Investigation and analysis on the application of peripheral blood specimens for routine blood testing by laboratory physicians.

BACKGROUND: Owing to its simplicity, speed, small incision, and low cost, peripheral blood collection is widely used in routine blood testing. However, there are certain differences between the detection results of peripheral and venous blood specimens. This investigation and analysis aimed to investigate and analyze the status and opinions of laboratory physicians on the application of peripheral blood for routine blood testing. METHODS: A questionnaire was used to investigate and analyze the current status of laboratory physicians with regards to routine peripheral blood testing. The content of the questionnaire included the following aspects: the proportion of peripheral blood specimens, the difficulty of detecting peripheral blood, factors affecting the results of peripheral blood specimens, the proportion of the simultaneous detection of blood test and C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as the proportion and ideals of hypersensitive CRP (hs-CRP), which included a total of 10 re-examination rules. RESULTS: Laboratory physicians from 410 hospitals participated in the investigation. The proportion of routine blood tests using peripheral blood specimens in the laboratory departments of tertiary hospitals was low (P=0.006). Difficulties in routine blood tests with peripheral blood specimens were dominated by insufficient blood volume (67.8%). The factors affecting the results of routine blood tests with peripheral blood specimens were dominated by the mixing method (86.6%). When abnormal results were determined by routine blood tests using peripheral blood specimens, they were retested most commonly by making slide smears (82.4%) or re-examined using the remaining peripheral blood (66.1%). The same rules for re-examination of peripheral and venous blood were applied in most medical institutions (86.1%). When the platelet count decreased in routine blood tests using peripheral blood samples, the most common measures included sample agglutination checks (88.5%), instrument alarm message checks (82.4%), and making slide smears for re-examination (73.6%). More laboratory physicians expected blood analyzers to be integrated instruments that could provide both routine blood and hs-CRP testing (80.5%). CONCLUSIONS: There are numerous difficulties in routine blood testing using peripheral blood, and thus, more convenient and accurate blood analysis instruments should be developed.

Marcadores de inflamación en adolescentes Púberes / Inflammatory markers in pubertal adolescents / Marcadores inflamatórios em adolescentes púberes

La obesidad coexiste con un estado inflamatorio crónico de baja intensidad. En el tejido adiposo (TA), los factores inflamatorios son producidos por los adipocitos y por las células inflamatorias asociadas al TA, como los macrófagos. El objetivo fue evaluar las concentraciones séricas (Cs) de los marcadores de inflamación interleuquina 6 (IL-6), factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-a) y PCR, y sus diferencias según el estado nutricional antropométrico y la presencia o no de resistencia a la insulina (RI) en adolescentes púberes de Valencia, Venezuela. El estudio fue descriptivo, correlacional, de campo y transversal. Participaron 80 adolescentes entre 12 y 15 años (50% masculinos). Se evaluó el estado nutricional, la circunferencia de cintura (CC) y el estadío de maduración sexual. Se determinaron las Cs de glucosa e insulifna y se calculó el índice HOMA-IR. Se midieron los niveles séricos (Ns) de PCRus, TNF-á e IL-6. Las asociaciones entre variables se evaluaron utilizando los tests de correlación de Pearson y Spearman, las comparaciones de medias con las pruebas t de Student, U de Mann-Whitney, ANOVA y Kruskal-Wallis. El índice de masa corporal (IMC), las Cs de glucosa, insulina, PCRus, TNF-á, IL-6 y el índice HOMA-IR no mostraron diferencias por sexo. Las Cs de PCRus correlacionaron sólo con IMC y CC (p<0,05) y las de IL-6 lo hicieron con la insulina y el índice HOMA-IR (p<0,05), mientras que el TNF-á no correlacionó con las variables e indicadores antropométricos ni con los indicadores de RI. Las Cs de PCRus fueron superiores en los adolescentes con exceso de peso (EP) (p=0,025), mientras que las de IL-6 de los sujetos con RI superaron a las de los que no presentaron RI (p=0,011). Los adolescentes con EP y RI (n=25) presentaron Ns de IL-6 superiores a los mostrados por los adolescentes con EP pero sin RI (n=25) y que los que eran normopesos (NP) y sin RI (grupo control n=30) (p=0,037). Las Cs de PCRus y de TNF-á no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los tres grupos estudiados. El EP y la RI en los adolescentes se acompaña de elevaciones de los Ns de la IL-6, lo cual pone en evidencia un estado inflamatorio que no se presenta en los adolescentes NP y sin RI.(AU)

Obesity coexists with a chronic inflammatory state of low intensity. In adipose tissue (AT), inflammatory factors are produced by adipocytes and by inflammatory cells associated with the AT, such as macrophages. The objective of this work was to evaluate serum concentrations (Sc) of inflammatory markers IL-6, TNF-á and CRP, and their differences by anthropometric nutritional status and the presence or absence of insulin resistance (IR) in pubertal adolescents in Valencia, Venezuela. The study was descriptive, correlational, and cross country. A total of 80 adolescents between 12 and 15 years of age (50% male) took part. Nutritional status, waist circumference (WC) and stage of sexual maturation were evaluated. Sc glucose and insulin were measured and HOMA-IR index was calculated. Serum levels (Sl) hsCRP, TNF-á and IL-6 were measured. Associations between variables were assessed using the correlational tests of Pearson and Spearman, mean comparisons with Students t, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and ANOVA. The body mass index (BMI), the Sc glucose, insulin, hsCRP, TNF-á, IL-6 and HOMA-IR index did not differ by sex. The Sc hsCRP correlated only with BMI and WC (p<0.05) and IL-6 did with insulin and HOMA-IR index (p<0.05), whereas TNF-á did not correlate with variables and anthropometric indicators or IR indicators Sc hsCRP were higher in overweight adolescents (p=0.025), while IL-6 IR subjects outperformed those who did not have IR (p=0.011). Adolescents with overweight and IR (n=25) had Sn of IL-6 higher than those exhibited by adolescents with overweight but without IR (n=25) and those who were normal weight without IR (control group, n=30) (p=0.037). Sc hsCRP and TNF-á showed no significant differences among the three groups studied. Overweight and IR in adolescents is associated with Sl of IL-6 elevations, which reveals an inflammatory condition that is not present in normal weight adolescents without IR.(AU)

A obesidade coexiste com um estado inflamatório cr¶nico de intensidade baixa. No tecido adiposo (TA) os fatores inflamatórios sÒo produzidos pelos adipocitos e pelas células inflamatórias associadas ao TA, como os macrófagos. O objetivo foi avaliar as concentraþ§es séricas (Cs) dos marcadores de inflamaþÒo interleuquina 6, fator de necrosis tumoral alfa e PCR-us e suas diferenþas segundo o estado nutricional antropométrico e a presenþa ou nÒo de resistÛncia O insulina em adolescentes púberes de Valencia, Venezuela. O estudo foi descritivo, correlacional, de campo e transversal. Participaram 80 adolescentes entre 12 e 15 anos (50% masculinos). Avaliouse o estado nutricional, a circunferÛncia da cintura (CC) e o estádio de maduraþÒo sexual. Se determinaram as Cs de glicose e insulina e calculou-se o índice HOMA-IR. Mediram-se os níveis séricos (Ns) de PCR-us, TNF-a e IL-6. As associaþ§es entre variáveis se avaliaram usando os testes de correlaþÒo de Pearson e Spearman, as comparaþ§es de médias com as provas t de Student, U de Mann-Whitney, ANOVA e Kruskal-Wallis. O índice de massa corporal (IMC), as Cs de glicose, PCR-us, TNF-a, IL-6 e o índice HOMA-IR nÒo mostraram diferenþas por sexo. As Cs de PCR-us, correlacionaram-se só com IMC e CC (p<0,05) e as de IL-6 se correlacionaram com a insulina e o índice HOMA-IR (p<0,05), enquanto que o TNF-a nÒo correlacionou-se com as variáveis e indicadores antropométricos nem com os indicadores de RI. As Cs de PCR-us foram superiores nos adolescentes com excesso de peso (EP) (p:0,025), enquanto que as de IL-6 dos sujeitos com RI excederam Os dos que nÒo tiveram RI (p:0,011). Os adolescentes com EP e RI (n:25) tiveram Ns de IL-6 superiores aos mostrados pelos adolescentes com EP, mas sem RI (n:25) e aos que eram de peso normal (NP) e sem RI (grupo controle n:30) (p:0,037). As Cs de PCR-us e de TNF-a, nÒo mostraram diferenþas significativas entre os trÛs grupos avaliados. O EP e a RI nos adolescentes acompanha-se de elevaþ§es dos Ns da IL-6, o qual evidÛncia um estado inflamatório que nÒo se apresenta nos adolescentes NP e sem RI.(AU)