Damage to tropical forests caused by cyclones is driven by wind speed but mediated by topographical exposure and tree characteristics.

Each year, an average of 45 tropical cyclones affect coastal areas and potentially impact forests. The proportion of the most intense cyclones has increased over the past four decades and is predicted to continue to do so. Yet, it remains uncertain how topographical exposure and tree characteristics can mediate the damage caused by increasing wind speed. Here, we compiled empirical data on the damage caused by 11 cyclones occurring over the past 40 years, from 74 forest plots representing tropical regions worldwide, encompassing field data for 22,176 trees and 815 species. We reconstructed the wind structure of those tropical cyclones to estimate the maximum sustained wind speed (MSW) and wind direction at the studied plots. Then, we used a causal inference framework combined with Bayesian generalised linear mixed models to understand and quantify the causal effects of MSW, topographical exposure to wind (EXP), tree size (DBH) and species wood density (ρ) on the proportion of damaged trees at the community level, and on the probability of snapping or uprooting at the tree level. The probability of snapping or uprooting at the tree level and, hence, the proportion of damaged trees at the community level, increased with increasing MSW, and with increasing EXP accentuating the damaging effects of cyclones, in particular at higher wind speeds. Higher ρ decreased the probability of snapping and to a lesser extent of uprooting. Larger trees tended to have lower probabilities of snapping but increased probabilities of uprooting. Importantly, the effect of ρ decreasing the probabilities of snapping was more marked for smaller than larger trees and was further accentuated at higher MSW. Our work emphasises how local topography, tree size and species wood density together mediate cyclone damage to tropical forests, facilitating better predictions of the impacts of such disturbances in an increasingly windier world.

Allometric equations for estimating peak uprooting force of riparian vegetation.

Uprooting caused by flood events is a significant disturbance factor that affects the establishment, growth, and mortality of riparian vegetation. If the hydraulic drag force acting on riparian plants exceeds the peak uprooting force originate from their below-ground portion, it may result in the uprooting of these plants. Despite previous studies have documented and investigated the uprooting processes and factors influencing the peak uprooting force of plants, most of these studies have focused on how the root morphological traits of tree and shrub seedlings affect peak uprooting force or mainly collected data in indoor experiments, which may limit the extrapolation of the results to natural environments. To address these limitations, we assume that the peak uprooting force can be estimated by the morphological traits of the above-ground portion of the vegetation. In this study, we conducted in-situ vertical uprooting tests on three locally dominant species: Conyza canadensis, Daucus carota, and Leonurus sibiricus, in a typical riverine environment. The three species were found to have the highest abundance based on the outcomes of the quadrat method. We measured the peak uprooting force, plant height, stem basal diameter, shoot and root wet biomass, and shoot and root dry biomass of each plant and compared them between species. Furthermore, we quantified the influence of morphology on peak uprooting force. Our results showed significant differences in morphological traits and peak uprooting force among the three species. We found a significant positive correlation between peak uprooting force and the morphological traits of the three species. The peak uprooting force increases with plant size following a power law function which is analogous to allometric equations. The allometric equation provided a convenient and non-destructive method to estimate the peak uprooting force based on the above-ground morphological traits of the plants, which may help to overcome the limitations of measuring root morphological traits.

Floating Mat Formation Makes Zizania latifolia More Competitive under the Conditions of Continuous Significant Water Level Rise.

Water level rise is considered an environmental filter for the growth and reproduction of aquatic plants in lakes. Some emergent macrophytes can form floating mats, enabling them to escape from the negative effects of deep water. However, an understanding of which species can be uprooted and form floating mats easily and what factors affect these tendencies remains greatly elusive. We conducted an experiment to determine whether the monodominance of Zizania latifolia in the emergent vegetation community in Lake Erhai was related to its floating mat formation ability and to try to find the reasons for its floating mat formation ability during the continuous increase in water level over the past few decades. Our results showed that both the frequency and biomass proportion of Z. latifolia were greater among the plants on the floating mats. Furthermore, Z. latifolia was more likely to be uprooted than the other three previously dominant emergent species due to its smaller angle between the plant and the horizontal plane, rather than the root:shoot or volume:mass ratios. The dominance of Z. latifolia in the emergent community in Lake Erhai is due to its easier ability to become uprooted, allowing it to outperform other emergent species and become the single dominant emergent species under the environmental filter of deep water. The ability to uproot and form floating mats may be a competitive survival strategy for emergent species under the conditions of continuous significant water level rise.

[Root architecture of main tree species and the effects on soil reinforcement in typical black soil region.] / å ¸åž‹é»‘åœŸåŒºä¸»è¦æ ‘ç§æ ¹ç³»æž„åž‹ç‰¹å¾åŠå ¶å¯¹å›ºåœŸèƒ½åŠ›çš„å½±å“.

To explore root architecture and its effects on soil reinforcement of main tree species in typical black soil region, we measured root spatial distribution characteristics, root fractal characte-ristics, and geometric morphological characteristics of Amygdalus triloba, Caragana microphylla, Betula platyphylla, Acer negundo, Picea koraiensis, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica, using whole root excavation method and WinRHIZO Pro LA2004 root analysis system. All the examined species are distributed widely in typical black soil region. The vertical uprooting force was determined by in-situ uprooting tests. The results showed that inclined roots were dominant in A. triloba, horizontal roots were dominant in C. microphylla, B. platyphylla, A. negundo and P. koraiensis, and the horizontal and vertical distribution of roots were commensurable in P. sylvestris var. mongolica. Except for the total root surface area of B. platyphylla and the total root length of P. koraiensis, the total root length and root surface area of shrub species were significantly greater than those of arbor species, while deciduous broad-leaved trees were significantly larger than coniferous evergreen trees. The total root volume of B. platyphylla was significantly larger than that of C. microphylla, A. negundo, P. koraiensis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica. The root fractal dimension and abundance of A. triloba, C. microphylla, B. platyphylla were significantly higher than those of P. koraiensis and P. sylvestris var. mongolica. The average maximum uprooting force of A. triloba, C. microphylla, and A. negundo was significantly higher than that of B. platyphylla, P. koraiensis, and P. sylvestris var. mongolica. Due to the role of total root length, total root surface area and the number of inclined roots, root system of A. triloba, C. microphylla and A. negundo showed strong soil reinforcement capacity. A. triloba, C. microphylla and A. negundo could be used as the option-preferred tree species when constructing soil and water conservation vegetation in typical black soil region.

Co-planting Brassica napus and Salix nigra as a phytomanagement alternative for copper contaminated soil.

Phytoremediation of copper contaminated soil poses particular difficulties because of the low Cu mobility in the soil. Although several plant species, such as willows or Brassicaceae, have been used in the phytomanagement of abandoned brownfields, certain trace elements, such as copper often remain difficult to treat or remove from contaminated soils. An experiment was conducted under semi-controlled conditions to test the phytoremediation potential of co-planting two crop species, Brassica napus L. and Salix nigra 'S05', in soil spiked with two concentrations of Cu (500 mg kg-1 and 800 mg kg-1). Particular attention was given to the potential of 1) the co-plantation design and 2) uprooting, to efficiently mimic the remediation of a Cu-contaminated soil. Results showed that most Cu was found in plant roots and that the polyculture treatment produced the most overall biomass and maximum stabilization and extraction of Cu of the three treatments tested, regardless of contamination level.

A importância de narrar a memória do velho oprimido no capitalismo / La importancia de narrar la memoria del viejo oprimido en el capitalismo / The importance of narrating the memory of the opressed elder in capitalism

Resumo Este estudo objetivou compreender a importância de narrar e transmitir experiência a partir da memória do velho e do lugar de pária que lhe é destinado no modo de produção do capitalismo. Parte de estudos realizados pela psicóloga social Ecléa Bosi e por Benjamin. São discutidos dois elementos presentes nas experiências relatadas pela autora e que estão presentes no conceito de história já elaborado por Benjamin: a importância da rememoração e da redenção messiânica. A relevância de narrar as experiências diz respeito ao que se apresenta predominantemente nas memórias colhidas: a transmissão das possibilidades não realizadas. Analisa-se como a forma de trabalho flexível do capitalismo violenta a possibilidade de construção da memória de si na sua vinculação com a memória do outro ao impor aos sujeitos o desenraizamento e seu efeito desagregador da memória. Por fim, discute-se a urgente necessidade de transformação das condições que geram opressão dos velhos trabalhadores.

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender la importancia de narrar y transmitir experiencia a partir de la memoria del viejo y del lugar de paria que le es destinado en el modo de producción del capitalismo. Parte de los estudios realizados por la psicóloga social Ecléa Bosi y Walter Benjamin. Se discuten dos elementos presentes en las experiencias relatadas por la autora y que están presentes en el concepto de historia ya elaborado por Benjamin: la importancia de la evocación y de la redención mesiánica. La relevancia de narrar las experiencias se refiere a lo que se presenta predominantemente en las memorias cosechadas: la transmisión de las posibilidades no realizadas. Se analiza cómo la forma de trabajo flexible del capitalismo violenta la posibilidad de construcción de la memoria de sí en su vinculación con la memoria del otro al imponer a los sujetos el desarraigo y su efecto disgregador de la memoria. Por último, se discute la urgente necesidad de transformación de las condiciones que generan opresión de los viejos trabajadores.

Abstract This study aimed to understand the importance of narrating and transmitting experience from the memory of the elder and the place of pariah destined to them in capitalism's mode of production. It has as reference studies carried out by the social psychologist Ecléa Bosi and by Walter Benjamin. Two elements present in the experiences reported by Bosi - which are present in the concept of history already elaborated by Benjamin -, are discussed: the importance of the remembrance and the messianic redemption. The relevance of narrating experiences relates to what is predominantly presented in the collected memories: the transmission of unrealized possibilities. It is analyzed how capitalism's flexible working form violates the possibility of constructing the memory of oneself in its connection with the memory of the other by imposing on people the uprooting and its disintegrating effect of memory. Finally, it discusses the urgent need to transform the conditions that generate oppression of the old workers.

[Between parents and children, stories to escape non-sense]. / Entre parents et enfants, des récits pour sortir du non-sens.

As part of a clinical practice which aims to alleviate the psychological suffering of children in situations of migration and/or uprooting, a discussion can be undertaken regarding the cultural aetiologies of migrant families whose children present autism spectrum disorders. The transcultural context enables families to travel between worlds as well as share their collective imagination regarding psychological suffering using graphic expression and narrative elements.

Desenraizamento e radicalização na juventude contemporânea / Uprooting and radicalization in contemporary youth / Desarraigo y radicalización en la juventud contemporánea

Neste artigo, as experiências de desenraizamento e suas relações com a radicalização de jovens que aderem ao terrorismo jihadista são interrogadas a partir das seguintes questões: o que faz com que a solidão e o desamparo promovidos pelo desenraizamento culminem na radicalização e adesão dos jovens ao jihadismo e movimentos afins? Quais as relações entre o desenraizamento, a radicalização e as mutações do laço social na contemporaneidade? O desenraizamento e a radicalização serão problematizados tendo como ponto de partida a hipótese a de que na atualidade o ser falante se conecta principalmente ao seu próprio modo de gozo, modificando-se, assim, o seu modo de se conectar à linguagem enquanto modo de fazer laço social.

In this article, we question the experiences of uprooting and their relations with the radicalization of young people who adhere to jihadist terrorism: what causes that the loneliness and the abandonment promoted by the uprooting, culminate in the radicalization and adhesion of the young people to the jihadism and related movements? What are the relations between uprooting, radicalization, and mutations of the social bond in contemporary times? Uprooting and radicalization are problematized based on the hypothesis that in the present the subject connects mainly to his own mode of enjoyment, modifying his way of connecting to the language as a way of making social bond.

En este artículo se interrogan las experiencias de desarraigo y sus relaciones con la radicalización de jóvenes que se adhieren al terrorismo jihadista: ¿Qué hace que la soledad y el desamparo promovidos por el desarraigo, culminen en la radicalización y adhesión de los jóvenes al jihadismo y movimientos afines? ¿Cuáles son las relaciones entre el desarraigo, la radicalización, y las mutaciones del lazo social en la contemporaneidad? El desarraigo y la radicalización son problematizados teniendo como punto de partida la hipótesis de que en la actualidad el ser hablante se conecta principalmente a su propio modo de goce, modificándose así su modo de conectarse al lenguaje como modo de hacer lazo social.

A clínica transcultural: cuidando da parentalidade no exílio / The transcultural clinic: Caring of parenthood in exile

As famílias desenraizadas podem se perder nos caminhos traçados pelo exílio. Fatores genéticos, culturais e ambientais podem afetar o equilíbrio psíquico desses migrantes, principalmente quando confrontados a doenças ou sofrimentos inexplicáveis em seus filhos. A migração e o desenraizamento podem implicar perdas das raízes ligadas às tradições, deixando as famílias desprovidas de suas bagagens interpretativas e explicativas, necessárias à realização de leituras culturais dos sofrimentos psíquicos e físicos de seus filhos, sobretudo quando estes são considerados especiais. Este artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre tais questões, a partir de um estudo de caso, resultante da experiência da primeira autora em uma clínica interdisciplinar, como exige o enquadre transcultural, que se faz variável e complementar, respeitando a diversidade cultural. Observam-se, ainda, os discursos etiológicos construídos sobre esses sofrimentos psíquicos, que invadem o desenvolvimento da criança e o equilíbrio familiar.

Uprooted families can get lost in the ways of exile. Genetic, cultural and environmental factors can affect the psychic balance of these migrants, especially when faced with unexplained illness or suffering in their children. Migration and uprooting may involve loss of roots linked to traditions, leaving families deprived of their interpretive and explanatory baggage, which are necessary for the cultural readings of their child's psychic and physical suffering, sometimes considered as special. We propose a reflection on these issues, based on a case study, resulting from the experience of the first author with an interdisciplinary clinic, as required by the transcultural framework, which becomes variable and complementary, respecting cultural diversity. We also observe the etiological discourses constructed on these psychic sufferings that invade the development of the child and the family balance.

Impact of vineyard abandonment and natural recolonization on metal content and availability in Mediterranean soils.

Abandonment of vineyards after uprooting has dramatically increased in last decades in Mediterranean countries, often followed by vegetation expansion processes. Inadequate management strategies can have negative consequences on soil quality. We studied how the age and type of vegetation cover and several environmental characteristics (lithology, soil properties, vineyard slope and so on) after vineyard uprooting and abandonment contribute to the variation patterns in total, HAc (acetic acid-method, HAc) and EDTA-extractable (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-method) concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in soils. We sampled 141 points from vineyards and abandoned vineyard Mediterranean soils recolonized by natural vegetation in recent decades. The contribution of several environmental variables (e.g. age and type of vegetation cover, lithology, soil properties and vineyard slope) to the total and extractable concentrations of metals was evaluated by canonical ordination based on redundancy analysis, considering the interaction between both environmental and response variables. The ranges of total metal contents were: 0.01-0.15 (Cd), 2.6-34 (Cu), 6.6-30 (Pb), and 29-92mgkg(-1) (Zn). Cadmium (11-100%) had the highest relative extractability with both extractants, and Zn and Pb the lowest. The total and EDTA-extractable of Cd, Pb and Zn were positively related to the age of abandonment, to the presence of Agrostis castellana and Retama sphaerocarpa, and to the contents of Fe-oxides, clay and organic matter (OM). A different pattern was noted for Cu, positively related to vineyard soils. Soil properties successfully explained HAc-extractable Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn but the age and type of vegetation cover lost significance. Clay content was negatively related to HAc-extractable Cu and Pb; and OM was positively related to HAc-Cd and Zn. In conclusion, the time elapsed after vineyard uprooting, and subsequent land abandonment, affects the soil content and availability of metals, and this impact depended on the colonizing plant species and soil properties.

Biomechanics of plant anchorage at early development stage.

We propose a minimal model for the response of seedlings to pullout constraints. Central to our approach is the idea of capturing not only average mechanical properties but also the stochastic component of the uprooting process. Our model accounts on one hand for the tensile elastic response of root fibres and on the other hand for the friction between root fibres and the soil matrix. We present for validation a dataset of 98 uprooting experiments using Avena sativa L. seedlings (common oat), growing in non-cohesive sediment under controlled conditions. We show that even if the architecture of the roots used in the experiments and, as a consequence, the components of our model are very basic, the uprooting curve (stress vs. strain) presents a complex response, with sudden jumps followed by partial elastic recovery. Depending on the maturity of the root system, we identify a crossover in the response of the seedling to the constraint. While for younger seedlings the anchorage rapidly fails after the peak force has been reached, more mature root systems recover from partial failures. Finally, we discuss the importance of the characteristics of the uprooting curve (maximal uprooting force and total uprooting work) regarding the ability of seedlings to withstand environmental constraints in terms of duration or intensity.

Descendant root volume varies as a function of root type: estimation of root biomass lost during uprooting in Pinus pinaster.

Root systems of woody plants generally display a strong relationship between the cross-sectional area or cross-sectional diameter (CSD) of a root and the dry weight of biomass (DWd) or root volume (Vd) that has grown (i.e., is descendent) from a point. Specification of this relationship allows one to quantify root architectural patterns and estimate the amount of material lost when root systems are extracted from the soil. However, specifications of this relationship generally do not account for the fact that root systems are comprised of multiple types of roots. We assessed whether the relationship between CSD and Vd varies as a function of root type. Additionally, we sought to identify a more accurate and time-efficient method for estimating missing root volume than is currently available. We used a database that described the 3D root architecture of Pinus pinaster root systems (5, 12, or 19 years) from a stand in southwest France. We determined the relationship between CSD and Vd for 10,000 root segments from intact root branches. Models were specified that did and did not account for root type. The relationships were then applied to the diameters of 11,000 broken root ends to estimate the volume of missing roots. CSD was nearly linearly related to the square root of Vd, but the slope of the curve varied greatly as a function of root type. Sinkers and deep roots tapered rapidly, as they were limited by available soil depth. Distal shallow roots tapered gradually, as they were less limited spatially. We estimated that younger trees lost an average of 17% of root volume when excavated, while older trees lost 4%. Missing volumes were smallest in the central parts of root systems and largest in distal shallow roots. The slopes of the curves for each root type are synthetic parameters that account for differentiation due to genetics, soil properties, or mechanical stimuli. Accounting for this differentiation is critical to estimating root loss accurately.

Massive uprooting of Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch. during a storm event and its relation to sediment and plant characteristics.

During spring storms massive uprooting of Littorella uniflora occurred in a shallow Dutch softwater lake. The aim of this study was to test whether changes in plant morphology and sediment characteristics could explain the observed phenomenon. Uprooting was expected to occur in plants having a high shoot biomass and low root to shoot ratio (R:S), growing on sediments with a high organic matter content. Normally, uprooting of the relative buoyant L. uniflora is prevented by an extensive root system, expressed as a high R:S. This was studied by sampling floating and still rooted L. uniflora plants, as well as sediment and sediment pore water, along a gradient of increasing sediment organic matter content. Increasing organic matter content was related to increasing L. uniflora shoot biomass and consequently decreasing R:S. Furthermore, the results indicated that uprooting indeed occurred in plants growing on very organic sediments and was related to a low R:S. The increased shoot biomass on more organic sediments could be related to increased sediment pore water total inorganic carbon (TIC; mainly CO2 ) availability. Additionally, increased phosphorus availability could also have played a role. The disappearance of L. uniflora might lead to higher nutrient availability in the sediments. It is suggested that this could eventually promote the expansion of faster-growing macrophytes.

La migración y sus duelos / Migration and its grief

La migración es un fenómeno social que conlleva un proceso de desarraigo en la trama del tiempo psíquico que implica una discontinuidad en la vida de la persona. El duelo aparece debido a la relación íntima que hay entre el que viaja y lo que deja. Su familia y amigos, su lengua, su cultura, paisajes y tierra, su estatus social, el contacto con su grupo de origen y la seguridad física, son los siete aspectos que el psiquiatra español Joseba Achotegui (2002), aborda como elementos que conforman el proceso psicológico de duelo, para reorganizar su personalidad en el nuevo mundo al que llega.

Migration is a social phenomenon that involves a process of uprooting the psychic fabric of time implies a discontinuity in the life of the person. The Duel appears because of the intimate relationship between the traveling and leaving. His family and friends, their language, their culture, landscapes and land, social status, contact with their group of origin and physical security are seven aspects that the Spanish psychiatrist Joseba Achotegui (2002), addressed as elements of the psychological process of mourning, to reorganize his personality in the new world coming.

Trabalho e desenraizamento: um estudo sobre o sofrimento psicossocial gerado pela organização do trabalho fabril / Labor and uproot: a study about psychosocial suffering as reflect of manufacturing work organization

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir a atualidade do fenômeno psicossocialdescrito por Simone Weil como desenraizamento operário. A autora, a partir de sua experiência de trabalho nas fábricas de Paris nos anos de 1935 e 1936, utilizou este conceito para descrever e analisar o sofrimento gerado pela organização do trabalho fabril. Buscou-se aqui comparar as reflexões da autora com entrevistas realizadas com nove trabalhadores metalúrgicos de fábricas da região do ABC paulista sobre as memórias das experiências de trabalho. A análise das biografias profissionais procurou responder a seguinte pergunta: as transformações ocorridas no mundo do trabalho, conhecidas genericamentecomo reestruturação produtiva, teriam transformado o fenômeno descrito porSimone Weil como desenraizamento operário? Os resultados apontam que oproblema do desenraizamento é persistente e deve ser compreendido como intrinsecamente relacionado à organização capitalista do trabalho.(AU)

The goal of this article is to discuss the contemporary psychosocial phenomenondescribed by Simone Weil as the uprooting of manufacturing workers. Based on the author´s manufacturing work experience in Paris in 1935 and 1936, she applied this concept to describe and to assess suffering from the organization of manufacturing labor. We intended to compare the reflections of the author with interviews made with nine manufacturing workers from the São Paulo ABC region on their work experience memories. The analysis of their professional biographies pursues the following question: did the transformations that occurred in the work field – known as productive restructuration – change the phenomenon described by Simone Weil as the uprooting of manufacturingworkers? The results point to the persistence of the uprooting issue andthat it needs to be understood as intrinsically related to the capitalist work organization.(AU)

Trabalho e desenraizamento: um estudo sobre o sofrimento psicossocial gerado pela organização do trabalho fabril / Labor and uproot: a study about psychosocial suffering as reflect of manufacturing work organization

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir a atualidade do fenômeno psicossocialdescrito por Simone Weil como desenraizamento operário. A autora, a partir de sua experiência de trabalho nas fábricas de Paris nos anos de 1935 e 1936, utilizou este conceito para descrever e analisar o sofrimento gerado pela organização do trabalho fabril. Buscou-se aqui comparar as reflexões da autora com entrevistas realizadas com nove trabalhadores metalúrgicos de fábricas da região do ABC paulista sobre as memórias das experiências de trabalho. A análise das biografias profissionais procurou responder a seguinte pergunta: as transformações ocorridas no mundo do trabalho, conhecidas genericamentecomo reestruturação produtiva, teriam transformado o fenômeno descrito porSimone Weil como desenraizamento operário? Os resultados apontam que oproblema do desenraizamento é persistente e deve ser compreendido como intrinsecamente relacionado à organização capitalista do trabalho.

The goal of this article is to discuss the contemporary psychosocial phenomenondescribed by Simone Weil as the uprooting of manufacturing workers. Based on the author´s manufacturing work experience in Paris in 1935 and 1936, she applied this concept to describe and to assess suffering from the organization of manufacturing labor. We intended to compare the reflections of the author with interviews made with nine manufacturing workers from the São Paulo ABC region on their work experience memories. The analysis of their professional biographies pursues the following question: did the transformations that occurred in the work field – known as productive restructuration – change the phenomenon described by Simone Weil as the uprooting of manufacturingworkers? The results point to the persistence of the uprooting issue andthat it needs to be understood as intrinsically related to the capitalist work organization.