Percepção dos profissionais do Programa Mais Médicos quanto à adesão aos instrumentos de comunicação entre as Redes de Atenção à Saúde e a Atenção Primária / he professionals' perception of the "More Doctors" program regarding communication instruments' adherence between healthcare networks and primary care

O artigo objetiva analisar a percepção dos profissionais do Programa Mais Médicos quanto à adesão aos instrumentos de comunicação entre os pontos de atenção das Redes de Atenção à Saúde. Sua importância diz respeito à necessidade de se analisar o grau de adesão aos instrumentos e qualificar a ocorrência da comunicação entre os entes da rede, na medida em que se reconhece a necessidade de manter informado o profissional detentor da coordenação do cuidado e devolver a ele a responsabilidade pela condução dos indivíduos usuários da rede. Os resultados demonstraram a baixa percepção do retorno dos registros dos usuários da rede aos pontos de atenção, independentemente da macrorregião (P = 0,094). Esse resultado demonstra a necessidade de trabalhar a qualificaçãodas atividades da rede de atenção a fim de valorizar a necessidade das informações oriundas do processo de contrarreferência.

The article's purpose is to analyze professionals' perceptions of the "More Doctors" program regarding communication instruments' adherence among the different points inside the healthcare network. It is important to analyze the instruments' adherence degree and qualify the occurrence of communication inside the network entities, recognizing the need to keep care coordinators well informed and to make them responsible for the care of individuals who are users of the network. The results showed a low perception of users' network records arriving at the proper care points, independent of the macroregion (P = 0,094). This result demonstrates the need to work on qualifying the activities of the care network to value the need for information coming from the counter-reference processes.

Health diplomacy to promote multisectoral participation in fighting against fragmentation and increasing budget for internalization of the health financing progress matrix in Burundi.

BACKGROUND: Regardless of its form, financing health in isolation will never raise sufficient funds to lead to universal health coverage. Achieving this goal which is not a pure health policy, requires multisectoral collaboration to support financing mechanisms. Within this framework, the World Health Organization has created the Health Financing Progress Matrix to assess a country's progress in health financing. The World Health Organization calls for multisectoral support for health financing systems to achieve universal health coverage. This paper aims to explain how health diplomacy can be defined and implemented to influence and facilitate multisectoral participation in fighting against fragmentation and increase necessary budget to internalize the health financing progress matrix in Burundi. MAIN TEXT: Burundi's health financing system is characterized by multiple fragmentation of resources and services, which reinforces economic and health inequities, referred to as de-universalization of universal health coverage. The health financing system in Burundi is inadequate to meet the health needs of the population. Different people with different needs form different segments, and coverage may be inconsistent, duplicative, or incomplete. Health diplomacy can alleviate this situation by appointing health finance attachés in each of the 19 sectors that make up the life of the country. Health finance attachés may have three main tasks:1) promoting confidence building, 2) seeking consensus, and 3) building solidarity for universal health coverage. The practices of health finance attachés can help to improve budget for more coverage. Following the World Health Organization's progress matrix on health financing, internalization can be achieved in four ways: (i) raising the profile of health diplomats to be accredited in non-health sectors, (ii) establishing offices of health finance attachés in each sector, (iii) creating means by which sectors benefiting from internalization act, (iv) operationalizing proportionate universal health coverage. CONCLUSION: Health diplomacy holds an ethical practice (representation approach) for internalizing the matrix. Measuring the size of the health gap and the steepness of the health gradient determines the degree of matrix internalization. Health diplomacy needs to be included in all health financing agendas to achieve proportionate universal health coverage in poor countries like Burundi.

Lessons from the Brazilian radiotherapy expansion plan: A project database study.

Background: The Radiotherapy Expansion Plan for Brazil's Unified Health System (PER-SUS) was an innovative program designed by the Ministry of Health in 2012 to provide improvements to the challenging problem of access to radiotherapy in the country. This study sought to analyze the execution and implementation of installations proposed by PER-SUS, and their capacity to address the problems of radiotherapy access in Brazil. Methods: From the first release (February 2015) until October 2021, all PER-SUS monthly progress reports were retrospectively analyzed. The beneficiary institutions, project location, project status, project type, dates of the progress on the stages, and reasons for cancellations or possible justifications for changing the status were collected. Brazilian geographic data, health care demands, and cancer incidences were correlated. Finally, we performed an Ishikawa diagram and 5W3H methodology, aiming to better understand the findings and to yield possible ways to improve the access to radiotherapy. Findings: After ten years, the PER-SUS project delivered nearly 50% of the planned implementation of radiotherapy equipment. There was a 17% growth in the national number of linear accelerators (LINACS) with PER-SUS, against a 32% increase in cancer incidence in Brazil in the same period. The following points were identified: a high rate of beneficiary exclusions reflecting inappropriate selection or inadequate planning; delays in execution related to bureaucratic obstacles and underestimation of the requirements (logistics/people); early closing of the equipment factory as a result of lack of project prioritization by the Government. Interpretation: Only about 50% of PER-SUS are being carried out. However, delays and exclusions of beneficiaries were observed. The dimension of the need for radiotherapy care in Brazil is greater than considered, and might not be fully attended by PER-SUS. Geographic, epidemiological, logistical, and economic variables could be reevaluated to allow better strategic planning and improvement proposals. PER-SUS could be optimized for the next decade, by involving all stakeholders' participation, alignment, and engagement. In the future, the States and regions with a higher LINAC shortage should be prioritized to improve RT access across the country. Considering the data and the initial project deadline, PER-SUS did not achieve the pre-established goals specified by the Brazilian Government. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

A entrada do capital estrangeiro no sistema de saúde no Brasil / The entry of foreign capital into the health system in Brazil / La entrada de capital extranjero en el sistema de salud en Brasil

O estudo descreve o histórico da legislação, analisa a trajetória e dimensiona o capital estrangeiro no sistema de saúde no Brasil. A Lei Orgânica da Saúde restringiu a participação do capital estrangeiro, legislações setoriais permitiram o posterior ingresso na assistência médica suplementar e, em 2015, uma nova lei promoveu a abertura irrestrita, inclusive em hospitais e serviços de saúde. O estudo analisou documentos, legislação e dados de bases secundárias públicas ou obtidos via Lei de Acesso à Informação. Foram considerados investimentos diretos e atos de fusões e aquisições no setor privado da saúde. Foram identificadas cinco fases: ordenamento inaugural, expansão regulada, restrição legal, liberação setorizada e abertura ampliada. De 2016 a 2020, ingressaram no país quase dez vezes mais recursos estrangeiros em serviços de saúde que no quinquênio anterior. Foram identificadas 13 empresas ou fundos, a maioria originária dos Estados Unidos. Normas que permitiram a abertura do capital estrangeiro foram antecedidas por lobbies empresariais e interações público-privadas que podem afetar a qualidade das políticas públicas e a integridade do processo legislativo. O capital aportado busca empresas já constituídas e mais rentáveis, em diversos segmentos de atividade. O ingresso ocorre em redes assistenciais privadas não universais, que atendem clientelas específicas, concentradas geograficamente. Conclui-se que o capital estrangeiro, elemento do processo de financeirização da saúde, se expressa como possível vetor da ampliação de desigualdades de acesso da população aos serviços de saúde e como um obstáculo adicional à consolidação do Sistema Único de Saúde.

The study describes the history of legislation, analyzes the trajectory and the amount of foreign capital in the Brazilian health system. The Organic Health Law restricted the participation of foreign capital; sectoral legislation, however, allowed its subsequent entry into supplementary medical care and, in 2015, a new law promoted unrestricted openness, including in hospitals and healthcare services. Our study analyzes documents, legislation, and data obtained from secondary public bases or via the Law on Access to Information. Direct investments and merger and acquisition acts in the private health sector were considered. Five phases were identified: inaugural planning, regulated expansion, legal restriction, sectorized release, and expanded opening. From 2016 to 2020, the amount of foreign resources entering the country's healthcare services was almost ten times more than the previous five-year period. Thirteen companies or funds were identified, most of them from the United States. Regulation allowing for the opening of foreign capital were preceded by business lobbies and public-private interactions that can affect the quality of public policies and the integrity of the legislative process. The invested capital seeks established and profitable companies in various segments of activity. Admission occurs in non-universal private care networks, which serve specific, geographically concentrated clientele. We conclude that foreign capital, an element of health financialization process, is expressed as a possible vector of the expansion of inequalities in the population's access to health services and as an additional obstacle to the consolidation of the Brazilian Unified National Health System.

Este estudio describe la historia de la legislación, analiza la trayectoria y dimensiona el capital extranjero en el sistema de salud en Brasil. La Ley Orgánica de Salud restringió la participación de capital extranjero, las legislaciones sectoriales permitieron el posterior ingreso a la asistencia médica complementaria y, en el 2015, una nueva ley promovió la apertura sin restricciones, incluso en hospitales y servicios de salud. El estudio analizó documentos, legislación y datos de bases públicas secundarias u obtenidos por medio de la Ley de Acceso a la Información. Se consideraron inversiones directas y actos de fusiones y adquisiciones en el sector privado de la salud. Se identificaron cinco etapas: ordenamiento inaugural, expansión regulada, restricción legal, liberación sectorizada y apertura ampliada. Del 2016 al 2020 ingresaron al país casi diez veces más recursos extranjeros en servicios de salud que en el quinquenio anterior. Se identificaron 13 empresas o fondos, la mayoría con origen en los EE.UU. Las reglas que permitieron la apertura al capital extranjero fueron precedidas por cabildeos empresariales e interacciones público-privadas que pueden afectar la calidad de las políticas públicas y la integridad del proceso legislativo. El capital aportado busca empresas ya consolidadas y más rentables, en diversos segmentos de actividad. El ingreso se da en redes asistenciales privadas no universales, que atienden a una clientela específica y geográficamente concentrada. Se concluye que el capital extranjero, elemento del proceso de financiarización de la salud, se expresa como un posible vector de la ampliación de desigualdades en el acceso de la población a los servicios de salud y como un obstáculo adicional para la consolidación del Sistema Único de Salud.

Determinants of choice of health insurance: Empirical evidence from responses of Indian households.

Health insurance has been accepted as one of the channels that can serve the purpose of universalisation of health care and especially useful in the period of health crisis. This is the emerging and challenging sector in India. The present study explores the health insurance penetration in India using the latest two rounds of nationally representative datasets of the National Family Health Survey (2005-06 and 2015-16). This study identifies the covariates of households' participation and their choice for different health insurance schemes, using the average marginal effects of binary and multinomial logit regression models with conditional categories after checking their Kernel density function. The results suggest that health insurance in India is more skewed towards the households belonging to higher wealth quintile and in the front runner states. Age, occupation and education level are also positively associated with health insurance enrolment. The variable 'weighted information index', which is estimated through Principal Component Analysis, is a significant determinant of private health insurance and community-based health insurance, and this also caters to the richer households. The study also identifies several shortcomings of not accessing health insurance, their choices and suggests reforms with the goal of universalization of healthcare. The robustness check has been performed using 20 percent, 50 percent and 80 percent sub-sampling of the models.

Sobre el significado y alcance de los hitos más decisivos en el desarrollo de la bioética universal: el Convenio de Oviedo y la Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos de la UNESCO / On the meaning and scope of the most decisive milestones in the development of universal bioethics: The Oviedo Convention and the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights

El convenio de Oviedo y la Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos de la UNESCO son los dos instrumentos jurídicos que más han contribuido al desarrollo de la Bioética universal. Dichos documentos inscriben la bioética en el contexto de los derechos humanos internacionales .En ambos textos se ha logrado identificar y configurar un conjunto mínimo y consensuado de principios bioéticos que hunden sus raíces en los derechos humanos y en la dignidad de la persona. A pesar de su diferente naturaleza jurídica, con ambos documentos se inicia un proceso de juridificación de la bioética universal qué amplia y reorienta el horizonte y los contenidos del Derecho internacional (AU)

The Oviedo Convention and the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights are the two legal instruments that have contributed the most to the development of universal Bioethics. These documents inscribe Bioethics in the context of international human rights. In both texts it has been possible to identify and configure a minimum and consensual set of bioethical principles that are rooted in human rights and the dignity of the person. Despite their different legal nature, with both documents a process of juridification of universal Bioethics begins, which widens and reorients the horizon and the contents of International Law (AU)

El conveni d'Oviedo i la Declaració Universal sobre Bioètica i Drets Humans de la UNESCO són els dos instruments jurídics que més han contribuït al desenvolupament de la bioètica universal. Aquests documents inscriuen la bioètica en el context dels drets humans internacionals .En tots dos textos s'ha aconseguit identificar i configurar un conjunt mínim i consensuat de principis bioètics que enfonsen les seves arrels en els drets humans i en la dignitat de la persona. Malgrat la seva diferent naturalesa jurídica, amb tots dos documents s'inicia un procés de juridificació de la bioètica universal que àmplia i reorienta l'horitzó i els continguts del Dret internacional (AU)

The logic of universalization guides moral judgment.

To explain why an action is wrong, we sometimes say, "What if everybody did that?" In other words, even if a single person's behavior is harmless, that behavior may be wrong if it would be harmful once universalized. We formalize the process of universalization in a computational model, test its quantitative predictions in studies of human moral judgment, and distinguish it from alternative models. We show that adults spontaneously make moral judgments consistent with the logic of universalization, and report comparable patterns of judgment in children. We conclude that, alongside other well-characterized mechanisms of moral judgment, such as outcome-based and rule-based thinking, the logic of universalizing holds an important place in our moral minds.

Universalidade do acesso e acessibilidade no quotidiano da atenção primária: vivências de usuários do sus / Universalidad del acceso y accesibilidad en el cotidiano de la atención primaria: vivencias de usuarios del sus / Universality of access and accessibility in the daily care of primary care: sus user experiences

Objetivo: Compreender o acesso e a acessibilidade à saúde na perspectiva de usuários, em atendimento à demanda espontânea em unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Métodos: Estudo de Casos Múltiplos Holístico-qualitativo, fundamentado na Sociologia Compreensiva do Quotidiano com 60 participantes, em município de grande porte de Minas Gerais. Resultados: Revelam a Saúde como uma questão de luta no quotidiano da APS, destacando as dificuldades enfrentadas pelos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), no que concerne o acesso aos serviços, ações, exames e medicamentos. Denotam a desorganização administrativa e morosidade do Sistema, a questão política, a judicialização. A situação contemporânea do SUS foi questionada: o que precisa no SUS? Conclusão: A realidade vivenciada pelos usuários indica que ainda não foi alcançada a idealização de um Sistema universal, equânime e integral. Ademais, a pesquisa possibilitou reflexões de todos os atores envolvidos, usuários, profissionais de saúde e gestores, sobre o exercício da participação social no SUS e a formação de sujeitos proativos na tomada de decisões políticas para o cumprimento e vigor das legislações que implementam o SUS (AU)

Objective: To understand the accessibility to health from the perspective of users in response to spontaneous demand in Primary Health Care (PHC) units. Methods: Holistic-qualitative Multiple Case Study based on Quotidian Comprehensive Sociology with 60 participants, in a large municipality of Minas Gerais. Results: They reveal Health as a matter of struggle in the daily life of PHC, highlighting the difficulties faced by users of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) regarding access to services, actions, exams and medications. They denote the administrative disorganization and slowness of the System; political issues; and judicialization. The contemporary SUS situation was questioned: what do you need from SUS? Conclusion: The reality experienced by users indicates that the idealization of a universal, equitable and integral system has not yet been achieved. Furthermore, the research allowed reflections of all users, health professionals and managers on the exercise of social participation in SUS and the formation of proactive subjects in making political decisions for the compliance and vigor of the laws that implement SUS (AU)

Objetivo: Comprender el acceso y la accesibilidad a la salud en la perspectiva de los usuarios, en respuesta a la demanda espontânea en unidades de Atención Primaria a la Salud (APS). Métodos: Estudio de Casos Múltiples Holístico-cualitativo, fundamentado em la Sociología Comprensiva del Quotidiano con 60 participantes, en municipio de gran porte de Minas Gerais. Resultados: Revelan la Salud como una cuestión de lucha em el cotidiano de la APS, destacando lãs dificultades enfrentadas por los usuarios del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) em lo que concierne al acceso a los servicios, acciones, exámenes y medicamentos. Denota la desorganización administrativa y la morosidad del sistema; la cuestión política; la judicialización. La situación contemporânea del SUS fue cuestionada: ¿qué necessita em el SUS? Conclusión: La realidad experimentada por los usuarios indica que la idealización de un sistema universal, equitativo e integral aún no se ha logrado. Además, la investigación permitió reflexionar sobre todos los actores involucrados, usuarios, profesionales de la salud y gerentes, sobre el ejercicio de la participación social en el SUS y la formación de sujetos proactivos en la toma de decisiones políticas para el cumplimiento y el vigor de las leyes que implementan el SUS.(AU)

Ações integradas e o fortalecimento do Sistema Público de Saúde Brasileiro em tempos de pandemias / Integrated actions and strengthening of Public Health System in Brazil in a time of pandemic

O Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) é a denominação do sistema público de saúde no Brasil, sendo nominada de único na Constituição por se referir a um conjunto de elementos, tais como a universalização, a equidade, a integralidade, a descentralização e da participação popular e que está em convergência com a Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988, em que nomina que a saúde é um direito de todos e dever do Estado. Assim, com a criação do SUS, toda a população brasileira passou a ter direito à saúde universal e gratuita, financiada com recursos provenientes dos orçamentos da União, dos Estados, do Distrito Federal e dos Municípios, conforme rege o artigo 195 da Constituição Brasileira. Destaca-se que o SUS é um dos mais pujantes e importantes do mundo e que atende cerca de 220 milhões de pessoas. É abrangente e se caracteriza por três pilares de sustentação: a universalidade, a integralidade e a equidade.(AU)

The National Health System, being named unique in the Constitution because it refers to a set of elements, such as universalization, equity, integrality, decentralization and popular participation and which is in convergence with the Constitution of 1988 of the Federative Republic of Brazil, which states that health is a right of all and a duty of the State.Thus, with the creation of SUS, the entire Brazilian population now has the right to universal and free health care, financed with resources from the budgets of the Union, the States, the Federal District and the Municipalities, as regulated by article 195 of the Brazilian Constitution. It is noteworthy that SUS is one of the most powerful and important in the world and it serves about 220 million people. It is characterized by a foundation of three pillars: universality, integrality and equity.(AU)

A inconstitucionalidade do manejo do sequestro e do bloqueio de contas da Fazenda Pública como mecanismo satisfativo / The unconstitutionality of the management of confiscation and the blocking of Public Treasury accounts as a satisfactory mechanism

Objetivo: discutir um dos aspectos do recente da judicialização da saúde no Brasil, qual seja, o crescente uso do sequestro e bloqueio de contas da Fazenda Pública pelo Poder Judiciário como mecanismo satisfativo do acesso privilegiado à saúde, inobstante sua duvidosa constitucionalidade. Metodologia: revisão bibliográfica e documental; e quanto aos objetivos, é explicativa e descritiva. Conclusão: o Poder Judiciário não se compreende como um agente sob o jugo dos princípios que norteiam o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS); outrossim profere decisões automatizadas, açambarcando o sistema e desconsiderando demais normas constitucionais de direito público, tais como o regime de execução próprio, o regime de precatórios e as normas de planejamento e orçamento públicos. (AU).

Objective: to discuss one of the aspects of the health's judicialization in Brazil, the increasing use of the confiscation and blocking of Public Treasury by the Judiciary, as a satisfactory mechanism of privileged access to health, however its questionable constitutionality. Methodology: bibliographic and documentary review; and about the objectives, it is explanatory and descriptive. Conclusion: the Judiciary does not understand itself as an agent under two guiding principles or the Unified Health System; overcoming decisions made and automated by adopting the system and disregarding other constitutional norms of public direction, as well as the regime of self-execution, or precautionary regime and the norms of public planning and organization. (AU).

Objetivo: discutir uno de los aspectos de la reciente judicialización de la salud en Brasil, a saber, el uso cada vez mayor del secuestro y bloqueo de cuentas de Finanzas Públicas por parte del poder judicial como un mecanismo satisfactorio para el acceso privilegiado a la salud, a pesar de su dudosa constitucionalidad. Metodología: revisión bibliográfica y documental; y en cuanto a los objetivos, es explicativo y descriptivo. Conclusión: el poder judicial no se entiende como un agente bajo el yugo de los principios que guían el Sistema Único de Salud; También toma decisiones automatizadas, atesorando el sistema y haciendo caso omiso de otras normas constitucionales de derecho público, como su propio régimen de ejecución, el régimen precautorio y las normas de planificación y presupuesto público. (AU).

The meanings of universal health care in Latin America.

In Latin America, competing definitions of universal health care are found. Variants include traditional universalism, basic universalism, and minimal or residual universalism. These definitions are informed by European traditions, a renewed emphasis on equity among Latin American social policy experts, and World Bank strategy. This essay explores these definitions as well as areas of overlap and points of difference between and among them using examples from several Latin American countries. The most important difference concerns the preventive and curative services not covered by the benefits packages of minimal universal programs, a gap expected to grow increasingly costly for patients.

Características de las tendencias en la formación del profesional médico en Cuba / Characteristics of the trends in the training of medical professionals in Cuba

En el presente trabajo, el autor se propone tratar el tema de las características de las tendencias en la formación de médicos en Cuba, mediante una valoración histórica de la problemática y de su tratamiento bibliográfico contemporáneo, especialmente en las dos últimas décadas del pasado siglo y la primera del presente; para ello se consultaron textos y artículos relacionados con la formación de médicos en Cuba lo que permitirá a los investigadores de las ciencias de la salud una percepción holística ante los retos actuales en la formación de médicos en Cuba. Entre los diferentes métodos seleccionados y empleados por el autor, se encuentra la revisión documental y teórica de variados referentes bibliográficos en el tratamiento actual de la problemática.

In this work, the author aims at dealing with the theme of the characteristics of the trends in the training of doctors in Cuba, by means of a historical assessment of the problem and its contemporary bibliographic approach, especially in the last two decades of the 20th century, and the first decade of the 21st century; with this purpose books and articles related to this issue were consulted. This work may allow researchers of the health sciences to get a holistic perception in view of the current challenges in the training of doctors in Cuba. Among the different methods chosen and used by the author, we have theoretical and documentary revision of different bibliographic sources that deal with the current approach to this problem.

A saúde suplementar em perspectiva bioética / Supplemental care from a bioethical perspective

OBJETIVO: Descrever e analisar, mediante a perspectiva da Bioética de Intervenção, os contextos legal, institucional e ético, os conflitos e a regulamentação da saúde suplementar no Brasil, desde a aprovação da lei em 1998 até 2010. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, utilizando a Bioética de Intervenção como referencial teórico. Estudo bibliográfico e documental da legislação, regulamentação e quadro assistencial, além de entrevistas com membros da Câmara de Saúde Suplementar RESULTADOS: Houve melhora dos registros e regras de atuação das empresas, do fluxo de informação e das garantias contratuais e financeiras aos consumidores. Persistem conflitos no acesso aos serviços e procedimentos, reajustes de mensalidades, políticas sobre autonomia e honorários médicos. Há disputa com o setor público pela rede de serviços de saúde, com aumento dos custos e não melhoria na qualidade da assistência. DISCUSSÃO: A participação privada na saúde demanda avaliações comparativas e aperfeiçoamento da regulação público-privada na assistência, assim como promoção de maior equilíbrio no financiamento e reavaliação do modelo de atenção à saúde CONCLUSÃO: Necessidade de revisão do marco regulatório considerando o caráter suplementar, complementar ou duplicativo da assistência, os atores sociais envolvidos, as questões bioéticas e políticas nas relações entre Saúde Suplementar e Sistema Único de Saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze, from the perspective of Intervention Bioethics, the legal, institutional and ethical contexts, the conflicts and regulations of supplemental health care in Brazil, since the approval of the regulatory law in 1998 until 2010. METHODS: Qualitative research, using Intervention Bioethics as the theoretical reference. Bibliographical and documental study of the legislation, regulations and assistential framework, as well as interviews with members of the Supplemental Health Board. RESULTS:There was improvement in the records and rules of action in private health companies, as well as flow of information, contractual and financial guarantees provided to consumers. Conflicts persist regarding access to services and procedures, price increases, policies on autonomy and medical fees. There is a dispute with the public sector regarding the network of health services, with rising costs and no improvement in quality of care. DISCUSSION: Private participation in health demands comparative assessments and improvement of public-private care regulation, as well as promoting greater balance in the funding and reevaluation of the health care model. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to review the regulatory framework considering the supplementary, complementary or duplicate characteristic of assistance, the social actors involved, bioethical and political issues regarding associations between Supplemental Health Care and the National Health System (SUS).

Estrategia de superación pedagógica para docentes de la carrera de Medicina / Pedagogic upgrading strategy aimed at medical educators

Introducción: se cuenta con profesionales con un alto nivel en el conocimiento de las ciencias pero con carencias en lo psicológico y pedagógico para asumir el rol docente. La estrategia propuesta contempla a todos los actores implicados en el proceso, sus opiniones y carencias. Objetivos: identificar las necesidades de superación en el área pedagógica de los profesionales de las ciencias de la salud que ejercen la docencia en el municipio Playa y diseñar la estrategia que atienda las necesidades de superación en el área pedagógica. Métodos: muestreo intencional como técnica no probabilística; revisión documental acerca de la determinación de necesidades de aprendizaje, resoluciones sobre la educación continuada y otras que norman el proceso pedagógico en la educación médica superior; encuesta a los docentes (54) para determinar necesidades de superación de carácter pedagógico, encuesta a estudiantes (38) para identificar necesidades indirectamente, entrevista a directivos (20) para identificar los intereses institucionales y entrevista a profesores miembros de tribunales de categorías docentes (8). Resultados: las necesidades prioritarias son el estudio y aplicación de los componentes del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje (métodos activos y evaluación del aprendizaje), la metodología de la investigación, comunicación educativa, diseño curricular y los documentos legales que norman el proceso. Conclusiones: se determinaron las necesidades de superación de los docentes de la carrera de Medicina a partir de la obtención de información de manera científica e integral, teniendo en cuenta los criterios de todos los actores del proceso docente educativo. Se diseñó la estrategia de superación para los docentes de la carrera de Medicina

Introduction: there are professionals with high level of knowledge in sciences in Cuba, but they have psychological and pedagogic deficiencies to play a teaching role. The suggested strategy takes into account all the actors involved in the process, their opinions and deficiencies. Objectives: to identify the upgrading requirements in the pedagogic field of the health professionals who also work as professors in Playa municipality, and to draw the strategy that may meet these needs. Methods: an intentional sampling used as non-probabilistic technique, documentary review about determining the learning needs, resolutions on the continued education and others that rule the pedagogic process in the higher medical education; opinion poll for professors(54) to find out the upgrading needs of pedagogic nature; opinion poll for students (38) to indirectly identify the professor's needs; interview to executives (20) to determine the institutional interests; and interview to professors who are members of boards in charge of granting teaching categories(8). Results: the priority needs are the study and use of the elements of the teaching-learning process (active methods and learning assessment), the research methodology, the educational communication, the curriculum design and the legal documents governing the learning process. Conclusions: the upgrading requirements of the professors in the medical career were determined, based on a comprehensive scientific collection of information that took into account the criteria from all the actors of the teaching educational process. The pedagogic upgrading strategy for professors in the medical career was designed

Supplemental care from a bioethical perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze, from the perspective of Intervention Bioethics, the legal, institutional and ethical contexts, the conflicts and regulations of supplemental health care in Brazil, since the approval of the regulatory law in 1998 until 2010. METHODS: Qualitative research, using Intervention Bioethics as the theoretical reference. Bibliographical and documental study of the legislation, regulations and assistential framework, as well as interviews with members of the Supplemental Health Board. RESULTS: There was improvement in the records and rules of action in private health companies, as well as flow of information, contractual and financial guarantees provided to consumers. Conflicts persist regarding access to services and procedures, price increases, policies on autonomy and medical fees. There is a dispute with the public sector regarding the network of health services, with rising costs and no improvement in quality of care. DISCUSSION: Private participation in health demands comparative assessments and improvement of public-private care regulation, as well as promoting greater balance in the funding and reevaluation of the health care model. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to review the regulatory framework considering the supplementary, complementary or duplicate characteristic of assistance, the social actors involved, bioethical and political issues regarding associations between Supplemental Health Care and the National Health System (SUS).

A regulação e a universalização dos serviços de abastecimento de água potável / The regulation and universal service for drinking water supply

Dentre os muitos serviços públicos que o cidadão brasileiro não só espera, como tem direitos legais, que o Estado coloque à sua disposição, um merece destaque especial: o abastecimento de água potável. A Lei 11.445/2007, que estabelece as diretrizes nacionais para o saneamento básico, traz um novo paradigma, quando aponta para a universalização do acesso aos serviços públicos de saneamento como um de seus princípios. Neste contexto, a regulação ganha peso como possível instrumento de incentivo e/ou coerção ao cumprimento das regras definidas em várias frentes legais e regulamentares. Também na Lei 11.445/2007, são formalizados os princípios norteadores para o exercício da função reguladora, entre os quais se inclui independência decisória, que, por sua vez, envolve autonomia administrativa, orçamentária e financeira, além de transparência, tecnicidade, celeridade e objetividade das decisões. Apesar dos investimentos realizados nas últimas décadas, segundo o Censo Demográfico 2010 realizado pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - IBGE, o déficit nacional para o serviço de abastecimento de água potável no que se refere à cobertura domiciliar por rede ainda é de aproximadamente 10 por cento, se consideradas as populações urbanas e rurais e sem mencionar a qualidade / adequabilidade /continuidade dos serviços prestados. Quando se considera apenas o atendimento adequado, definido pelo Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico – Plansab (Brasil, 2013) como: água potável, fornecida por rede de distribuição, ou por poço, nascente ou cisterna, com canalização interna, em qualquer caso, sem intermitências - paralisações ou interrupções, este déficit aumenta para 40 por cento. Por outro lado, as práticas de regulação figuram como ferramentas importantíssimas na busca por um atendimento integral e de qualidade, pois não basta ter acesso à rede, é preciso ter água disponível, dentro de padrões de potabilidade e a preços justos...

Among many services that Brazilian citizens expect that the State make available at their disposal, one deserves special mention: the water supply. The Law Nº 11.445/2007, which established the national guidelines for sanitation water, sewage, solid residues and drainage services, brings a new paradigm, pointing to the universalization as one of its principles. In this context, the regulation gains power as a possible way of enforcement the new rules. Also Law 11.445/2007 guiding principles are formalized for the exercise of regulatory functions, among which decisional independence - which, involves administrative, budgetary and financial dimensions, as well as accountability , technicality, celerity and objectivity of decisions are included. Despite the investments made in recent decades, according to the 2010 Census conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE, the national deficit for drinking water household network services is still approximately 10 percent, considering urban and rural populations and not to mention the quality / suitability / continuity of services. When one considers only the appropriate care, defined by National Sanitation Plan - PLANSAB as: drinking water, provided by distribution network, or well, spring or cistern, with indoor plumbing, in any case, no flashes - outages or interruptions, this deficit increases to 40 percent. On the other hand, regulation practices appear as an important tool to search an integral quality treatment - it is not enough to have access to the water network, it is necessary to have available water according to potability standards and with fair prices. Eventually, Brazilian regulation agencies still have a long way of improvement to develop...

Estratégias para a universalização do saneamento rural: um estudo baseado em experiências internacionais / Strategies for universalizing the rural water supply and sanitation: a study based on international experiences

O Brasil apresenta um déficit expressivo em relação ao saneamento nos meios rurais (neste trabalho, saneamento refere-se apenas ao abastecimento de água e ao esgotamento sanitário). A partir da descrição desse déficit no Brasil, bem como das políticas já utilizadas pelo Estado Brasileiro na tentativa de debelar esses problemas, este trabalho visa discutir estratégias para a universalização do saneamento em áreas rurais, baseadas em duas experiências internacionais:o caso da França e o caso da Inglaterra e do País de Gales. Utilizando-se de levantamento bibliográfico e documental, delimitou-se a descrição de cada caso aos aspectos da organização administrativa e do financiamento para o saneamento rural, buscando as soluções específicas para os meios rurais utilizadas pelos Estados citados. O caso da França foi capaz de ofertar mais subsídios para as discussões de políticas brasileiras relacionadas ao tema, visto que conta com uma profusão de maneiras para financiar, prestar e organizar os serviços, possuindo as políticas francesas caráter descentralizador. O caso da Inglaterra e do País de Gales, ao revés,foi menos capaz de oferecer suporte à discussão de políticas nacionais, parte em razão de dificuldades quanto ao levantamento bibliográfico e documental e parte em decorrência de que o Brasil já se utiliza das estratégias utilizadas pelos países referidos no momento em que estes se dedicaram a universalizar o acesso ao saneamento rural...

Brazil has a significant deficit in rural water supply and sanitation. Starting from thedescription of this deficit in Brazil, as well as the policies that Brazilian State has alreadyformulated in an attempt to eradicate these problems, this work aims to discuss strategies forthe universalization of rural water supply and sanitation, based on two internationalexperiences: the French case and the experience of England and Wales. Using bibliographicand documentary survey, this work has delimited the description of each case to theadministrative organization and funding for rural water supply and sanitation, seeking specificsolutions to the rural areas used by the States cited. The case of France was able to offer moresubsidies for Brazilian public policy discussions, since it has a profusion of ways to finance,offer and organize the services. On the other hand, the case of England and Wales was lessable to support the discussion of national policies, in part because of difficulties regarding tothe bibliographical and documental survey and part because Brazil has already put forwardthe strategies used by those countries at the moment in which they made efforts touniversalize access to rural water supply and sanitation...

Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD) Training and Performing ESD with Accurate and Safe Techniques.

Introduction of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has brought about a renaissance in therapeutic endoscopy. For the globalization and universalization of ESD, the number of physicians who can perform ESD has rapidly increased with general ex vivo and in vivo training using animal models and hand-on courses. In this focused review series, world-renowned ESD experts described the published studies or their own precious experiences about ESD training and performing ESD with accurate and safe techniques. First, Dr. Adolfo Parra-Blanco reviewed on ex vivo and in vivo models for ESD training. Next, Dr. Joo Young Cho described detailed practical settings and current status of hands-on courses using ex vivo and in vivo models in Korea. Dr. Takashi Toyonaga described quality controlled ESD and basic techniques to prevent complications. Dr. Tsuneo Oyama reviewed recently published methods to facilitate ESD. Dr. Jae-Young Jang reviewed the usefulness of magnifying and narrow band imaging to measure the depth of invasion before ESD.

Valoración de la ejecución del IX semestre del modelo Policlínico Universitario de la carrera Medicina / Valuation of the implementation of the ninth semester in the University Polyclinic model in the Medicine career

Se realizó estudio cuanti-cualitativo retrospectivo en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara en el período de 2008-2010, a fin de valorar la implementación del IX semestre del modelo Policlínico Universitario. Se emplearon métodos empíricos y matemáticos, entre los primeros se utilizaron: cuestionario, grupo nominal y análisis documental. Se aplicó un instrumento evaluativo a una muestra de 72 estudiantes de quinto año de Medicina para determinar los conocimientos precedentes de las asignaturas aprobadas en el primer semestre. También se analizaron los resultados del examen estatal aplicado en julio del 2010, por ser la primera vez que se aplica luego de la ejecución de las estancias del quinto año en el escenario de la atención primaria de salud, donde coincidió lo formativo con lo laboral, con lo cual se garantizó un elevado nivel cognoscitivo de los estudiantes al prepararlos para un satisfactorio desempeño profesional.

A retrospective qualitative-quantitative study was carried out in Villa Clara University of Medical sciences from 2008 to 2010 so as to assess the implementation of the ninth semester in the University Polyclinic model. Mathematical and empirical methods were used, such as, questionnaires, nominal group and analysis of documents. An evaluative instrument was applied to a sample of 72 students from the fifth year of the Medicine career to determine the preceding knowledge they had about the subjects they had passed in the first term. The results of the state exam applied on July 2010 were also analyzed, because for the first time, it was applied after the students had finished the fifth year rotations in the primary health care scenario, where the formative and the training components coincided, this guaranteed a high cognitive level in the students while preparing them to have a satisfactory professional performance.

Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD) Training and Performing ESD with Accurate and Safe Techniques

Introduction of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has brought about a renaissance in therapeutic endoscopy. For the globalization and universalization of ESD, the number of physicians who can perform ESD has rapidly increased with general ex vivo and in vivo training using animal models and hand-on courses. In this focused review series, world-renowned ESD experts described the published studies or their own precious experiences about ESD training and performing ESD with accurate and safe techniques. First, Dr. Adolfo Parra-Blanco reviewed on ex vivo and in vivo models for ESD training. Next, Dr. Joo Young Cho described detailed practical settings and current status of hands-on courses using ex vivo and in vivo models in Korea. Dr. Takashi Toyonaga described quality controlled ESD and basic techniques to prevent complications. Dr. Tsuneo Oyama reviewed recently published methods to facilitate ESD. Dr. Jae-Young Jang reviewed the usefulness of magnifying and narrow band imaging to measure the depth of invasion before ESD.