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1.
Tree Physiol ; 42(3): 537-556, 2022 03 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34508606

ABSTRACT

Future climate change predictions for tropical forests highlight increased frequency and intensity of extreme drought events. However, it remains unclear whether large and small trees have differential strategies to tolerate drought due to the different niches they occupy. The future of tropical forests is ultimately dependent on the capacity of small trees (<10 cm in diameter) to adjust their hydraulic system to tolerate drought. To address this question, we evaluated whether the drought tolerance of neotropical small trees can adjust to experimental water stress and was different from tall trees. We measured multiple drought resistance-related hydraulic traits across nine common neotropical genera at the world's longest-running tropical forest throughfall-exclusion experiment and compared their responses with surviving large canopy trees. Small understorey trees in both the control and the throughfall-exclusion treatment had lower minimum stomatal conductance and maximum hydraulic leaf-specific conductivity relative to large trees of the same genera, as well as a greater hydraulic safety margin (HSM), percentage loss of conductivity and embolism resistance, demonstrating that they occupy a distinct hydraulic niche. Surprisingly, in response to the drought treatment, small trees increased specific hydraulic conductivity by 56.3% and leaf:sapwood area ratio by 45.6%. The greater HSM of small understorey trees relative to large canopy trees likely enabled them to adjust other aspects of their hydraulic systems to increase hydraulic conductivity and take advantage of increases in light availability in the understorey resulting from the drought-induced mortality of canopy trees. Our results demonstrate that differences in hydraulic strategies between small understorey and large canopy trees drive hydraulic niche segregation. Small understorey trees can adjust their hydraulic systems in response to changes in water and light availability, indicating that natural regeneration of tropical forests following long-term drought may be possible.


Subject(s)
Droughts , Trees , Climate Change , Forests , Plant Leaves/physiology , Trees/physiology
2.
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 82(3): 637-642, Sept. 2010. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-556799

ABSTRACT

The expectations that shade-tolerant forest species show 1) a population structure composed by a high amount of small individuals, and 2) biomass allocation for diameter higher than for height growth, were tested for Rudgea parquioides, a typical shrub in Southern Brazil. We described the size structure (height and stem diameter) and allometrical relations of a R. parquioides population by counting and measuring all the individuals in a 725m² area in the municipality of Curitiba (25"25'S; 49"19'W). A total of 916 individuals (12,634 ind.ha-1) were recorded in the area. The firstexpectation was supported, since distribution by height and diameter classes showed a predominance of small individuals (skewness coefficients > 1). On the other hand, the regression between height and stem base diameter showed slope β < 1, which indicates that growth in height is higher than in diameter, not supporting the second expectation. These results show that life strategies in shade-tolerant species may imply in more trade-off combinations than previously described.


Foram testadas duas hipóteses relativas a espécies florestaistolerantes à sombra em uma população de Rudgea parquioides, um arbusto característico do sul do Brasil: 1) espécies tolerantes à sombra possuem uma estrutura populacional composta por um grande número de indivíduos pequenos e 2) a alocação de biomassa para o crescimento em diâmetro é maior que para o crescimento em altura. Foram descritas as estruturas de tamanho (altura e diâmetro do tronco) e relações alométricas através da contagem e medição de todos os indivíduos de R. parquioides em uma área de 725m² no município de Curitiba (25"25'S; 49"19'W). Um total de 916 indivíduos(12.634 ind.ha-1) foi medido nesta área. A primeira hipótese foi aceita, uma vez que a distribuição em classes de altura e de diâmetro mostrou um predomínio de indivíduos pequenos (coeficiente de assimetria > 1). Por outro lado, a regressão entre altura e diâmetro na base do caule mostrou inclinação β < 1, o que indica que o crescimento em altura é maior que em diâmetro, não suportando a segunda hipótese. Esses resultados mostram que as estratégias de crescimento em espécies tolerantes à sombra podem implicar em outras relações ecológicas além das já descritas.


Subject(s)
Ecosystem , Rubiaceae/classification , Trees , Biomass , Brazil , Rubiaceae/anatomy & histology , Rubiaceae/growth & development
3.
Biota neotrop. (Online, Ed. port.) ; 9(3): 137-143, July-Sept. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-578530

ABSTRACT

Os hábitos alimentares de Basileuterus culicivorus, um insetívoro de sub-bosque forrageador de folhagem, foram estudados com base em amostras fecais e artrópodes de folhagem coletados em uma área de Mata Atlântica secundária no sudeste do Brasil. Foram identificados 220 itens alimentares em 32 amostras fecais, todos artrópodes. Os grupos de artrópodes mais representativos na dieta, compreendendo quase 80 por cento dos itens, foram Coleoptera, Araneae, larvas e Hymenoptera não Formicidae respectivamente, sendo que Araneae e Coleoptera foram também os táxons mais abundantes encontrados na folhagem. Basileuterus culicivorus apresentou preferência alimentar tanto para os tipos de artrópodes quanto para o tamanho das presas consumidas, sendo que Hymenoptera (Formicidae e não Formicidae) e larvas de insetos e presas maiores do que 4 mm foram os artrópodes mais consumidos em relação aos encontrados no ambiente. O consumo de itens maiores parece ser uma forma de otimizar a obtenção de energia pela espécie.


The feeding behavior of the Stripe-crowned Warbler, an understorey foliage-gleaning insectivore, was studied based on fecal and foliage arthropod samples collected in an area of secondary Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. In 32 fecal samples, 220 arthropod feeding items were identified. The most represented groups in the diet were Coleoptera, Araneae, insect larvae and Hymenoptera non-Formicidae, which accounted for almost 80 percent of the ingested items. Araneae and Coleoptera were also the most abundant taxa found on the foliage. The bird showed preference for prey of a certain type (Hymenoptera Formicidae, Hymenoptera non-Formicidae and insect larvae) and above a particular size (over 4 mm in length), which were the most consumed food items among those found in the environment. The consumption of larger prey items seems to be a way in which the species optimizes its energy intake.

4.
Acta amaz ; Acta amaz;38(4): 611-616, dez. 2008. ilus
Article in French | LILACS | ID: lil-504693

ABSTRACT

Reservas extrativistas (RESEX) são espaços territoriais destinados à exploração sustentável e conservação dos recursos naturais renováveis, por populações extrativistas. Além disso, tem como finalidade implantar alternativas de renda que contribuam para a melhoria das condições de vida das famílias locais. Dentre as variadas possibilidades de renda pelas comunidades que compõem as RESEX, destacamos neste trabalho o uso das helicônias. As espécies de Heliconia são um dos mais vistosos grupos de plantas herbáceas das florestas tropicais. Entretanto seu uso como fonte de renda é desconhecido pelas comunidades que compõem a RESEX. Registramos 11 espécies de Heliconia na RESEX do Baixo Juruá com uso potencial como plantas ornamentais: H. acuminata, H. densiflora, H. hirsuta, H. lasiorachis, H. stricta, H. chartacea, H. juruana, H. marginata, H. psittacorum, H. spathocircinata e H. tenebrosa. Atualmente o mercado de plantas ornamentais está em expansão no Brasil, mas a Amazônia parece não estar acompanhando este processo, demonstrando falta de iniciativa política. A economia na forma do extrativismo praticada dentro das reservas florestais na Amazônia, mesmo acarretando alguns impactos diretos sobre a fauna e a flora, ajuda a manter as funções ecológicas originais da floresta evitando perdas futuras de biodiversidade regional. Adicionalmente, garante a continuidade das populações tradicionais no campo, com efeito direto na economia local e regional.


Extractive Reserves (Reservas Extrativistas-RESEX, in portuguese) are defined as territorial spaces destined for auto-sustainable exploration and conservation of renewable natural resources for the traditional population. Moreover, they are an alternative source of income for improving life conditions of the local families. Amongst the possibilities of income for the communities that make up the RESEX, which we discuss, is the use of Heliconia understorey herbs. The Heliconia genus is one of the colorful groups of tropical forest non-timber plants. However, as an income source, it is unknown to the RESEX communities. We registered 11 species of Heliconia in the Baixo Juruá Extractive Reserve with potential as ornamental plants: H. acuminata, H. densiflora, H. hirsuta, H. lasiorachis, H. stricta, H. chartacea, H. juruana, H. marginata, H. psittacorum, H. spathocircinata and H. tenebrosa. Currently in Brazil, the commercialization of ornamental plants is expanding, but the Amazonian region seems not to be following this trend, demonstrating perhaps lack of political initiative. Even though it causes some impact on fauna an flora, the practice of extractive economy inside the forest reserves in Amazonia helps keep the ecological functions of the forest intact, preventing future losses of regional biodiversity. Additionally, it guarantees the continuity of traditional populations in the natural areas, with direct effect on the local and regional economy.


Subject(s)
Plants, Medicinal , Conservation of Natural Resources , Sustainable Development Indicators , Gardening Products
5.
Acta amaz. ; 38(4)2008.
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-450389

ABSTRACT

Extractive Reserves (Reservas Extrativistas-RESEX, in portuguese) are defined as territorial spaces destined for auto-sustainable exploration and conservation of renewable natural resources for the traditional population. Moreover, they are an alternative source of income for improving life conditions of the local families. Amongst the possibilities of income for the communities that make up the RESEX, which we discuss, is the use of Heliconia understorey herbs. The Heliconia genus is one of the colorful groups of tropical forest non-timber plants. However, as an income source, it is unknown to the RESEX communities. We registered 11 species of Heliconia in the Baixo Juruá Extractive Reserve with potential as ornamental plants: H. acuminata, H. densiflora, H. hirsuta, H. lasiorachis, H. stricta, H. chartacea, H. juruana, H. marginata, H. psittacorum, H. spathocircinata and H. tenebrosa. Currently in Brazil, the commercialization of ornamental plants is expanding, but the Amazonian region seems not to be following this trend, demonstrating perhaps lack of political initiative. Even though it causes some impact on fauna an flora, the practice of extractive economy inside the forest reserves in Amazonia helps keep the ecological functions of the forest intact, preventing future losses of regional biodiversity. Additionally, it guarantees the continuity of traditional populations in the natural areas, with direct effect on the local and regional economy.


Reservas extrativistas (RESEX) são espaços territoriais destinados à exploração sustentável e conservação dos recursos naturais renováveis, por populações extrativistas. Além disso, tem como finalidade implantar alternativas de renda que contribuam para a melhoria das condições de vida das famílias locais. Dentre as variadas possibilidades de renda pelas comunidades que compõem as RESEX, destacamos neste trabalho o uso das helicônias. As espécies de Heliconia são um dos mais vistosos grupos de plantas herbáceas das florestas tropicais. Entretanto seu uso como fonte de renda é desconhecido pelas comunidades que compõem a RESEX. Registramos 11 espécies de Heliconia na RESEX do Baixo Juruá com uso potencial como plantas ornamentais: H. acuminata, H. densiflora, H. hirsuta, H. lasiorachis, H. stricta, H. chartacea, H. juruana, H. marginata, H. psittacorum, H. spathocircinata e H. tenebrosa. Atualmente o mercado de plantas ornamentais está em expansão no Brasil, mas a Amazônia parece não estar acompanhando este processo, demonstrando falta de iniciativa política. A economia na forma do extrativismo praticada dentro das reservas florestais na Amazônia, mesmo acarretando alguns impactos diretos sobre a fauna e a flora, ajuda a manter as funções ecológicas originais da floresta evitando perdas futuras de biodiversidade regional. Adicionalmente, garante a continuidade das populações tradicionais no campo, com efeito direto na economia local e regional.

6.
Ci. Rural ; 32(6)2002.
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-704085

ABSTRACT

The study was carried out in an area located at "Serra do Mar", belonging to "Mata Atlântica" formation, also known as Atlantic Rain Forest, near the town of Paraibuna, State of São Paulo, Brazil (located at 23º31S to 23º33S, 45º39W to 45º42W and 944 to 1.136m altitude). Three fragments of natural vegetation (sizes of 47, 26 and 4 hectares) and an adjacent area of eucalypts plantation were utilized for the surveys. In all situations the understorey was quite prominent and the vegetation of the gallery forest fragments was in a medium stage of secondary regeneration. The method used to the register the avifauna specimens was the technique of observations per fixed points. The main objective of the study was to analyze the groups OF birds that were affected by the forest fragmentation and, additionally, to evaluate the impacts caused by the fragmentation and the isolation degree of these areas. Taking into account all studied areas, it was possible to register a total of 113 species of birds, distributed over a range of 27 families and 13 orders. The main species were cHaracterized as insect-eating, omnivorous and grain-eating, all of them occupying the understorey level. The species composition was affected by the fragmentation and also by the reduction of the natural vegetation. The quantity and diversity of birds showed a direct relationship with the size of the fragments, and structure of the vegetation and an inverse relationship with the isolation degree.


O estudo foi realizado em área localizada na Serra do Mar, no domínio da Mata Atlântica, na formação florestal denominada Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica, no Município de Paraibuna, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil (localizado entre 23º31 e 23º33 de latitude Sul, 45º39 e 45º42 de longitude Oeste, e entre 944 a 1,136m de altitude). Foram estudados três fragmentos de vegetação natural de 47, 26 e 4 hectares, e uma área de plantio de eucaliptos adjacente, sendo a vegetação dos fragmentos composta por mata ciliar em estágio médio de regeneração secundária. O método utilizado para o registro da avifauna foi o de observações por pontos fixos. O principal objetivo foi analisar os grupos de aves afetados pela fragmentação florestal e avaliar os impactos causados pela fragmentação e isolamento destas áreas. Considerando-se o método utilizado e todas as áreas estudadas, foi possível registrar 113 espécies de aves, distribuídas em 27 famílias e 13 ordens, sendo as principais guildas a insetívora, onívora e granívora, todas ocupando o sub-bosque. A composição de espécies foi afetada pela fragmentação e redução da área de vegetação natural. A quantidade e diversidade de aves apresentou relação direta com o tamanho dos fragmentos e estrutura da vegetação, e inversa com o grau de isolamento.

7.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1475856

ABSTRACT

The study was carried out in an area located at "Serra do Mar", belonging to "Mata Atlântica" formation, also known as Atlantic Rain Forest, near the town of Paraibuna, State of São Paulo, Brazil (located at 23º31’S to 23º33’S, 45º39’W to 45º42’W and 944 to 1.136m altitude). Three fragments of natural vegetation (sizes of 47, 26 and 4 hectares) and an adjacent area of eucalypts plantation were utilized for the surveys. In all situations the understorey was quite prominent and the vegetation of the gallery forest fragments was in a medium stage of secondary regeneration. The method used to the register the avifauna specimens was the technique of observations per fixed points. The main objective of the study was to analyze the groups OF birds that were affected by the forest fragmentation and, additionally, to evaluate the impacts caused by the fragmentation and the isolation degree of these areas. Taking into account all studied areas, it was possible to register a total of 113 species of birds, distributed over a range of 27 families and 13 orders. The main species were cHaracterized as insect-eating, omnivorous and grain-eating, all of them occupying the understorey level. The species composition was affected by the fragmentation and also by the reduction of the natural vegetation. The quantity and diversity of birds showed a direct relationship with the size of the fragments, and structure of the vegetation and an inverse relationship with the isolation degree.


O estudo foi realizado em área localizada na Serra do Mar, no domínio da Mata Atlântica, na formação florestal denominada Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica, no Município de Paraibuna, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil (localizado entre 23º31’ e 23º33’ de latitude Sul, 45º39’ e 45º42’ de longitude Oeste, e entre 944 a 1,136m de altitude). Foram estudados três fragmentos de vegetação natural de 47, 26 e 4 hectares, e uma área de plantio de eucaliptos adjacente, sendo a vegetação dos fragmentos composta por mata ciliar em estágio médio de regeneração secundária. O método utilizado para o registro da avifauna foi o de observações por pontos fixos. O principal objetivo foi analisar os grupos de aves afetados pela fragmentação florestal e avaliar os impactos causados pela fragmentação e isolamento destas áreas. Considerando-se o método utilizado e todas as áreas estudadas, foi possível registrar 113 espécies de aves, distribuídas em 27 famílias e 13 ordens, sendo as principais guildas a insetívora, onívora e granívora, todas ocupando o sub-bosque. A composição de espécies foi afetada pela fragmentação e redução da área de vegetação natural. A quantidade e diversidade de aves apresentou relação direta com o tamanho dos fragmentos e estrutura da vegetação, e inversa com o grau de isolamento.

8.
Oecologia ; 129(2): 253-260, 2001 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28547604

ABSTRACT

The arthropod fauna of 25 saplings and of three conspecific mature trees of Pourouma bicolor (Cecropiaceae) was surveyed for 12 months in a tropical wet forest in Panama, with particular reference to insect herbivores. A construction crane erected at the study site provided access to tree foliage in the upper canopy. A similar area of foliage (ca. 370 m2) was surveyed from both saplings and trees, but samples obtained from the latter included 3 times as much young foliage as from the former. Arthropods, including herbivores and leaf-chewing insects with a proven ability to feed on the foliage of P. bicolor were 1.6, 2.5 and 2.9 times as abundant on the foliage of trees as on that of saplings. The species richness of herbivores and proven chewers were 1.5 (n=145 species) and 3.5 (n=21) times higher on trees than on saplings, respectively. Many herbivore species preferred or were restricted to one or other of the host stages. Host stage and young foliage area in the samples explained 52% of the explained variance in the spatial distribution of herbivore species. Pseudo-replication in the two sampling universes, the saplings and trees studied, most likely decreased the magnitude of differences apparent between host stages in this forest. The higher availability of food resources, such as young foliage, in the canopy than in the understorey, perhaps combined with other factors such as resource quality and enemy-free space, may generate complex gradients of abundance and species richness of insect herbivores in wet closed tropical forests.

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