Reference values for urinary protein, albumin, beta 2-microglobulin, and the alpha 1-microglobulin-to-creatinine ratio in Japanese children.

BACKGROUND: The importance of the ratio of creatinine to urinary protein, albumin, and low-molecular weight protein as a urinary marker in chronic kidney disease patients is widely recognized. However, no reference values have hitherto been established for these markers in Japanese children. The present study aimed to establish the reference values for these urinary markers in Japanese children. METHODS: The first morning urine was randomly collected from 1712 pupils aged ≥ 3 to < 18 years during school and kindergarten mass urinary screenings. The upper limit of the reference values was set at the 97.5th percentile of the creatinine ratio per marker. RESULTS: The urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (PCR), urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), urinary beta 2-microglobulin-to-creatinine ratio (BMCR), and urinary alpha 1-microglobulin-to-creatinine ratio (AMCR) showed an age-related decrease at the 50th percentile reflecting an age-related increase in urinary creatinine. The appropriate reference value for the PCR and ACR was 0.12 g/gCr and 35 mg/gCr, respectively, in the entire cohort. The appropriate reference value for the BMCR was 0.5 µg /mgCr for age ≥ 3 to < 6 years and 0.35 µg/mgCr for age 6 years or older. The appropriate reference value for the AMCR was 5.0 µg/mgCr for age ≥ 3 to < 6 years and 3.5 µg /mgCr for age 6 years or older. CONCLUSION: The present study was the first to determine appropriate reference values for the PCR, ACR, BMCR, and AMCR based on an analysis of the first morning urine samples of a large number of children.

Urinary Screening in Asymptomatic Indian Children: A Cross Sectional Epidemiological Study.

Background and aims: Early detection and management of renal abnormalities in children can reduce the progression of paediatric chronic kidney disease. Currently, data on the prevalence of routine abnormal urinary parameters are scarce in Indian population. This study aims to identify the prevalence of asymptomatic kidney diseases in Indian school children and the population who may benefit from routine urinary screening tests for timely identification and intervention of asymptomatic renal diseases. Materials and methods: A total of 1675 children from a North Indian, multiethnic population aged 5-19 years were screened for hematuria and proteinuria by dipstick test from a midstream, clean urine specimen. The children who tested positive had their urine tested further for microscopy. The incidences of proteinuria and hematuria were also separately checked in hypertensive children. Results: 76 children had urinary abnormalities with the prevalence of isolated haematuria in 1.9%, isolated proteinuria in 0.35% and glycosuria in 0.06%. When these children were followed with urine microscopy, 44 were observed to have abnormal findings. Of these, 4.5% children had proteinuria, 34% had isolated hematuria, and 47.7% had isolated WBCs. The prevalence for proteinuria was 0.60% and the prevalence for hematuria was 2.99% (in upper decile of SBP) in hypertensive children, both of which were more than the prevalence in otherwise healthy children. Conclusion: Urine screening is a non-invasive, inexpensive test for early detection of occult renal diseases. A large-scale study with follow-up of children with urinary abnormalities will further establish the benefit, if any, of a national paediatric urine screening programme.

Evaluation of screening with urine dipsticks and renal ultrasonography for 3-year-olds in Chiba City over 30 years.

BACKGROUND: Urinary screening for 3-year-olds cannot adequately detect congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). METHODS: Urinary screening for 3-year-olds was investigated over 30 years. Dipsticks for proteinuria, hematuria, glycosuria, leukocyturia, and nitrite at first screening, and dipsticks, urinary sediments, and renal ultrasonography at second screening were performed. Screening results were evaluated. RESULTS: The positive rates of proteinuria, hematuria, leukocyturia, and nitrite relative to 218,831 children at the first screening were 1.0%, 4.6%, 2.3%, and 0.88%, respectively. Thirty-seven glomerular disease, 122 CAKUT, and 5 urological disease cases were found. We detected 6 stage 3-4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 3 end-stage kidney disease cases, including 3 CAKUT, comprising 2 bilateral renal hypoplasia and 1 vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), and 6 glomerular diseases, comprising 4 focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and 2 Alport syndrome. The positive rates relative to 218,831 children and CKD detection rates for each tentative diagnosis of mild hematuria, severe hematuria, proteinuria and hematuria, proteinuria, and suspected urinary tract infection were 1.4% and 0.67%, 0.11% and 3.7%, 0.01% and 28.6%, 0.02% and 45.0%, and 0.08% and 9.7%, respectively. Among 14 VUR cases with significant bacteriuria, 13 were found by leukocyturia, 12 had grade ≥ IV VUR, and 10 had severe renal scars. CONCLUSIONS: Nine stage 3-5 CKD cases comprising 3 CAKUT and 6 glomerular disease were found by urinary screening of 3-year-olds among 218,831 children. The combination of urine dipsticks including leukocyturia at the first screening and ultrasonography at the second screening appeared useful.

Urine Screening and 9 Years' Medical Record System Follow-Up Among School Students in Wenzhou, China.

School urinary screening programming can be useful for the early detection of renal and urinary disorders. However, urine screening is not included in the school health check-up in our region. Therefore, from February 2012 to March 2021, 12,497 school students were screened for urinalysis, and a long-term follow-up took place via an electronic medical record system. Among these screened students, 719 (5.75%) positive individuals received a repeat urinalysis 2 weeks later. During the 9-year medical record system follow-up period, 5 children had renal biopsies and 2 children had a diagnosis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), while the remaining 3 children were diagnosed with thin basement membrane disease (TBM), primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS), and were suspected of C3 glomerulopathy, respectively. By this, calling for the school urine screening program as a physical examination item for primary and secondary school-aged students will contribute to enabling early detection of urine abnormalities and allow for early treatment.

Socio-Demographic Factors Affect the Prevalence of Hematuria and Proteinuria Among School Children in Hualien, Taiwan: A Longitudinal Localization-Based Cohort Study.

Objective: Child hematuria/proteinuria is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in later life, and mass urinary screening could detect asymptomatic glomerulonephritis at an early stage. This study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal prevalence of hematuria/proteinuria and its association with socio-demographic factors among school children in Hualien, Taiwan. Methods: The study cohort consisted of first and fourth graders enrolled from 2008 to 2015 in Hualien. We combined the data from two consecutive health examinations to ensure the validity of the body mass index (BMI), urbanization, proteinuria, and hematuria grouping. Prevalence and health status differences between sex, age, BMI, and urbanization level were examined. Results: A total of 16,990 students within the same BMI and urbanization categories were included during the study interval. The prevalence of persistent hematuria was 1.0%. Fourth graders (odds ratio OR: 1.68, p = 0.002), girls (OR: 1.48, p = 0.014), and students from suburban/rural areas (OR: 1.99, and OR: 4.93, respectively; both p < 0.001) demonstrated higher hematuria risk. The prevalence of proteinuria was 0.2%. Fourth graders (OR: 4.44, p < 0.001) and students in suburban areas (OR: 0.27, p = 0.031) were associated with persistent proteinuria. After stratifying by age, the significant association remained. A higher risk of proteinuria was noted in underweight subjects (OR: 2.52, p = 0.023) among the fourth-grade students. Conclusion: The prevalence of hematuria/proteinuria in Hualien was higher than the average reported for Taiwan. Hematuria/proteinuria was significantly associated with sex, age, BMI, and urbanization. Our longitudinal results can provide information for future pediatric CKD prevention in Taiwan.

Identification of children with chronic kidney disease through school urinary screening using urinary protein/creatinine ratio measurement: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: School urinary screening has been performed in Japan. METHODS: Ikeda City and Toyono Town introduced, in 2012 and 2013, urinary protein/creatinine (Cr) ratio measurement into the urine-screening protocols designed for students aged between 4 and 15 years. For each student whose urinary protein/Cr ratio was ≥ 0.15 g/gCr (positive case), an appointment was made with a specialist at Ikeda City Hospital. The results of these screening urinalyses conducted through 2018 are summarized. RESULTS: 14,606 junior high and elementary school students aged between 6 and 15 years were included. On average, they underwent 4.16 screening tests. 77 positive cases were detected, and seven students were diagnosed with high-risk chronic kidney disease (CKD). Of these, four underwent renal biopsy, and two, one, and one were diagnosed with IgA nephropathy, MPGN, and FSGS, respectively. In three students, detection of CKD would have been difficult without urinary screening. Incident rates of high-risk CKD and IgA nephropathy are estimated as 11.5 and 3.3 cases/100,000 students/year. 78.0% of positive cases without high-risk CKD showed no urinary abnormality after one year. 2301 kindergarten students aged between 4 and 6 years received an average of 1.74 screening urinalyses; none was positive or high-risk CKD. The estimated cost of detecting one high-risk CKD student whose detection would have been difficult without this screening was 3,156,711 Japanese yen. CONCLUSION: School urinary screening using the urinary protein/Cr ratio can efficiently refer to a specialist. It detects a few children with high-risk CKD early with spending high cost.

Benefits of incorporating urinary protein/creatinine ratio measurement in a school urine screening system: The experience of restructuring the school urinary screening system in Osaka Prefecture, Japan.

AIM: School urine screening has been established in several countries of Asia, including Japan, Korea and Taiwan. In Osaka prefectural schools, the urine screening system had some problematic issues including an unclear referral procedure for students with abnormal urinary findings. Therefore, the school urine screening system was reviewed and restructured in 2004. The aim of this study was to assess the improvement in school urine screening through evaluation of the restructured Osaka prefectural school urinary screening system. METHODS: The Osaka prefectural school urinary screening system was reviewed, mainly considering two points. One was the incorporation of standard urinary protein/creatinine ratio measurement instead of the traditional urine dipstick and urine sediment tests; the second point was that all students requiring further examination were referred to regional nephrologists. RESULTS: After restructuring, the number of students who were referred to a medical institute for detailed examinations decreased to 10%, although the number of students newly diagnosed with kidney disease and the types of diagnosis did not change. The positive predictive value of screening increased to about 8 times the value before the system restructuring. The reductions enabled students who required further examination to be referred to regional nephrologists and has contributed to a decreased cost for these examinations. CONCLUSION: Incorporating urinary protein/creatinine ratio measurement into the school urinary screening system, and updating the guiding principles, including referral to nephrology specialists, has enabled the school urinary screening system in Osaka Prefecture to become more efficient and have better cost performance.

Urinary Screening for Early Detection of Kidney Diseases.

OBJECTIVE: Urinary screening is a simple inexpensive tool to evaluate kidney functions. The authors carried out urinary screening of school children for early detection of kidney diseases. METHODS: Children in the age group 5-15 y were screened for urinalysis. They were divided in 2 groups; group-1 included 5-10 y and group-2 included >10-15 y old children. RESULTS: Urine samples of 3340(78%) out of 4283 enrolled children were tested. Abnormal samples were found in 5.75%; with proteinuria in 4.59%, pyuria in 3.29% and hematuria in 4.31%. Males constituted 47.71% in group-1 and 54.64% in group-2. Low body mass index was found in 94.1% group-1 and 78.99% group-2 children. Mild proteinuria was found in 1.2% group-1 and 2.56% group-2 children. Severe proteinuria was more in group-2 (0.77% vs. 0.06%) with female preponderance. Glucosuria was found in 1 boy of group-2. Urobilinogen was more in group-2 (0.65% vs. 0.24%) with male preponderance. Nitrituria was found in 9 girls. Pyuria (2.02% vs. 1.27%) and hematuria were more in group-2 (3.04% vs. 1.87%) with female preponderance. Combined proteinuria and hematuria (0.42% vs. 0.24%) as well bacteruria and fungaluria were more in group-2 (4.11% vs. 1.39%). Six of 192 children with abnormal urinary findings were treated; 1 for urinary calculus and 5 for urinary tract infection. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal urinary findings were more common in children >10 y of age. Thus urinary screening program of children can become useful for early detection of kidney diseases and contribute towards building up of a healthy nation.

Urinary screening and follow-up analysis of 6 615 school children in Chengdu city / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To investigate the prevalence of urine abnormalities for school children in Chengdu city and to evaluate the significance of urinary screening.Methods During January to December 2013,morning urine of 6 615 students were collected and screened by urine reagent paper.Two weeks later,the repeated screening was conducted in the children whose urine samples were positive for the first screening.Urine samples with positive testing results for twice were submitted to urine routine tests at local hospital,and the children with the urine positive results were defined as urine abnormalities.The children with urine abnormalities were transferred to a tertiary hospital and given treatment and follow-up.Results There were 6 615 cases receiving urine screening,including 2 624 cases (39.67 ％) of the grade I,and 3 991 cases(60.33％) at junior middle school.During the first screening,323 cases (4.83％) children had urinary occult blood positive,43 cases (0.65％) had urinary protein,20 cases (0.30％) had occult blood positive and proteinuria,and 103 cases (1.56％) had white cells in urine.During the second urine screening,62 cases (0.94％) had occult blood positive,6 cases (0.09％) had urinary protein,2 cases (0.03％) had proteinuria and occult blood positive,46 cases (0.70％) had white cells in urine.The incidence of urine abnormalities with occult blood positive,proteinuria,occult blood positive and proteinuria,and white cells in urine of children at junior middle school [1.38％ (55/3 991 cases),0.13％ (5/3 991 cases),0.05％ (2/3 991 cases),0.70％ (28/3 991 cases)] were significantly higher than those of children at primary school [0.27％ (7/2 624 cases),0.04％ (1/2 624 cases),0 (0/ 2 624 cases),0.69％ (18/2 624 cases)],and all the differences were statisticallysignificant (x2 =64.16,168.53,178.09,98.16,all P ＜ 0.05).In children transferred to a tertiary hospital for treatment,there were 4 cases with IgA nephropathy,1 case with minor glomerular abnormalities,and 12 cases with urinary tract infection.Conclusion Urinary screening is an effective way to find out kidney disease and urinary tract infection in children.Follow-ups should be strengthened.

Two children with obesity-related glomerulopathy identified in a school urinary screening program.

The incidence of obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) has increased over the last decade, but there have been few reports on ORG in Japanese children. Reported herein are two children with ORG identified on school urinary screening (SUS). Patient 1 was a 12-year-old boy in whom proteinuria was first detected on SUS. His body mass index (BMI) was 33.8 kg/m(2) and he had hypertension and hyperuricemia. Patient 2, a 10-year-old boy, also had proteinuria identified on SUS. His BMI was 34.8 kg/m(2) , and he had fatty liver, hyperuricemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Both were diagnosed with ORG based on obesity, proteinuria, and renal pathological findings. After treatment, including candesartan, food restriction and physical exercise, urinary protein excretion was decreased in both cases. We believe that such school urinary screening programs may be effective for the early identification and treatment of children with ORG.

An 11-year-old girl with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis identified by a school urinary screening program.

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated glomerulonephritis (GN) in childhood is rare and has a poor prognosis. We report an 11-year-old girl with renal-limited antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis. Proteinuria and hematuria were first detected by a school urinary screening (SUS) program. Histopathological examination revealed pauci-immune necrotizing GN. She did not display purpura or peripheral neuropathy. She was diagnosed with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated GN based on proteinuria, high serum titers of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCAs), and pauci-immune necrotizing GN. The patient was treated with combination therapy, consisting of methylprednisolone and urokinase pulse, prednisolone, mizoribine (MZB), warfarin, and dilazep hydrochloride. At 2 months after treatment, urinary protein excretion was decreased and the hematuria had disappeared, while the serum titer of ANCAs was also decreased. The dose of prednisolone was tapered, and proteinuria and hematuria later disappeared at 9 months after treatment. In conclusion, we reported an 11-year-old girl with renal-limited antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis early identified by a SUS program and treated with multi-drug combination therapy including MZB. On the basis of our results, we believe that a SUS programs may be effective for the early identification and treatment of children with renal-limited antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis.

Urinary screening for detection of renal abnormalities in asymptomatic school children.

BACKGROUND: Urinary screening tests for early detection of renal diseases in asymptomatic school children and adolescents are important in the detection of silent renal diseases. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of occult renal diseases by dipstick test (reagent strips) in asymptomatic Nepalese children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 2,243 school children, aged 5-15 years, were screened for urinary abnormalities using dipstick test screening. The children who tested positive in the first screening were re-tested after 2-4 weeks. RESULTS: In the first screening, 123 children (5.5%) tested positive for isolated hematuria and proteinuria and for combined hematuria and proteinuria. Of these children, 16 (0.71%) cases tested positive in a second screening. Subsequently, 1 child from the secondary screening group was lost to follow up, 5 tested normal and 10 revealed abnormalities. Glomerulonephritis was the most commonly detected disorder (50%). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary screening was found to be useful in identifying occult renal diseases in asymptomatic children. Urinary screening would therefore not only help in early detection but also in the prevention of the deterioration of renal function later in life.

Impact of obesity on childhood kidney.

Obese patients are known to have greater risks to develop hypertension, coronary vascular disease, and insulin resistance, and more attention has been recently paid to the impact of obesity on kidney. This study was conducted to investigate whether obese children have higher risk of renal injury as well as adults. Eighteen hundred and thirty school children aged 6-14 years with abnormal urinary findings on thrice occasions detected by the screening program for renal disease in Japan were enrolled. Of them, 27 children with nephritis or suspected nephritis diagnosed by persistent proteinuria with hematuria were compared to 588 without urinary abnormalities regarding their body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), and serum level of total cholesterol. BMI and systolic BP (mmHg) were significantly higher in the former than in the latter. As a result, obesity may be associated with the development of renal injury even in childhood.

A Case of Type II Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Detected by School Urinary Screening Tests

Type II membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is characterized by thickening of the glomerular basement membrane owing to electron-dense deposits on electron microscopy. We experienced a case of type II MPGN in a child presenting with proteinuria, hematuria on school urinary screening tests. He had been treated with losartan and enalapril. This is the first case report of type II MPGN detected by school urinary screening tests in Korea. Thus we report a case of 10-years-old male with type II MPGN with a review of brief literature.

Triagem urinária para erros inatos do metabolismo em crianças com atraso no desenvolvimento / Urinary screening for inborn errors of metabolism among children with delayed development

Objetivo: verificar a freqüência de positivos na triagem urinária para erros inatos do metabolismo, em crianças com atraso no desenvolvimento e correlacionar aspectos clínicos da população estudada com os resultados da triagem. Método: estudo transversal, descritivo, realizado no Programa de Estimulação Precoce da Unidade de Referência Materno-Infantil e Adolescente do Estado do Pará, em 197 crianças com atraso no desenvolvimento, através da realização de testes qualitativos de urina. Resultados: cerca de 52,8% dos pacientes apresentaram resultados positivos para, pelo menos, um teste. As crianças oriundas de outros municípios do Estado do Pará detiveram maior proporção de positivos, com p=0,003*. Dentre as manifestações clínicas investigadas, as convulsões e os problemas de alimentação destacaram-se pela freqüência. Conclusões: os resultados encontrados mostram a relevância da pesquisa de erros inatos do metabolismo em crianças com atraso no desenvolvimento. A triagem urinária ainda é um recurso laboratorial importante a ser utilizado, na investigação inicial de erros inatos.

Objectives: to investigate the frequency of positive urinary screening for inborn errors of metabolism among children with delayed development and to correlate clinical characteristics of the population studied with the screening results. Methods: this was a cross-sectional descriptive study, performed within the Early Stimulation Program of the Mother-Child and Adolescent Referral Unit of the State of Pará, on 197 children with delays development, by means of undertaking qualitative urine tests. Results: around 52.8% (104/197) of the patients presented positive results for at least one test. Children originating from other municipalities outside of Belém, the State Capital, had a higher proportion of positive tests, with p=0,003*. There was a higher proportion of positive tests when similar cases were reported in the family, or when there were stillbirths or deaths among siblings. Among the clinical manifestations investigated, convulsions and feeding problems had prominent frequencies. Conclusions: the results encountered show the relevance of research regarding inborn errors of metabolism among children with delayed development. Urinary screening is also an important laboratory tool for use in initial investigations.

The impact of early detection through school urinary screening tests of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type / 소아과

PURPOSE: Since 1998, school urinary screening tests have been performed on Korean school children. We could detect and treat so many asymptomatic chronic renal disease in early stage. We investigated the efficacy of school urinary screening tests from children with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) type I. METHODS: We analyzed the characteristics and prognosis of 18 patients with MPGN type I who admitted after 1996 and received steroid therapy with or without cyclosporine. These patients were divided into two groups. Group A (asymptomatic patients detected by school urinary screening tests) consisted of 7 patients; Group S (symptomatic patients) consisted 11 patients. RESULTS: Mean follow-up duration was 6.3 years (from 2 to 11 years). Urinary protein excretion was 1.1 g/day in group A and 6.6 g/day in group S. 24 hour creatinine clearance (mL/min/1.73m2) was 134.3 in group A and 82.3 in group S. No patients in group A had renal insufficiency, but three patients in group S had renal insufficiency and one patient required peritoneal dialysis. CONCLUSION: Early detection by school urinary screening tests improves prognosis of MPGN type I.

A Clinical and Pathological Analysis of Children with Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis According to the Clinical Manifestations at Presentation

PURPOSE: Membranoproliferative glomeulonephritis(MPGN) has been diagnosed in an increasing number of asymptomatic cases. These cases have been detected by school urinary screening test even though the total cases of MPGN show a decreasing trend. We have analyzed the clinical and pathological characteristics of children with MPGN according to the clinical manifestations at the time of disease presentation. METHODS: A total of 18 patients who had been diagnosed with idiopathic MPGN by percutaneous renal biopsy from January 1990 to February 2004 were involved in our study. The patients were divided into 2 groups as the school urinary screening(A) group and the symptomatic(S) group according to the clinical manifestations at the time of disease presentation. RESULTS: Out of the total 18 patients, 8(44.4%) were in the S group and 10(55.6%) were in the A group. The mean serum total protein, albumin and C3 levels in the S group were significantly lower than those levels of the A group, respectively(4.9+/-1.2 g/dL vs 7.0+/-0.5 g/dL P=0.002, 2.8+/-0.9 g/dL vs. 4.1+/-0.3 g/dL P=0.002, 63.9+/-36.4 mg/dl vs. 100.8+/-39.5 g/dl P=0.041). The mean total protein amount of 24 hour collected urine in the S group were significantly higher than that of the A group(3684.0+/-2601.3 mg/m2 vs. 559.4+/-406.9 mg/m2, respectively, P=0.001). Hypocomplementemia was observed in 11(61.1%) out of 18 patients at the time of disease onset, 7(87.5%) in the S group and 4(40%) in the A group. However the hypocomplementemia was decreased in 6(33.3%) out of 18 patients at the time of final follow-up, 3(37.5%) in the S group and 3(30%) in the A group. According to the pathologic type, hypocomplementemia was observed 8 patients(61.5%) with type I disease, 1 patients (100%) with type II disease, 2 patients(50%) in type III disease at the disease onset, but 4 patients(30.8%) in type I disease, 1 patient(100%) in type II disease, 1 patient(33.3%) with type III disease at the time of last follow-up. The incidence of cellular crescent formation and tubular atropy, as observed on light microscopy, were higher in the S group compared to the A group. Mean grade of capillary wall thickening and, mesangial proliferation were significantly higher in the S group. CONCLUSION: MPGN, as diagnosed in patients with only asymptomatic urinary abnormalities, has been increasing, it is more frequent in asymptomatic patients than in patients with presenting symptoms. Our result suggests that MPGN should be considered in the renal biopsy diagnosis regardless of serum C3 level when urinary abnormalities are found by school urinary screening test.

Hematuria and Proteinuria in School Children

The following results were obtained through the screening survey to detect the prevalence of hematuria & proteinuria in the healthy Korean schoolchildren. A total of 2,888 primary schoolchildren in Seoul, examined to be healthy by the author were tested for hematuria and proteinuria during the period of 3 months from Apr. 1979 to June 1979. Hemacombistix of Ames Company, U.S.A. was used in this examination. 1. The prevalence of hematuria detected with Hema-combistix was 1.97%(57 children) and that of microscopic hematrua was 0.93% (27 children). The prevalence of proteinuria was noted in 2.04%(59 children). 2. The prevalence of hematuria detected with Hema-combistix was higher in female children as 2.66% among 1,355 children, compared to 1.37% among 1,533 male children, which was ore prominent in the age 9 year-old group. The prevalence in female was higher than in male in all but 7 year-old age group. 3. The prevalence of microscopic hematuria was higher in female children as 1.40% compared to 0.52% in male. The prevalence was higher in female children in all but 7 year-old age group. 4. The correlation of tests of hematuria between Hema-combistix and microscopcy showed 85.2% in sensitivity and 59.0% in specificity. And there showed a statistically significant difference in the prevalence rates detected as above one positive in the both tests. 5. The prevalence of proteinuria was higher in female children as 2.8%, compared to 1.37% in male, which was more prominent in the 11 year-old age group. The age prevalence of proteinuria showed increasing frequency as age increases. The highest age prevalence was 1.94% in 12 year-old age group among males and 4.91% in 11 year-old age group among females. 6. The prevalence of co-existence of microscopic hematuria and proteinuria was 0.07%, which was noted in 2 cases in each 8 year and 10 year-old group. 7. Microscopic hematuria was present mostly in the range of one positive(5-20 RBC/HPF), which was prominent in female children. However, hematuria detected as above three positive (above 40 RBC/HPF) was found in male children. 8. Proteinuria was noted mostly in the range of one positive(30mg/dl) and the prevalence of proteinuria above 100mg/dl was 9.52% in males & 13.16% in females. And proteinuria above 300 mg/dl was noted in one male child.