidas benignas la más frecuente es el adenoma. Se presenta un paciente de 36 años de edad, de piel blanca, sexo masculino, con buena salud anterior, que ingresó por astenia desde hace 6 meses y dolor abdominal en el flanco derecho, de ligera intensidad, irradiado a la espalda, además de la pérdida de peso. Al examen físico se constata tumoración en flanco derecho. Se diagnostica tumoración suprarrenal voluminosa por ultrasonografía, tomografía axial computarizada y elevación del cortisol en sangre. Se extirpa el tumor por una incisión combinada anterior y lateral en posición semidecúbito, que brindó un buen campo, y se obtuvieron excelentes resultados. El diagnóstico anatomopatológico fue adenoma corticosuprarrenal, que se analizan y comparan con otros reportes(AU)

About the 50 percent of the cortical-suprarenal tumor are benign and functional, much of them are solid with signs and symptoms of glucocorticoids (Cushing) or mineralocorticoid (Conn). The remainder 50 percent of solid neoplasm corresponds to primary adrenocortical carcinomas whose half is functional. Within the benign solid tumors the more frequent is the adenoma. This is the case of a white male patient aged 36 with a prior good health admitted due to asthenia from 6 months ago and slightly intensive abdominal pain the right flank irradiating to back as well as weight loss. In physical examination it was verified a right flank tumor. A bulky suprarenal tumor was diagnosed by ultrasonography, computerized axial tomography and a rise of blood cortisol. Tumor is removed b y anterior and lateral combined incision in semi-decubitus position allowed a good field with satisfactory results. Anatomical-pathological diagnosis was a corticosuprarenal adenoma which was analyzed and compared with other reports(AU)

O papel da ecoendoscopia no diagnóstico dos tumores neuroendócrinos do pâncreas / The role of endoscopy in diagnosing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PETs) are rare. The vast majority are functional (70-85%), generally small (< 2 cm) and symptomatic due to elevated hormone production. Nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (nPETs) usually produce symptoms based on their size and similarity to pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Localizing these tumors preoperatively fails in most cases because of their small size. While surgical resection is the treatment of choice, pre-operative identification is of fundamental importance. The objective of the present work is to demonstrate the value of endoscopy and fine-needle aspiration in the pre-operative diagnosis and staging of neuroendocrine tumors when compared to results using other diagnostic tools

Os tumores neuroendócrinos do pâncreas (TUNE) são raros. A literatura relata vasta maioria de tumores funcionantes (70%- 85%), geralmente pequenos (< 2 cm) e sintomáticos devido à produção hormonal elevada. Os não secretores (nTUNE) geralmente apresentam sintomas decorrentes (ocasionados) do seu tamanho e se assemelham ao adenocarcinoma do pâncreas. A localização pré-operatória desses tumores falha na maioria das vezes devido ao pequeno tamanho. A ressecção cirúrgica é o tratamento de escolha (de elección). Assim sendo, sua identificação pré-operatória é de fundamental importância. O objetivo desse trabalho é demonstrar o valor da ecoendoscopia (EE) isolada e associada à punção aspirativa com agulha fina (EEPAAF) no diagnóstico pré-operatório dos tumores neuroendócrinos e comparar seus resultados com outros testes (pruebas) diagnósticos utilizados para essa finalidade