Regressão espontânea do carcinoma hepatocelular: foco nos fatores de risco associados / Spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma: focusing in the associated risk factors

ABSTRACT Background: Spontaneous regression (SR) is defined as the partial or complete disappearance of a tumor, in the absence of a specific treatment. Evidence of the SR in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare. Objective: The authors aimed to review all the cases of SR of HCC in two reference centers of Southern Brazil, highlighting the main characteristics. Methods: Data of all patients with HCC were retrospectively reviewed looking for the occurrence of SR in patients from two tertiary centers in Southern Brazil, in the last five years. The diagnosis of cirrhosis was established according to clinical, laboratory and imaging data, as well as upper endoscopy or histopathological examination when necessary. The diagnosis of HCC was based on typical findings according to radiologic criteria (LIRADS) or histopathological examination. Spontaneous regression was defined as a partial or complete involution of a HCC in the absence of a specific therapy. Results: From all cases of HCC in the last 5 years (n=433), there were five cases of SR. Three (60%) were men, the mean age was 62.6 (50.0-76.0) years, and the etiology was HCV in 3 (60%). Complete regression was observed in three patients (60%), one patient (20%) presented partial regression, and one (20%) relapesed and died. The time of follow-up varied between 12 and 21 months. In this presentation, it was highlighted one case of SR observed after COVID-19 infection in a patient with cirrhosis. The possible mechanisms involved in this situation were reviewed, emphasizing the most common like hypoxia and immunological. There were also one patient submitted to a surgical procedure as a possible fator involved and three patients without obvious risk factors. Conclusion: This phenomenon will possibly contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of HCC.

RESUMO Contexto: A evidência da regressão espontânea (RE) no carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC) é rara. Objetivo: Revisar todos os casos de RE de CHC em dois centros de referência do Sul do Brasil, destacando as principais características. Métodos: Os dados de todos os pacientes com CHC foram revisados retrospectivamente buscando a ocorrência de RE em pacientes de dois centros terciários do Sul do Brasil, nos últimos 5 anos. O diagnóstico de cirrose foi estabelecido de acordo com dados clínicos, laboratoriais e de imagem, além de endoscopia digestiva alta ou exame histopatológico quando necessário. O diagnóstico de CHC foi baseado em achados típicos de acordo com critérios radiológicos (LIRADS) ou exame histopatológico. A RE foi definida como uma involução parcial ou completa de um CHC na ausência de terapia específica. Resultados: Do total de casos de CHC nos últimos 5 anos (n=433), houve cinco casos de RE. Três (60%) eram homens, a média de idade foi de 62,6 (50,0-76,0) anos, a etiologia foi virus da hepatite C em 3 (60%). A regressão completa foi observada em três pacientes (60%), um paciente (20%) apresentou regressão parcial e um (20%) apresentou recidiva e evoluiu a óbito. O tempo de seguimento variou entre 12 e 21 meses. Nesta apresentação foi destacado um caso (20%) de RE observado após infecção por COVID-19 em paciente com cirrose. Foram revisados os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos nesta situação, enfatizando os mais comuns como hipóxia e imunológicos. Houve também um paciente submetido a procedimento cirúrgico como possível fator envolvido e três pacientes sem fatores de risco evidentes. Conclusão: Este fenômeno possivelmente contribuirá para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos do CHC.

Nuevos avances en cirugía hepática: evaluación y planificación preoperatoria (Parte 1) / New advances in liver surgery: evaluation and preoperative planning

Resumen Los avances en la cirugía hepática de los últimos años han permitido resecciones hepáticas más extensa y complejas para el tratamiento de diferentes patologías del hígado sin un aumento excesivo de la morbimortalidad perioperatoria. El desarrollo de diferentes técnicas, tecnologías y herramientas para la evaluación preoperatoria han mejorado la planificación quirúrgica con el uso por ejemplo de las tecnologías audiovisuales e impresión de modelos en 3 dimensiones (3D) de alta fidelidad. Otros avances, han permitido realizar una mejor evaluación funcional del parénquima hepático y una caracterización más precisa de las lesiones con el uso por ejemplo de verde de indocianina, cintigrafía hepática y resonancia magnética con contraste hepatoespecífico. Este artículo describe algunos de los nuevos avances en la evaluación y planificación preoperatoria en cirugía hepática.

Advances in liver surgery in recent years have made it possible to achieve more extensive and complex liver resections for the treatment of different liver diseases without an excessive increase in perioperative morbidity and mortality. The development of different techniques, technologies and tools for preoperative evaluation have improved surgical planning with the use, for example, of audiovisual technologies and printing of high-fidelity 3-dimensional (3D) models. Other advances have allowed a better functional evaluation of the liver parenchyma and a more precise characterization of the lesions with the use, for example of indocyanine green or liver scintigraphy and magnetic resonance with hepatospecific contrast. This article describes some of the new advances in preoperative evaluation and planning in liver surgery.

La embolización portal selectiva coadyuvante al tratamiento quimioterápico en tumores hepáticos no resecables produce una reducción tumoral e hipertrofia compensadora contralateral que permite una resección completa evitando el trasplante hepático / Selective portal embolization combined with chemotherapy treatment in non-resectable liver tumors reduces tumor volume and generates contralateral compensating hypertrophy allowing for a full resection while avoiding liver transplantation

Introducción: Los tumores hepáticos irresecables figuran entrelas indicaciones más frecuentes del trasplante hepático pediátrico. Sinembargo, las técnicas intervencionistas suponen un campo terapéuticocon utilidades aún por explotar. Presentamos el caso de una pacientecon un sarcoma hepático irresecable propuesta para trasplante hepático,que pudo evitarlo al ser completamente resecado tras realizar una embolización portal selectiva coadyuvante al tratamiento quimioterápico. Caso clínico: Paciente mujer de 10 años con masa hepática de grantamaño compatible con sarcoma indiferenciado PRETEXT III tratadosegún el protocolo EpSSG RMS2005 para tumores de alto riesgo, sinconseguir reducción del mismo. Debido al riesgo de desarrollar un síndrome small-for-size tras una eventual resección, se llevó a cabo unaembolización portal derecha para inducir la hipertrofia del hemi-hígadoizquierdo. Tras dos meses no se evidenció respuesta alguna, por lo quela paciente fue incluida en lista de trasplante hepático. Sin embargo,un mes después se observó una clara disminución de la masa en unTC de control y la resección pudo realizarse con éxito evitando así eltrasplante. Tras un año de seguimiento, la paciente no presentó ningúnevento clínico de interés.Discusión: Las técnicas intervencionistas deben ser consideradascomo una opción terapéutica en tumores hepáticos irresecables, ya quepodrían evitar el trasplante en pacientes seleccionados.(AU)

Introduction: Non-resectable liver tumors are one of the most frequent indications of pediatric liver transplantation. However, the usefulnessof interventional techniques is still to be exploited. This is the case of apatient with a non-resectable liver sarcoma proposed for liver transplantation, which could be avoided as the tumor was fully resected followingselective portal embolization combined with chemotherapy treatment. Clinical case: The patient was a 10-year-old female with a largehepatic mass compatible with undifferentiated PRETEXT III sarcomatreated according to the EpSSG RMS2005 protocol for high-risk tumors,but without achieving any reduction in volume. Given the risk of developing a small-for-size syndrome following a potential resection, a rightportal embolization was performed in order to induce left hemi-liverhypertrophy. No response was observed after two months, so the patientwas included on the liver transplantation list. However, one month later,a significant reduction in mass volume was noted at a control CT-scan,which meant the tumor could be resected while avoiding transplantation.The one-year follow-up was uneventful. Discussion: Interventional techniques should be considered as themain therapeutic option in non-resectable liver tumors, since they couldpotentially avoid transplantation in selected patients.(AU)

Caracterización del tratamiento quirúrgico de los tumores hepáticos sólidos / Characterization of Surgical Management of Hepatic Tumors

Introducción: La historia de la cirugía del hígado abarca 28 siglos, lo que ha permitido su evolución desde considerar al hígado como un órgano intocable hasta realizar hepatectomías complejas y trasplante hepático. Esta investigación representa el balance de 10 años en la actividad de un grupo de cirugía hepatobiliar. Objetivo: Caracterizar el tratamiento quirúrgico de los tumores hepáticos sólidos en el Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Quirúrgicas entre los años 2009 y 2019. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo en el que se analizaron 129 pacientes que fueron tributarios de tratamiento quirúrgico. Resultados: Los tumores malignos representaron el 73 por ciento del total, dentro de este grupo se destacan los metastásicos con 50 casos. La morbilidad de esta cirugía fue del 13 por ciento y la mortalidad operatoria del 2 por ciento. La causa de muerte identificada fue el shock séptico por peritonitis generalizada. Conclusiones: Los tumores malignos fueron los más frecuentes. Se presentó una baja morbilidad encontrándose el derrame pleural como la complicación más usual. Existe una mortalidad acorde a los valores reportados para este tipo de cirugía(AU)

Introduction: The history of liver surgery covers twenty-eight centuries, which has allowed its evolution from considering the liver as an untouchable organ to performing complex hepatectomies and hepatic transplantation. This research describes the ten years' balance in the activity developed by a hepatobiliary surgery team. Objective: To characterize the surgical management of solid hepatic tumors in the Center for Medical-Surgical Research between 2009 and 2019. Methods: An observational, descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study was carried out, for which 129 patients who underwent surgical treatment were analyzed. Results: Malignant tumors accounted for 73 percent of the total; within this group, metastatic tumors stand out, accounting for fifty cases. Morbidity of this surgery type was 13 percent, while operative mortality was 2 percent. The cause of death identified was septic shock due to generalized peritonitis. Conclusions: Malignant tumors were the most frequent. There was low morbidity, with pleural effusion as the most common complication. Mortality is consistent with the values reported for this type of surgery(AU)

Schwannoma quístico del porta hepatis / Cystic Schwannoma of Porta Hepatis

Resumen Introducción: Los Schwannomas de la vía biliar corresponden a una entidad extremadamente infrecuente, habiéndose reportado solo escasos casos en la literatura. Caso Clínico: El presente paciente corresponde a un hombre de 45 años, a quien durante examen rutinario se le pesquisa una lesión quística hepática. La resonancia magnética confirmó la lesión, y la biopsia de la pieza resecada diagnosticó la existencia de un Schwannoma benigno con marcadores positivos para vimentina y proteína S-100.

Introduction: Bile duct schwannoma is an extremely rare condition. We report a 45 years old male patient in whom during a rutinary ultrasound exam a liver cyst was detected. Magnetic resonance confirmed lesión and the histopathology of the resected specimen was a benign schwannoma proven by positive inmunoreaction to vimentina.

Tumor fibroso solitario hepático gigante. Informe de caso en la Argentina / Giant solitary fibrous tumors of the liver. A case report in Argentina

RESUMEN Los tumores fibrosos solitarios hepáticos, una neoplasia poco frecuente, son tumores benignos del tejido submesotelial, pero con un potencial maligno no definido. Suelen presentarse asintomáticos, pero pueden debutar como una masa abdominal palpable y con síntomas de plenitud. Por imágenes pueden ser confundidos con otros tumores y está indicado el tratamiento quirúrgico. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 70 años resuelto por hepatectomía lateral izquierda, y realizamos una revisión bibliográfica del tema.

ABSTRACT Solitary fibrous tumors of the liver are uncommon benign tumors originating from the submesothelial tissue with non-well-defined malignant potential. Most cases present as asymptomatic, some cases show abdominal bloating and a palpable mass. They may mimic other tumors on imaging tests and surgery is indicated. We report a case of a 70-year-old female patient treated with left lateral liver resection with literature review of the condition.

Tumores hepáticos fetales, a propósito de un caso de hemangioendotelioma gigante / Fetal hepatic tumors, apropos of a case of giant hemangioendothelioma

RESUMEN Se comunica el caso de una tumoración hepática fetal gigante diagnosticada en el tercer trimestre de embarazo, que cursó con signos de inminencia de falla cardiaca. Las pruebas posnatales confirmaron la sospecha de hemangioma hepático. Actualmente, se encuentra en manejo expectante con evolución hacia la regresión. Adicionalmente, revisamos las características de los principales tumores hepáticos primarios fetales.

ABSTRACT Case report of a giant fetal hepatic tumor diagnosed in the third trimester of pregnancy that presented signs of imminent cardiac failure. Postnatal tests confirmed the suspicion of hepatic hemangioma. Currently, the patient is under expectant management, evolving towards regression. We review the characteristics of the main fetal primary liver tumors.

Hemangioendotelioma hepático infantil multifocal / Multifocal hepatic hemangioendothelioma

INTRODUCCIÓN: El hemangioendotelioma hepático (HEH) es un tumor benigno, raro en niños, que se presenta frecuentemente en el primer año de vida. La presentación clínica es variable y su diagnóstico se realiza en base a la sospecha clínica, estudios de laboratorio y de imagen. El objetivo fue describir un caso de hemangioendotelioma hepático multifocal. CASO CLÍNICO: Niña de 3 meses que presentó hepatomegalia sin elementos de falla hepática ni cardiaca. Se realizó ecografía y tomografía de ab domen que orientaron al diagnóstico de HEH que se confirmó con la angioresonancia de abdomen. Recibió glucocorticoides a altas dosis en forma prolongada. Al año y medio de iniciado el tratamiento se evidenció remisión del tumor. Presentó efectos secundarios por el tratamiento instaurado. CONCLUSIONES: La presencia de una hepatomegalia aislada en un lactante asintomático debe hacer pensar en una probable patología tumoral, orientándonos por la clínica e imagenología al diagnóstico nosológico de la misma. Siempre se debe sospesar las posibles complicaciones con los riesgos de los tratamientos a realizar. En este caso la extensión del tumor y sus probables complicaciones justificó el uso de corticoterapia prologada a altas dosis a pesar de sus efectos adversos.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatic hemangioendothelioma is a rare benign tumor in children, which frequently occurs in the first year of life. The clinical presentation is variable and the diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, and laboratory and imaging studies. The objective was to describe a case of multifocal hepa tic hemangioendothelioma. CLINICAL REPORT: 3-month-old girl who presented hepatomegaly without elements of hepatic or heart failure. Abdominal ultrasound and CT scan were used to diagnose hepatic hemangioendothelioma, which was confirmed by CT abdominal angiography. The patient received glucocorticoid treatment at high doses for a prolonged period. A year and a half after treatment, there was evidence of tumor remission. She had side effects from the established treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In asymptomatic patients with isolated hepatomegaly, it should be considered a probable tumor patho logy, considering the clinic and imaging studies. Possible complications and treatments risks must always be assessed. In this case, the tumor extension and its probable complications justified the use of prolonged corticosteroid therapy at high doses despite its adverse effects.

Role of selective intra-arterial embolization in benign liver tumors. / Papel de la embolización selectiva intraarterial en los tumores hepáticos benignos.

OBJECTIVE: To present cases of symptomatic benign liver tumors diagnosed and treated with intra-arterial embolization before surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present the cases of 7 patients diagnosed with symptomatic benign liver tumors that required treatment: 1 focal nodular hyperplasia, 2 giant cavernous hemangiomas, 1 hepatic adenomatosis, and 3 hepatic adenomas. Once the feeding arteries were identified, tumors were embolized with polyvinyl alcohol particles (500µm-700µm) and then the feeding artery was plugged with coils if there was an arterial pedicle to ensure the total vascular exclusion of the tumor. The surgical intervention took place 4 to 7 days after embolization. RESULTS: All 7 patients were women (age range, 23-74 years); presurgical intra-arterial embolization was done in 6. In 1 patient with adenomatosis, embolization was done to control intraparenchymal hepatic hemorrhage. In the 6 patients who underwent surgery, the tumor was completely excised and no intraoperative bleeding events or postoperative complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Provided there is a consensus among the multidisciplinary team, embolization is a useful option in the perioperative management of giant and/or symptomatic benign liver tumors.

[Extracapsular hepatic adenoma. Case report and literature review]. / Adenoma hepático extracapsular. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la bibliografía.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic adenomas are uncommon epithelial tumours. They usually appear in women between 20 and 44 years old. They are commonly located in the right hepatic lobe and are typically solitary masses. Multiple adenomas can present in patients with prolonged use of oral contraceptive pills, glycogen storage diseases and hepatic adenomatosis. CLINICAL CASE: A 35 year-old woman without any significant past medical history, with a chief complaint that started in December 2012 with oppressive, mild intensity abdominal pain located in right upper quadrant in the abdomen on deep palpation. With an abdominal ultrasound showing a mass of 91×82×65cm located in the right flank, isoechogenic with internal vascularity. Contrast computed tomography scan showing an ovoid tumour with circumscribed borders, with heterogenic intense reinforcement and displacement of adjacent structures with dimensions of 88×71×80cm. In laparotomy, excision of the tumour and cholecystectomy with the trans surgical findings of an 8cm tumour with a pedicle containing one artery and one vein coming from the hepatic free border with strong adhesions to the gallbladder. Pathologic diagnosis: Extracapsular hepatic adenoma. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of hepatic adenomas has increased in the last decades, in a parallel fashion with the introduction of oral contraceptive pills, showing association with glycogen storage diseases and to a lesser degree with diabetes and pregnancy. Diagnosis is clinical with the aid of imaging studies. Prognosis of hepatic adenomas is not well established, therefore, management depends on symptoms, size, number, location and certainty of diagnosis.

Trasplante hepático en hemangioendotelioma epitelioide: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Two Case Reports and a Literature Review of Liver Transplantation for Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma

El hemangioendotelioma epitelioide hepático es un tumor raro, de naturaleza agresiva y comportamiento impredecible, con una incidencia de menos de 1 caso por millón de personas al año. Se presenta especialmente en mujeres jóvenes y con síntomas no específicos como dolor abdominal y pérdida de peso. La presentación radiológica es con múltiples nódulos o masas periféricas y bilaterales, con retracción de la cápsula, en algunos casos con calcificaciones y compromiso vascular. Debe realizarse biopsia hepática para confirmar el diagnóstico y para descartar diagnósticos alternativos como angiosarcoma, hepatocarcinoma, colangiocarcinoma y metástasis. El manejo depende de la extensión al momento de presentación, aunque solo el 10% de los casos es susceptible de resección. En las últimas décadas, el trasplante hepático se ha convertido en una opción de manejo, con series de casos aisladas reportadas por centros de trasplante en el mundo. En este artículo se presenta la experiencia de 2 pacientes con diagnóstico de hemangioendotelioma epitelioide hepático sin posibilidad de resección, confirmado histológicamente, sin compromiso extrahepático y que fueron llevados a trasplante de hígado exitoso y sin recurrencia de la enfermedad a 4 y 6 años después del trasplante.

Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare, aggressive and unpredictable tumor. Its incidence is less than one case per million people per year. Most commonly, it occurs in young women who exhibit nonspecific symptoms such as abdominal pain and weight loss. Radiologically it presents as multiple bilateral and peripheral nodules or masses with retraction of the capsule of the liver. In some cases there is calcification and vascular compromise. A liver biopsy should be performed to confirm the diagnosis and to rule out alternative diagnoses such as angiosarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and metastasis. Management depends on the extension at presentation, but only 10% of cases are amenable to resection. Although in recent decades liver transplantation has become a management option, only studies of isolated cases reported by various transplant centers around the world have been published so far. In this article, we report our experience with two patients who were diagnosed with hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma in which there were no possibilities of resection. Diagnoses were histologically confirmed, and since the patients had no extra-hepatic compromises, liver transplantations were performed. Both were successful and without recurrence at 4 and 6 years after transplantation.

Análise de 5 anos de seguimento de hepatectomias em portadores de turmor hepático / Analysis of 5 years following hepatectomy in patients with liver tumor

Introdução: os tumores hepáticos malignos são muito mais comuns do que os benignos, sendo os metastáticos ou secundários 20 vezes mais frequentes do que os primários. A hepatectomia permanece como o principal e mais utilizado método de tratamento dos tumores hepáticos. Infelizmente, esse método é aplicável apenas em cerca de 10% dos casos. Analisar a sobrevida dos pacientes portadores de tumor hepático submetidos a ressecções hepáticas no Estado do Amazonas, assim como as principais complicações pós-operatórias e índice de recidiva tumoral. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo, analisando os prontuários e laudos anatomopatológicos dos pacientes submetidos à ressecção hepática na Fundação Centro de Controle de Oncologia do Amazonas (FCECON), entre janeiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2010. Resultados: foram realizadas 34 ressecções hepáticas, sendo 55,9% tumores malignos primários do fígado, 26,5% doença metastática e 17,6% tumores benignos. Houve 17,64% de complicações pós-operatórias, sendo as mais graves o abscesso subfrênico e a hemorragia intra-abdominal. A taxa de reoperação foi de 2,94%. Não houve mortalidade operatória. O índice de recidiva tumoral foi de 23,5%, com óbito ocorrendo em 75% destes casos. A taxa de sobrevida em um, três e cinco anos foi respectivamente 96%, 89% e 68%. Conclusão: a cirurgia hepática tem se tornado cada vez mais factível e as complicações pós-operatórias, sob maior controle clínico, tem diminuído consideravelmente a mortalidade.

Introduction: malignant Hepatic tumors are much more common than the benign ones, being the metastatics 20 times more frequent than the primaries. Hepatectomy remains as the more common and used method in its treatment. Unfortunately this method can be applied in around 10% of cases. To analyze the overall survival of malignant liver tumors patients who underwent a hepatic resection in the state of Amazonas, as well as the post-operative complications and recurrence rate. Methods: retrospective study, analysing the patient records and anatomopathologic reports of patients who underwent liver resection in Fundação Centro de Controle de Oncologia do Amazonas (FCECON), between january 2006 and december 2010. Results: a total amount of 34 liver resections were done, being 55,9% liver primary malignant tumors, 26,5% metastatic disease e 17,6% benign tumors. There were 17,64% of post-operative complications, being the more serious diaphragmatic abscess and intra-abdominal bleeding. Reoperation rate was of 2,94%. There were no preoperative mortality. Tumor recurrence was 23,5%, with death happening in 75% of these cases. Overall survival in one, three and five years were respectively 96%, 89% e 68%. Conclusion: hepatic surgery has been increasingly more appliable and post-operative complications, under strict clinical care, has considerably diminished mortality.

Angiomiolipoma hepático / Hepatic angiomyolipoma

O angiomiolipoma, tumor mesenquimal benigno, ocorre com mais frequência no rim, sendo que apenas 5 a 10% têm como localização o fígado. É composto por vasos sanguíneos, tecido adiposo e músculo liso. Em 60% dos pacientes, a lesão é assintomática, sendo comumente um achado ocasional em exames de imagem. Quando sintomas estão presentes, estes são: desconforto abdominal, massa palpável no hipocôndrio direito e mal- estar. O angiomiolipoma de fígado é um tumor de difícil diagnóstico, sendo confirmado somente após a análise anatomopatológica. Tem a sua importância como diagnóstico diferencial de outras neoplasias mais comuns, especialmente o carcinoma hepatocelular. O caso relatado chama a atenção para esta condição e compara os achados com os descritos na literatura.

The angiomyolipoma, a benign mesenchymal tumor, occurs most frequently in the kidney, with only 5-10% appearing in the liver. It is composed of blood vessels, adipose tissue and smooth muscle. In 60% of patients the lesion is asymptomatic and is usually a chance finding in imaging studies. If present, symptoms are: abdominal discomfort, palpable mass in the right hypochondrium, and malaise. Angiomyolipoma of the liver is a tumor of difficult diagnosis, which is confirmed only after a histopathological analysis. It is important as a differential diagnosis of other more common malignancies, especially hepatocellular carcinoma. The reported case draws attention to this condition and compares the findings with those described in the literature.

Hiperplasia nodular focal hepática / Focal nodal hyperplasia

La hiperplasia nodal focal es el segundo tumor benigno más frecuente del hígado, y debe incluirse en el diagnóstico diferencial de las lesiones sólidas hepáticas. Se presenta el caso de una paciente adolescente con dolor abdominal crónico y hallazgo de masa abdominal al examen físico y en los estudios de imágenes. Se realizó resección quirúrgica de la masa debido a la persistencia de la sintomatología y la incertidumbre en el diagnóstico. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura sobre este tema con el objetivo de conocer las indicaciones quirúrgicas en este tipo de patología...

Focal nodal hyperplasia is the second most common benign tumor of the liver and should be included in the differential diagnosis of solid liver lesions. We present a case of an adolescent with chronic abdominal pain and abdominal mass fi nding on physical examination and imaging studies. Surgical resection of the mass was performed, due to the persistent symptoms and uncertainty in diagnosis. We make a literature review on this topic with the objective of known the surgical indications in this pathology...

Hamartoma mesenquimal hepático: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma: case report and literature review

El hamartoma mesenquimal hepático (HMH) es un tumor benigno del hígado que se presenta especialmente en menores de dos años y es un diagnóstico raro a pesar de ser la segunda causa de tumores benignos hepáticos en este grupo de edad. Es importante tener en cuenta su diagnóstico ya que tiene una amplia gama de presentación clínica. En este artículo se presentael caso clínico de una niña de nueve meses que fue llevada a la consulta del servicio de urgencias de un hospital local por presencia de una masa abdominal. En la evaluación de la paciente con el examen físico, tomografía computarizada de abdomen y estudios de patología complementarios posquirúrgicos, se diagnosticó un HMH. Se revisan los principales aspectos clínicos, imagenológicos y de tratamiento de la enfermedad. El HMH es una enfermedad a tener en cuenta como diagnóstico diferencial en menores de dos años con tumores hepáticos, es un tumor benigno, que suele tener buen pronóstico si se diagnostica antes de que tenga una extensión local muy amplia y su manejo definitivo es la resección quirúrgica.

Hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma is a benign liver tumor that occurs mainly in children under 2 years and is a rare diagnosis despite being the second most common benign liver tumor in this age group. Is important to consider its diagnosis because it has a wide range of clinical presentation. We report a case a 9 months patient from the rural area who consulted to the emergency department of local hospital with presumptive diagnosis of abdominal mass. With an adequate physical examination, computed tomography of abdomen, complete resection of the mass and complementary studies of tumor pathology, the diagnosis of hepatic mesenchymal hamartoma was made. We review the clinical aspects of the disease, imaginology, and treatment. Conclusion: The HMH is a condition to be considered as a differential diagnosis in children under 2 years with liver tumors. Is a benign tumor, which usually has good prognosis if diagnosed befote it has a very wide local extension and definitive management is surgical resection of the tumor.

Leiomiosarcoma hepático: Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura

Los sarcomas primarios de localización hepática constituyen fundamentalmente en el adulto un grupo de tumores excepcionales, cifrándose su incidencia según las series consultadas entre un 0.1-1%, de todos los tumores hepáticos malignos del adulto La edad media de presentación se podría situar entre la cuarta y quinta décadas, con edades extremas referidas en la bibliografía de 22 y 77 años. El síntoma más frecuente de los sarcomas hepáticos, independientemente del tipo histológico, es el dolor de pequeña a mediana intensidad en hemiabdomen superior, que se suele acompañar de otros síntomas inespecíficos, como pérdida ponderal, febrícula vespertina y astenia. Caso Clínico: Paciente masculino de 20 años, inicia EA en el mes de febrero de 2005, cuando presenta debilidad general y pérdida de peso progresiva cuantificada en 8 kg Desde inicio de marzo de 2005 evidencia palidez cutánea, hipertermia precedida de escalofríos, de predominio vespertino, dolor en epigastrio, opresivo, no irradiado, motivo por el cual consulta a facultativo en su localidad, donde es hospitalizado con la IDx. de Absceso Hepático. Permanece 30 días, recibiendo tto. Con antibióticos sin mejoría, ameritando transfundir por presentar Hb de 6 gr/dl, sin sitio evidente de sangrado Ecosonograma abdominal.: Hepatoesplenomegalia y LOE lóbulo hepático izquierdo Gastroscopia y colonoscopia Normal. Resonancia magnetica abdominal: Evidencia de hepatomegalia asociado a la presencia de lesión de apariencia tumoral en el lóbulo hepático izquierdo, con realce heterogéneo. La evolución no fue la de un absceso hepático y la imagen ecosonográfica es de comportamiento sólido, por lo que se solicita a cirugía laparoscopia diagnostica. Se descarta la posibilidad de toma percútanea guiada por eco en vista de alta posibilidad de sangrado. Se practica Hepatectomía Izquierda, Biopsia: Reporta Leiomiosarcoma Hepático. Luego de la cirugía el paciente evoluciona satisfactoriamente. Conclusión: a pesar de su infrecuencia, los sarcomas hepáticos deben tomarse en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencial de tumores hepáticos sólidos en el adulto, en ausencia de cirrosis. El único tratamiento que permite expectativas de supervivencia es el quirúrgico, mediante hepatectomías regladas o "atípicas" con márgenes de seguridad e incluso en algunos casos trasplante hepático.

Primary sarcomas of hepatic location fundamentally constitute a group of exceptional tumors in the adult, amounting its incidence according to the series consulted between a 0,1-1%, of all the malignant hepatic tumors of the adult the average age of presentation could be located between the fourth and fifth decade, with referred extreme ages in the bibliography of 22 and 77 years. The most frequent symptom of hepatic sarcomas, independently of the histological type, is pain of small to medium intensity in superior hemiabdomen, that itÊs usually accompanied by other unspecific symptoms, like ponderal loss, vespertine febrícula and asthenia. Clinical Case: Male patient 20 years old, begins symptoms in february of 2005, presenting general weakness and progressive loss of weight quantified at 8 kg From the beginning of March of 2005 demonstrates cutaneous paleness, hyperthermia preceded of chills, of vespertine predominance, , opressive, not radiated, pain in the epigastric region, reason why he consults a facultative in his locality, where he is hospitalized with the diagnosis of hepatic abscess. He remains 30 days, receiving antibiotic treatment without improvement, needing a transfusion because of Hb levels of 6 gr.dl, without evident signs of bleeding. Abdominal Ultrasound: Hepatoesplenomegalia and SOL in left hepátic lobe Normal gastroscopy and colonoscopy. Abdominal magnetic resonance: Evidence of hepatomegalia associated to the presence of lesion of tumorlike appearance in the left hepatic lobe, with heterogenous enhancement. The evolution was not the one of an hepatic abscess and the ultrasound image is of solid behavior, reason why laparoscopic diagnostic surgery is suggested. The possibility of a guided ultrasound percutaneous sample is ruled out because of the high probability of bleeding .A left hepatectomy is done Biopsy: reports hepatic leiomiosarcoma. After surgery the patient evolves satisfactorily. Conclusion: In spite of its uncommoness, hepatic sarcomas must be taken into account in the differential diagnosis from solid hepatic tumors in the adult, in absence of cirrhosis. The only treatment that allows survival expectations is the surgical one, by means of regulated or atypical hepatectomy with safety margins and in some cases even hepatic transplants.

Hepatoblastoma en el recien nacido: reporte de un caso / Hepatoblastoma in newborn: a case report

El hepatoblastoma en el recién nacido tiene una baja incidencia, sin embargo es el tumor hepático maligno más común. Solo un 4 por ciento se diagnostica al momento del nacimiento y es muy raro el diagnóstico prenatal. El hepatoblastoma se asocia a malformaciones o condiciones genéticas como el síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann, también con el muy bajo peso al nacer. La quimioterapia preoperatoria mejora las posibilidades de resección y trasplante, así como se reporta mejoría de la sobrevida de un 40 por ciento a un 90 por ciento. Se describe el caso de un recién nacido con un hepatoblastoma de tipo epitelial, en estadio IV dada la imposibilidad de resección primaria.