Habitat use of and threats to African large carnivores in a mixed-use landscape.

Large carnivores increasingly inhabit human-affected landscapes, which exhibit heterogeneity in biotic resources, anthropogenic pressures, and management strategies. Understanding large carnivore habitat use in these systems is critical for their conservation, as is the evaluation of competing management approaches and the impacts of significant land-use changes. We used occupancy modeling to investigate habitat use of an intact eastern African large carnivore guild across the 45,000 km2 Ruaha-Rungwa landscape in south-central Tanzania. We determined the relative impact on five large carnivore species of biotic, anthropogenic, and management factors at the scales of home range selection and short-term use within home ranges. We also specifically tested the effect of abandonment of trophy hunting areas on large carnivore occurrence. Patterns of habitat use differed among species. Lions (Panthera leo) appeared affected by top-down limitation, as their occurrence was significantly negatively associated with illegal human activity (ß = -0.63 [SE 0.28]). African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), instead, were limited by biotic features; the species was negatively associated with riverine areas of high sympatric predator density (ß = -1.00 [SE 0.43]) and used less-productive habitats. Spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) and leopard (Panthera pardus) persisted in more disturbed areas and across habitat types. Large carnivore occurrence was not affected by whether an area was used for photographic or trophy hunting tourism; regular law enforcement was instead a better predictor of occurrence. All species fared better in actively managed hunting areas than those that had been abandoned by operators. Overall, our findings highlight the divergent habitat requirements within large carnivore guilds and the importance of adopting an integrated approach to large carnivore conservation planning in modern systems. We also identified a novel threat to African conservation areas in the form of decreased management investments associated with the abandonment of trophy hunting areas.

Uso de Hábitat y Amenazas para los Grandes Carnívoros de África en un Paisaje de Uso Mixto Resumen Cada vez más, los grandes carnívoros habitan paisajes afectados por los humanos, los cuales presentan heterogeneidad en los recursos bióticos, las presiones antropogénicas y las estrategias de manejo. El conocimiento sobre cómo usan el hábitat los grandes carnívoros en estos sistemas es crucial para su conservación, como lo es la evaluación de las estrategias competitivas de manejo y los impactos de los cambios significativos en el uso de suelo. Usamos modelos de ocupación para investigar el uso de hábitat por parte de un gremio intacto de grandes carnívoros en el este de África a lo largo de los 45,000 km2 del paisaje Ruaha-Rungwa en el centro-sur de Tanzania. Determinamos el impacto relativo que tienen los factores bióticos, antropogénicos y de manejo sobre cinco especies de grandes carnívoros a escala de selección de extensión doméstica y uso a corto plazo dentro de la extensión doméstica. También analizamos específicamente el efecto que tiene el abandono de las áreas de caza de trofeos sobre la presencia de los grandes carnívoros. Los patrones de uso de hábitat difirieron entre las especies. Los leones (Panthera leo) parecieron estar afectados por la limitación de arriba-abajo ya que su presencia estuvo asociada negativamente de manera importante con la actividad humana ilegal (ß = - 0.63 [SE 0.28]). El perro salvaje africano (Lycaon pictus) estuvo limitado por los elementos bióticos; la especie estuvo asociada negativamente con las áreas de alta densidad simpátrica de depredadores (ß = - 1.00 [SE 0.43]) y utilizó los hábitats menos productivos. La hiena moteada (Crocuta crocuta) y el leopardo (Panthera pardus) persistieron en áreas más perturbadas y en todos los tipos de hábitat. La presencia de los grandes carnívoros no se vio afectada si el área se usaba para caza de trofeos o turismo fotográfico; la aplicación regular de la ley fue un mejor pronóstico de la presencia. A todas las especies les fue mejor en las áreas de caza con gestión activa que en aquellas abandonadas por los operadores. En general, nuestros descubrimientos resaltan los distintos requerimientos de hábitat dentro de los gremios de grandes carnívoros y la importancia de adoptar un enfoque integrado para la planeación de la conservación de estas especies en los sistemas modernos. También identificamos una amenaza nueva para las áreas de conservación africana a manera de inversiones de manejo disminuidas asociadas con el abandono de las áreas de caza de trofeos.

Major threats and habitat use status of Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo), in district Bannu, Pakistan / Principais ameaças e estado de uso de habitat de Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo), no distrito de Bannu, Paquistão

Cranes are the large and attractive Creatures of nature with long necks, legs, and life-span. Adults of both sexes are the same with similar color patterns. Demoiselle cranes spend most of their lifespan on dry grasses. They are also found around the stream, rivers, shallow lakes, natural wetlands, and depressions. To evaluate the current status of habitat use and major threats a study was conducted in tehsil Domel district Bannu. Line transect method and water quality tests (temperature, PH, contamination of E-coli bacteria) were used. To determine the major threats questionnaire method was used. The whole data was analyzed by using SPSS 21 version. Based on the distribution four study sites were selected and four water samples from each study site were taken. Most sites were moderate to highly degraded except Kashoo and kurram river mixing point which was low degraded with livestock grazing and human activities. Water quality tests showed PH ranges from 7-9, temperature 6.5-8.5, and contamination of E-coli in all samples. The social survey revealed that hunting, habitat degradation, and pollution as major threats. Effective long-term conservation and management in the study area are needed to focus on the protection of disturbance-free habitat.

Guindastes são a grande e atraente criatura da natureza com um pescoço longo, pernas e vida útil. Adultos de ambos os sexos são os mesmos com padrões de cores semelhantes. Guindastes Demoiselle passam a maior parte da vida em gramíneas secas. Também se encontram ao redor do córrego, rios, lagos rasos, pântanos naturais e depressões. Para avaliar o estado atual do uso do hábitat e as principais ameaças, um estudo foi realizado no distrito de Tehsil Domel, em Bannu. Foram utilizados o método transect e testes de qualidade da água (temperatura, pH, contaminação da bactéria E. coli). Para determinar as principais ameaçasfoi utilizado o método de questionário. Todos os dados foram analisados por meio da versão SPSS 21. Com base na distribuição, foram selecionados quatro locais de estudo e quatro amostras de água de cada local de estudo. A maioria dos locais estava moderada a altamente degradada, exceto no ponto de encontro dos rios Kashoo e Kurram, que teve baixa degradação com pastagem de gado e atividades humanas. Os testes de qualidade da água mostraram variação de pH de 7-9, temperatura 6,5-8,5 e contaminação de E. coli em todas as amostras. A pesquisa do questionário revelou que a caça, a degradação do hábitat e a poluição são as principais ameaças. Efetiva conservação e gestão a longo prazo na área de estudo são necessárias para se concentrar na proteção de um hábitat livre de distúrbios.

Major threats and habitat use status of Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo), in district Bannu, Pakistan / Principais ameaças e estado de uso de habitat de Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo), no distrito de Bannu, Paquistão

Cranes are the large and attractive Creatures of nature with long necks, legs, and life-span. Adults of both sexes are the same with similar color patterns. Demoiselle cranes spend most of their lifespan on dry grasses. They are also found around the stream, rivers, shallow lakes, natural wetlands, and depressions. To evaluate the current status of habitat use and major threats a study was conducted in tehsil Domel district Bannu. Line transect method and water quality tests (temperature, PH, contamination of E-coli bacteria) were used. To determine the major threats questionnaire method was used. The whole data was analyzed by using SPSS 21 version. Based on the distribution four study sites were selected and four water samples from each study site were taken. Most sites were moderate to highly degraded except Kashoo and kurram river mixing point which was low degraded with livestock grazing and human activities. Water quality tests showed PH ranges from 7-9, temperature 6.5-8.5, and contamination of E-coli in all samples. The social survey revealed that hunting, habitat degradation, and pollution as major threats. Effective long-term conservation and management in the study area are needed to focus on the protection of disturbance-free habitat.

Guindastes são a grande e atraente criatura da natureza com um pescoço longo, pernas e vida útil. Adultos de ambos os sexos são os mesmos com padrões de cores semelhantes. Guindastes Demoiselle passam a maior parte da vida em gramíneas secas. Também se encontram ao redor do córrego, rios, lagos rasos, pântanos naturais e depressões. Para avaliar o estado atual do uso do hábitat e as principais ameaças, um estudo foi realizado no distrito de Tehsil Domel, em Bannu. Foram utilizados o método transect e testes de qualidade da água (temperatura, pH, contaminação da bactéria E. coli). Para determinar as principais ameaças foi utilizado o método de questionário. Todos os dados foram analisados por meio da versão SPSS 21. Com base na distribuição, foram selecionados quatro locais de estudo e quatro amostras de água de cada local de estudo. A maioria dos locais estava moderada a altamente degradada, exceto no ponto de encontro dos rios Kashoo e Kurram, que teve baixa degradação com pastagem de gado e atividades humanas. Os testes de qualidade da água mostraram variação de pH de 7-9, temperatura 6,5-8,5 e contaminação de E. coli em todas as amostras. A pesquisa do questionário revelou que a caça, a degradação do hábitat e a poluição são as principais ameaças. Efetiva conservação e gestão a longo prazo na área de estudo são necessárias para se concentrar na proteção de um hábitat livre de distúrbios.

Major threats and habitat use status of Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo), in district Bannu, Pakistan

Abstract Cranes are the large and attractive Creatures of nature with long necks, legs, and life-span. Adults of both sexes are the same with similar color patterns. Demoiselle cranes spend most of their lifespan on dry grasses. They are also found around the stream, rivers, shallow lakes, natural wetlands, and depressions. To evaluate the current status of habitat use and major threats a study was conducted in tehsil Domel district Bannu. Line transect method and water quality tests (temperature, PH, contamination of E-coli bacteria) were used. To determine the major threats questionnaire method was used. The whole data was analyzed by using SPSS 21 version. Based on the distribution four study sites were selected and four water samples from each study site were taken. Most sites were moderate to highly degraded except Kashoo and kurram river mixing point which was low degraded with livestock grazing and human activities. Water quality tests showed PH ranges from 7-9, temperature 6.5-8.5, and contamination of E-coli in all samples. The social survey revealed that hunting, habitat degradation, and pollution as major threats. Effective long-term conservation and management in the study area are needed to focus on the protection of disturbance-free habitat.

Resumo Guindastes são a grande e atraente criatura da natureza com um pescoço longo, pernas e vida útil. Adultos de ambos os sexos são os mesmos com padrões de cores semelhantes. Guindastes Demoiselle passam a maior parte da vida em gramíneas secas. Também se encontram ao redor do córrego, rios, lagos rasos, pântanos naturais e depressões. Para avaliar o estado atual do uso do hábitat e as principais ameaças, um estudo foi realizado no distrito de Tehsil Domel, em Bannu. Foram utilizados o método transect e testes de qualidade da água (temperatura, pH, contaminação da bactéria E. coli). Para determinar as principais ameaçasfoi utilizado o método de questionário. Todos os dados foram analisados por meio da versão SPSS 21. Com base na distribuição, foram selecionados quatro locais de estudo e quatro amostras de água de cada local de estudo. A maioria dos locais estava moderada a altamente degradada, exceto no ponto de encontro dos rios Kashoo e Kurram, que teve baixa degradação com pastagem de gado e atividades humanas. Os testes de qualidade da água mostraram variação de pH de 7-9, temperatura 6,5-8,5 e contaminação de E. coli em todas as amostras. A pesquisa do questionário revelou que a caça, a degradação do hábitat e a poluição são as principais ameaças. Efetiva conservação e gestão a longo prazo na área de estudo são necessárias para se concentrar na proteção de um hábitat livre de distúrbios.

Behavioral aspects of waterbirds / Aspectos comportamentais de aves aquáticas

Abstract Estuaries are used by waterbirds as foraging, resting and nesting sites, serving also as shelter for migratory birds. The dynamics of this avifauna in an aquatic environment may be associated with the differences of time of day, tide height, temperature, wind speed and use of the site by different species. This study had the objective of evaluating behavioral aspects of aquatic birds, relating the influence of environmental variables with their activities. Bird counts were performed at the mouth of two important rivers of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, during two-hour intervals throughout the day in monthly samplings between June (2015) and May (2016). A total of 44 species were recorded, ten of which were migratory. The most recorded behaviors were foraging and resting. The Kruskal-Wallis analysis indicated no significant difference in behavior between the sampling intervals. The Bray-Curtis similarity test resulted in three groups: 1) - species that foraged most of the time; 2) - species that rested most of the time; and 3) - same time in both activities. The Indicator Species Analysis showed that 17 species were associated with only one microhabitat and 15 species with more than one. The Canonical Correlation Analysis indicated that only tide height, temperature and rainfall variables were correlated with the behaviors performed and only the resting activity was positively correlated with all variables. This may be associated with thermoregulation and the ability of some species to stay in midlitoral at high tide. The results demonstrate that different waterbird species used the studied areas in different ways. Thus, the heterogeneity of microhabitats in an aquatic environment of extreme importance for the coexistence and maintenance of the diversity of waterbirds.

Resumo Estuários são utilizados por aves aquáticas como locais de forrageio, descanso e nidificação, servindo, também, como pontos de parada para aves migratórias. A dinâmica dessa avifauna em um ambiente pode estar associada a diferenças entre horários do dia, altura da maré, temperatura, velocidade do vento e uso do local. Esse trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar aspectos comportamentais de aves aquáticas, relacionando a influência de variáveis ambientais com suas atividades. Amostragens mensais foram realizadas na foz de dois importantes rios do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, entre junho de 2015 e maio de 2016, em intervalos de duas horas no decorrer do dia. Um total de 44 espécies foram registradas, dez das quais foram migratórias. Os comportamentos mais observados foram forrageio e descanso. A análise de Kruskall-Wallis não indicou diferenças significativas no comportamento entre os horários de amostragem. O teste de similaridade Bray-Curtis resultou em três agrupamentos: 1) - espécies que forragearam na maior parte do tempo; 2) - espécies que descansaram na maior parte do tempo; e 3) - mesma quantidade de tempo em ambas atividades. A Análise de Espécies Indicadoras mostrou que 17 espécies estiveram associadas com apenas um microhabitat e 15 espécies com mais de um. A Análise de Correlação Canônica indicou que apenas as variáveis maré, temperatura e precipitação foram significativamente correlacionadas com os comportamentos demonstrados e apenas a atividade de descanso foi positivamente correlacionada com as todas as variáveis. Isso pode estar associado com a termorregulação e com a habilidade de algumas espécies de permanecer no mediolitoral durante a maré cheia. Os resultados demonstram que diferentes espécies de aves aquáticas utilizaram as áreas estudadas de diferentes maneiras. Assim, a heterogeneidade de microhabitats em um ambiente aquático é de extrema importância para a coexistência e a manutenção da diversidade de aves.

Comportamiento reproductivo, forrajeo y uso de hábitat de Coccyzus ferrugineus (Cuculiformes: Cuculidae) en la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica

Introducción: Coccyzus ferrugineus es el ave endémica menos estudiada de la Isla del Coco se desconocen muchos aspectos sobre su historia natural y comportamiento, siendo de las especies menos conocidas en Costa Rica. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento reproductivo, de forrajeo, y el uso de hábitat de C. ferrugineus para generar información para la toma de decisiones de conservación de la especie. Métodos: Se hicieron observaciones directas de comportamiento (forrajeo, cortejo, vocalización, alimentación y cópula) durante dos periodos de observación (mañana y tarde), en parcelas entre los 0-400 m de altitud, clasificando el estrato de vegetación (bajo-medio-alto) para estudiar el uso de hábitat. Se presenta una descripción del comportamiento de forrajeo y del ciclo reproductivo. Resultados: Se demuestra que C. ferrugineus utiliza todo el gradiente altitudinal de la Isla del Coco, desde el nivel del mar hasta los 400 m de altitud en el bosque nuboso, para reproducirse y su época reproductiva está marcada por el inicio de la época seca. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las categorías de comportamiento establecidas y la hora del día (Fisher, P > 0.05). Sin embargo sí se mostró diferencias significativas para las categorías de comportamiento y el estrato vertical (Fisher, P < 0.05) demostrando que utiliza todo el estrato vertical de la estructura vegetal. Conclusiones: Este estudio representa la base para el conocimiento de la biología reproductiva e historia natural de C. ferrugineus, es urgente realizar más estudios sobre esta especie para poder protegerla y conservar el ecosistema terrestre de la Isla del Coco.

Introducción: Coccyzus ferrugineus is the least studied endemic bird of Isla del Coco, many aspects of its natural history and behavior remain unknown, being one the least known species in Costa Rica. Objective: To describe the reproductive behavior, foraging and habitat use of C. ferrugineus to generate information for making conservation decisions for the species. Methods: Direct behavioral observations (foraging, courtship, vocalization, feeding and intercourse) were made in plots between 0-400 m above sea level, during two observation periods (morning and afternoon). A description of the foraging behavior and the reproductive cycle is presented. Results: C. ferrugineus uses the entire altitudinal gradient of the island to reproduce, from sea level to 400 m altitude in the cloud forest. Its reproductive season is marked by the beginning of the dry season. No significant differences were found between the established behavior categories and the time of day (Fisher, P> 0.05). However, significant differences were shown for the behavioral categories and the vertical stratum (Fisher, P <0.05) demonstrating that it uses the entire vertical stratum of the vegetation structure. Conclusions: This study represents the basis for the knowledge of the reproductive biology and natural history of C. ferrugineus, it is urgent to carry out more studies on this species to be able to protect it and conserve the terrestrial ecosystem of Isla del Coco.

Isotopes in teeth and a cryptic population of coastal freshwater seals.

Human activities threaten the biodiversity of aquatic mammals across the globe. Conservation of these species hinges on the ability to delineate movements and foraging behaviors of animals, but gaining such insights is hampered by difficulties in tracing individuals over their lives. We determined isotope ratios in teeth (87 Sr/86 Sr, 13 C/12 C, and 18 O/16 O) to examine lifelong movement and resource-use patterns of a unique freshwater population of a wide-ranging pinniped species (harbor seal [Phoca vitulina]) that resides in Iliamna Lake, Alaska (U.S.A.). This population's potentially unique migratory behavior and use of different trophic resources are unknown. The isotope ratios we measured in teeth showed that seals were born in the lake, remained lifelong residents, and relied principally on resources produced from in the lake, even when seasonally abundant and nutrient-dense spawning anadromous fish (i.e., sockeye salmon [Oncorhynchus nerka]) were available in the lake. Our results illustrate how serial isotope records in teeth, particularly 87 Sr/86 Sr ratios, can be used to quantify how coastal mammal populations exploit both freshwater and marine ecosystems. Understanding lifelong patterns of habitat and resource use is essential information when designing effective conservation plans for threatened coastal mammals. We present the Iliamna Lake harbor seals as a unique case study into how isotope records within teeth can help reveal the cryptic ecology of such a population residing in an intact ecosystem. The results also provide critical baseline information for the Kvichak River system, which is facing an uncertain future due to proposed large-scale industrial development and a rapidly changing climate.

Isotopos Dentales y una Población Críptica de Focas Costeras de Agua Dulce Resumen Las actividades humanas amenazan a la diversidad de mamíferos acuáticos en todo el mundo. La conservación de estas especies depende de la habilidad para delinear los movimientos y los comportamientos de búsqueda de alimento de los animales, pero la obtención de dicha información está obstaculizada por las dificultades en el rastreo de individuos a lo largo del transcurso de sus vidas. Determinamos la proporción de isotopos dentales (87 Sr/86 Sr, 13 C/12 C y 18 O/16 O) para examinar el movimiento a lo largo de la vida y los patrones de uso de recursos de una población única de una especie de pinnípedos de agua dulce con una distribución amplia (foca común [Phoca vitulina]), la cual reside en el lago Iliamna, Alaska (E.U.A.). Se desconocen el comportamiento migratorio potencialmente único de esta población y el uso que le dan a los diferentes recursos tróficos. La proporción de isotopos que medimos en los dientes mostró que las focas nacieron en el lago, permanecieron como residentes de toda la vida y dependieron principalmente de los recursos producidos en el lago, incluso cuando estaban disponibles en aquel lugar por razones reproductivas los peces anádromos abundantes estacionalmente y con densidad de nutrientes (es decir, el salmón rojo [Oncorhynchus nerka]). Nuestros resultados ilustran cómo los registros seriales de isotopos dentales, particularmente la proporción 87 Sr/86 Sr, pueden usarse para cuantificar cómo las poblaciones de mamíferos costeros explotan tanto los ecosistemas marinos como los de agua dulce. El entendimiento de los patrones ontogénicos del uso de recursos y de hábitat es esencial cuando se diseñan planes efectivos de conservación para los mamíferos costeros en peligro. Presentamos a las focas comunes del lago Iliamna como un estudio de caso único sobre cómo los registros de isotopos dentales pueden ayudar a revelar la ecología críptica de dicha población que reside en un ecosistema intacto. Los resultados también proporcionan información importante de línea base para el sistema el río Kvichak, el cual está enfrentando un futuro incierto debido a la propuesta de un desarrollo industrial de gran escala y al rápido clima cambiante.

Movement and longitudinal distribution of a migratory fish ( Salminus brasiliensis) in a small reservoir in southern Brazil

We investigated whether the movement and distribution of the migratory fish, Salminus brasiliensis, were affected by a small reservoir. We also examined how movement and distribution were related to water temperature, flow, and rainfall. In December 2011 and January 2012, 24 individuals were captured downstream from the dam, tagged with radio transmitters and released in the reservoir (5.46 km² total area). After being released in the reservoir, 18 of the 24 tagged fish travelled upstream, taking an average of 16.6 days to leave the reservoir, with daily movements varying from < 5 km/day to > 24 km/day. However, only seven tagged specimens (29.16%) returned to the lower reservoir section, while the rest remained in the intermediate and upper reservoir sections. Longitudinal distributions and movements were positively related to both upstream flow into the reservoir and water temperature. We found evidence that S. brasiliensis can recognize the longitudinal gradient and is able to continue its upstream migration. On the other hand, the reservoir negatively affected downstream movements, possibly because disorientation prevented movement to the lower reservoir section. Based on these results, we suggest that the impact of small reservoirs on migratory fish species should be objectively addressed in environmental impact assessments and management programs.(AU)

Neste estudo investigamos se o movimento e distribuição do peixe migrador, Salminus brasiliensis, são afetados por um pequeno reservatório. Também avaliamos como movimento e distribuição se relacionam com a temperatura da água, fluxo e pluviosidade. Em dezembro de 2011 e janeiro 2012, 24 indivíduos foram capturados a jusante da barragem, marcados com radiotransmissores e liberados no reservatório (5,46 km²). Depois de soltos, 18 dos 24 peixes marcados se deslocaram para montante, levando em média 16,6 dias para ultrapassar o reservatório com movimentos diários variando de < 5km/dia a > 24km/dia. Entretanto, apenas sete (29,16%) dos peixes marcados retornaram para seção inferior do reservatório, a maior parte mantendo-se nas seções intermediárias e superiores do reservatório. Distribuição longitudinal e movimento dos peixes foram relacionados positivamente com o fluxo de montante dentro do reservatório e com a temperatura da água. Assim, encontramos evidências que S. brasiliensis pode reconhecer o gradiente longitudinal e continuar sua migração ascendente. Por outro lado, nossos resultados também indicam que o movimento para jusante foi afetado, possivelmente, devido à desorientação, o que impede que os indivíduos alcancem as seções inferiores do reservatório. Com base nos resultados, sugerimos que impactos sobre peixes migratórios devem ser objetivamente abordados em avaliações ambientais e gestão ambiental de pequenos reservatórios.(AU)

Movement patterns and home range in Diplomystes camposensis (Siluriformes: Diplomystidae), an endemic and threatened species from Chile

We document movement patterns and home range of Diplomystes camposensis, an endemic and threatened freshwater catfish from Chile. We tracked the movements of seven individuals of different body size (13.5 to 19 cm SL) using portable radio telemetry equipment to investigate movement patterns in relation to day/night activity and habitat use in the San Pedro River (Valdivia Basin). Tracked movements and model-based analyses revealed that D. camposensis has a large home range and high mobility. The average home range was 0.068163 ± 0.033313 km2, and the average area of higher activity was 0.005646 ± 0.011386 km2. The mean linear home range was 387.4 m. The results also showed that movements were longer during the night, supporting nocturnal habits. Movements tended to be in an upstream direction for some individuals, although these differences were not significant when data was pooled. Large home range and movements suggest that the species may require large river areas to meet ecological demands, an aspect that could be severely affected by fragmentation. These results, along with previously published genetic data, suggest that the conservation of D. camposensis would be seriously threatened by hydromorphological alterations (e.g. lack of connectivity), such as those resulting from dam building.(AU)

En este trabajo documentamos patrones de movimiento y estimación de ámbito de hogar de Diplomystes camposensis, un siluriforme endémico y amenazado del Sur de Chile. Por medio de radio telemetría, se monitorearon 7 individuos con un rango de tamaño entre 13.5 y 19 cm de longitud estándar, para evaluar patrones de movimiento con respecto al uso de hábitat y tiempo de actividad (dia/noche) en la zona del Río San Pedro, Cuenca del Río Valdivia. Los resultados muestran que D. camposensis tiene un ámbito de hogar grande y una alta movilidad. El ámbito de hogar fue de 0.068163 ± 0.033313 km2 con un área promedio de mayor actividad de 0.005646 ± 0.011386 km2. El ámbito de hogar lineal medio fue de 387.4 m. Los resultados también mostraron que la especie presenta una mayor actividad por la noche y una tendencia hacia un mayor flujo de movimiento en dirección aguas arriba, aunque esto último no fue significativo. Un ámbito de hogar grande y su alta movilidad sugieren que la especie podría requerir de amplias zonas del río para satisfacer sus demandas ecológicas. Al igual que estudos previos con datos genéticos, estos resultados sugieren que la especie D. camposensis se vería perjudicada por alteraciones en la hidromorfología del cauce (e.g. falta de conectividad) tales como aquellas que resulten de la construcción de represas.(AU)

Home range and habitat use by pacas in a montane tropical forest in Bolivia / Ámbito de hogar y uso de hábitat del jochi pintado en un bosque montano tropical de Bolivia

ABSTRACT We studied the home range and habitat use of paca (Cuniculus paca) in a rural agricultural community in the Alto Beni region, in La Paz department, Bolivia, where game meat is the main source of protein for a large portion of local inhabitants. We captured and radio collared five individual paca (4 females and 1 male), which were followed for six months in 2012 to estimate home range of the individuals and assess their habitat use and selection. The total mean home range (95% Minimum Convex Polygon) was 2.26 ha (SD = 0.80), and ranged from 1.5 to 2.96 ha. The mean female home range (2.04 ha) was smaller than the male´s (2.95 ha). Pacas used two (crops and fallows) of the three available habitats (secondary forest patches), and appeared to positively select crops over the other two. The importance of crops may be linked to the type of agriculture conducted in the area (i.e. mainly cacao in agroforestry systems), which may offer more food and shelter for pacas. Given that, the importance of habitats may change seasonally; this topic should be examined in future studies. Our results suggest that agroforestry systems may be important for the species since they offer a variety of food resources throughout the year.

RESUMEN Hemos estudiado el ámbito de hogar y uso de hábitat del jochi pintado (Cuniculus paca) en una comunidad de Alto Beni en el Norte de La Paz-Bolivia, donde la carne obtenida por cacería es, como en muchas regiones de la Amazonia, una fuente principal de proteína para muchas poblaciones indígenas y campesinas. Hemos capturado y seguido con radio-collar a cinco individuos (4 hembras y 1 macho) por seis meses en 2012. El ámbito de hogar promedio de los individuos fue de 2,26 ha (ds=0,80), usando el estimador Mínimo Polígono Convexo (MPC al 95%) y los valores se encuentran entre 1,5 a 2,96 ha. El ámbito de hogar promedio de las hembras fue más pequeño (2,04 ha) que del macho (2,95 ha). Los jochis estudiados usaron 2 (cultivos y barbechos) de los 3 hábitats disponibles (parches de bosque secundario), aunque los cultivos parecen ser seleccionados positivamente respecto a los otros dos. La importancia de los cultivos podría estar ligada al tipo de cultivo que se realiza en la zona (sistemas agroforestales), que podrían estar ofreciendo mejores condiciones para ser usados por los jochis. Adicionalmente, la importancia de los hábitats podría cambiar de acuerdo a la época del año, lo cual podría ser abordado en siguientes estudios. Este trabajo es el primero en dar detalles sobre la ecología de C. paca en vida silvestre en Bolivia; sin embargo sería necesario contar con más individuos para tener más detalle sobre la ecología espacial de esta especie.

Uso de hábitat y estado de conservación de las aves en el humedal El Paraíso, Lima, Perú

Las aves son el grupo taxonómico más representativo de los humedales. En la costa central peruana muchos de estos ecosistemas se en- cuentran seriamente afectados por actividades antropogénicas. Con el objetivo de brindar información que contribuya a la implementación de planes de manejo y conservación de la avifauna del humedal El Paraíso se evaluó las preferencias y usos de los dos hábitats acuáticos presentes en el humedal, la laguna salobre y la zona cenagosa. Se llevaron a cabo evaluaciones mensuales desde mayo del 2009 a marzo del 2010 utilizando el método de puntos de conteo. Se observaron 68 especies que hicieron uso directo de los hábitats de estudio. Las familias más abundantes fueron Anatidae (19.2%), Laridae (18.0%), Phalacrocoracidae (16.8%) y Rallidae (16.1%). La especie más abundante fue Phalacrocorax brasilianus (16.7%), seguida de la Fulica ardesiaca (13.0%). Se encontró marcada diferencias en la composición de aves entre los dos hábitats evaluados debido, principalmente, a la presencia de especies migratorias boreales quienes prefieren el hábitat cenagoso. Por otro lado, fueron identificados los sitios de anidamiento de especies representativas del humedal tales como Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Tachuris rubrigastra, Phleocryptes melanops, Charadrius nivosus. La actividad frecuentemente registrada fue el descanso (73.9%), seguido de la alimentación (23.4%) y la reproducción (2.73%). Constituyen las principales amenazas para el humedal; la caza deportiva, quema de totorales y juncales, tránsito de vehículos por la orilla marina y desechos de residuos sólidos dejados por los bañistas

Birds are the most representative group of wetlands. In the Central Peruvian coast many of these ecosystems are severely affected by anthro- pogenic activities, for instance, El Paraíso wetland. The aim of this study is to evaluate the preferences and habitat uses of two aquatic bod- ies: brackish lagoon and marshy area at El Paraíso Wetland, in order to gather information for the implementation of management plans and conservation of this wetland. From May 2009 to March 2010, we carried out monthly assessment by point counts technique. We identified 68 species that made direct use of the studied habitats. The most abundant families were Anatidae (19.2%), Laridae (18.0%), Phalacrocoracidae (16.8%) and Rallidae (16.1%). The most abundant species was Phalacrocorax brasilianus (16.7%), followed by the Fulica ardesiaca (13.0%). We found marked differences in the composition of birds communities between the two evaluated habitats, which mainly occurred due to the presence of boreal migratory species that prefer swampy habitat. Nesting sites of representative species of wetland such as, Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Tachuris rubrigastra, Phleocryptes melanops and Charadrius nivosus were recorded. The most common bird activity recorded was resting (73.9%), followed by feeding (23.4%) and breeding (2.73%). The main threats to the wetland are, hunting, burning (cattails and rushes), vehicular traffic by seashore, solid waste and debris left by the swimmers

Ecomorphological relationships of fish assemblages in a trans-Andean drainage, Upper Magdalena River Basin, Colombia

Ecomorphological patterns of the fish community were evaluated in the trans-Andean Alvarado River drainage, Colombia. A total of 29 species using 25 ecomorphological indices were analyzed to test how well the ecomorphological patterns are related to the fish assemblage. Although a significant correlation was found (Mantel test) between morphological attributes and trophic guilds, habitat use and distribution across the altitudinal gradient, only the last two were significantly independent of the phylogenetic relationships (partial Mantel test). Regarding the ecomorphological space, two main trends were defined. First, benthic periphytivores and invertivores were characterized by having dorsal or dorsolateral eyes, labial appendages, depressed bodies and well-developed pectoral, ventral and caudal fins, which provide them the ability to stabilize over the substrate and make rapid movements. Second, nektonic detritivore-invertivores and insectivores were found to have laterally compressed bodies, lateral eyes and larger eyes and anal fins. These species use vision during predation, are good continuous swimmers and possess higher maneuverability and stability. These results show that the fish assemblages in the Alvarado River drainage are structured ecomorphologically mainly by habitat and the altitudinal gradient. Therefore, this is evidence of the importance of habitat structure to maintain the functionality of the ecosystem.(AU)

Se evaluaron los patrones ecomorfológicos de la comunidad íctica en la cuenca transandina del Río Alvarado, Colombia. Se analizaron 29 especies empleando 25 índices ecomorfológicos con el fin de evaluar los patrones ecomorfológicos con el ensamblaje de peces. A pesar de que se encontró una correlación significativa (Prueba de Mantel) de los atributos morfológicos con los gremios tróficos, preferencia de hábitat y la distribución de las especies a lo largo del gradiente altitudinal, solamente las dos últimas fueron independientes de la filogenia (Prueba parcial de Mantel). Con relación al espacio ecomorfológico dos patrones fueron identificados. Primero, las especies bentónicas perifitívoras e invertívoras, caracterizadas por ojos dorsales o dorsolaterales, cuerpos deprimidos y aletas desarrolladas, proporcionando la capacidad de estabilizarse sobre el sustrato y realizar movimientos rápidos. Segundo, especies nectónicas detritívoras-invertivoras e insectívoras con cuerpos comprimidos, ojos laterales y mayor área relativa de ojos y aleta anal; estos usan la visión durante la actividad predatoria, con mayor capacidad de maniobrabilidad y estabilización. Estos resultados muestran que el ensamblaje de peces en la cuenca está estructurado principalmente por el uso de hábitat y el gradiente altitudinal, esto podría ser evidencia de la importancia de la estructura del hábitat para garantizar la funcionalidad del ecosistema.(AU)

Behavioral aspects of waterbirds

Abstract Estuaries are used by waterbirds as foraging, resting and nesting sites, serving also as shelter for migratory birds. The dynamics of this avifauna in an aquatic environment may be associated with the differences of time of day, tide height, temperature, wind speed and use of the site by different species. This study had the objective of evaluating behavioral aspects of aquatic birds, relating the influence of environmental variables with their activities. Bird counts were performed at the mouth of two important rivers of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, during two-hour intervals throughout the day in monthly samplings between June (2015) and May (2016). A total of 44 species were recorded, ten of which were migratory. The most recorded behaviors were foraging and resting. The Kruskal-Wallis analysis indicated no significant difference in behavior between the sampling intervals. The Bray-Curtis similarity test resulted in three groups: 1) - species that foraged most of the time; 2) - species that rested most of the time; and 3) - same time in both activities. The Indicator Species Analysis showed that 17 species were associated with only one microhabitat and 15 species with more than one. The Canonical Correlation Analysis indicated that only tide height, temperature and rainfall variables were correlated with the behaviors performed and only the resting activity was positively correlated with all variables. This may be associated with thermoregulation and the ability of some species to stay in midlitoral at high tide. The results demonstrate that different waterbird species used the studied areas in different ways. Thus, the heterogeneity of microhabitats in an aquatic environment of extreme importance for the coexistence and maintenance of the diversity of waterbirds.

Resumo Estuários são utilizados por aves aquáticas como locais de forrageio, descanso e nidificação, servindo, também, como pontos de parada para aves migratórias. A dinâmica dessa avifauna em um ambiente pode estar associada a diferenças entre horários do dia, altura da maré, temperatura, velocidade do vento e uso do local. Esse trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar aspectos comportamentais de aves aquáticas, relacionando a influência de variáveis ambientais com suas atividades. Amostragens mensais foram realizadas na foz de dois importantes rios do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, entre junho de 2015 e maio de 2016, em intervalos de duas horas no decorrer do dia. Um total de 44 espécies foram registradas, dez das quais foram migratórias. Os comportamentos mais observados foram forrageio e descanso. A análise de Kruskall-Wallis não indicou diferenças significativas no comportamento entre os horários de amostragem. O teste de similaridade Bray-Curtis resultou em três agrupamentos: 1) - espécies que forragearam na maior parte do tempo; 2) - espécies que descansaram na maior parte do tempo; e 3) - mesma quantidade de tempo em ambas atividades. A Análise de Espécies Indicadoras mostrou que 17 espécies estiveram associadas com apenas um microhabitat e 15 espécies com mais de um. A Análise de Correlação Canônica indicou que apenas as variáveis maré, temperatura e precipitação foram significativamente correlacionadas com os comportamentos demonstrados e apenas a atividade de descanso foi positivamente correlacionada com as todas as variáveis. Isso pode estar associado com a termorregulação e com a habilidade de algumas espécies de permanecer no mediolitoral durante a maré cheia. Os resultados demonstram que diferentes espécies de aves aquáticas utilizaram as áreas estudadas de diferentes maneiras. Assim, a heterogeneidade de microhabitats em um ambiente aquático é de extrema importância para a coexistência e a manutenção da diversidade de aves.

Agregaciones de alimentación del tiburón ballena, Rhincodon typus (Orectolobiformes: Rhincodontidae) en Golfo Dulce, Península de Osa, Costa Rica / Whale shark, Rhincodon typus (Orectolobifoms: Rhincodontidae) feeding aggregations in Golfo Dulce, Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica

Resumen El tiburón ballena (Rhincodon typus), es el condrictio viviente más grande del mundo, con una distribución cosmopolita, encontrándose tanto en mares tropicales como subtropicales. La Unión Mundial para la Conservación (IUCN) lo clasifico como vulnerable y con una tendencia poblacional en disminución, conocido por realizar grandes agregaciones alrededor del mundo, relacionadas a procesos oceanográficos que incrementan la productividad primaria del ambiente marino. Por primera vez, se reporta cuatro eventos de alimentación de tiburón ballena dentro de la cuenca interna de Golfo Dulce, un fiordo tropical ubicado en la costa del Pacífico Sur de Costa Rica. Los avistamientos fueron realizados en enero y agosto del 2009, marzo 2012 y enero del 2013, donde la estructura y tamaño de los grupos se mantuvo constante en el tiempo encontrándose una proporción similar de adultos y juveniles. Estas agregaciones fueron observadas en la costa occidental de Golfo Dulce en un área que abarcaba los 23km, cerca de los ríos Rincón y Tigre, siendo estos los responsables de una alta concentración de nutrientes que favorecen la presencia de comunidades planctónicas. Durante las agregaciones se observó la presencia de zooplancton en la columna de agua, copépodos (Orden: Calanoidea). Dada la vulnerabilidad del tiburón ballena, es de suma importancia la implementación de estrategias de manejo de las actividades antropogénicas que se desarrollan en el Golfo, como son las actividades turísticas, desarrollo costero, aumento del tráfico marítimo, y la pesca comercial y deportiva, que ponen en riesgo a esta especie bandera.

Abstract The zooplanktivorous whale shark (Rhincodon typus), is the largest living chondrichthyan and a cosmopolitan species, living in tropical, warm and temperate waters. It is considered vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and is known for big aggregations in many parts of the world. These are associated with particular oceanographic features where primary productivity is thought to be high. For the first time, four whale shark feeding aggregations are documented in Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica, a tropical fjord-like embayment located in the south Pacific region of the country. Observations were made in January and August 2009, March 2012 and in January 2013, Estimated group structure and size remained constant over time with an equal proportion of adults and juveniles in the same area. These aggregations were observed on the north-western coast of Golfo Dulce's inner basin, close to the Rincón and Tigre rivers. These two rivers are known to provide organic material which area important nutrients for the gulf zooplanktonic communities. During one of the observed feeding aggregations, copepods (Order: Calanoida) were seen in the water close to feeding individuals. Given the vulnerability of whale sharks, management decisions for Golfo Dulce need to include strategies to control tourism, boat circulation, commercial and sports fisheries and coastal development. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (Suppl. 1): 299-306. Epub 2015 April 01.

Life-stages, exploitation status and habitat use of Lutjanus goreensis (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) in coastal marine environments of Lagos, SW Nigeria / Ciclo de vida, estado de explotación y hábitat de Lutjanus goreensis (Perciformes: Lutjanidae) en ambientes marinos costeros de Lagos, suroeste de Nigeria

The Gorean snapper, Lutjanus goreensis is an important component of artisanal fisheries and trawl landings in the Gulf of Guinea. Despite its economic importance, there is a dearth of information on size structure and life history strategies of the species. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to provide baseline data on the life stages, exploitation status and habitat use for the species in Nigeria. Monthly samples were obtained from artisanal and trawl catches in Five Cowrie Creek and Lagos coastal waters between December 2008 and December 2010, respectively. Length-frequency distributions of the fishes caught were analysed to provide preliminary information on mean and modal lengths at capture and life - history strategies based on habitat use and estuarine-dependency for L. goreensis. A total of 822 specimens of L. goreensis were collected from Five Cowrie Creek while 377 specimens were collected from Lagos coastal waters. Total length varied between 7.90-34.90cm for creek samples and from 21.90-56.10cm for marine samples. Length-frequency histograms showed polymodal size distributions in creek and marine samples. Length-frequency distributions of L. goreensis showed a high abundance of juveniles (<20cm) and sub-adults (20-35cm) which accounted for 84.1% and 68.4% of creek and marine samples examined, respectively. For the creek samples, fish in modal length class of 13.00-13.99cm were the most exploited while in the marine samples, length classes of 29.00-30.99cm and 31.00-32.99cm constituted the most frequently exploited fishes. Increase in total lengths from the creek (mean±SD; 16.19±3.73cm) to the marine habitat samples (32.89±6.14cm) indicated ontogenetic shift in habitat use. Occurrence of a predominant juvenile population in Five Cowrie Creek by L. goreensis suggests estuarine-dependency and is indicative of a temporary juvenile habitat or a migratory corridor. In conclusion, data from the presently reported study and previous studies demonstrated that juvenile L. goreensis displays estuarine dependency and habitat flexibility. Hence, this underscores the importance of preserving estuarine environments as essential fish habitats to prevent overfishing. The study also concludes that the species is vulnerable to recruitment overfishing in the marine environment especially as a consequence of shrimping. Consequently, it advocates for ban on all fishing activities during peak spawning periods in breeding grounds and shrimp ground assemblage.

El pargo Lutjanus goreensis es un componente importante de la pesca artesanal y de arrastre en el Golfo de Guinea. A pesar de su importancia económica, hay una escasez de información sobre la estructura de tamaño y las estrategias de historia de vida de las especies. Por lo tanto, los objetivos de este estudio fueron proporcionar datos de referencia sobre las etapas del ciclo de vida, el estado de la explotación y el hábitat de la especie en Nigeria. Se realizaron recolectas mensuales de capturas artesanales y de arrastre en Five Cowrie Creek y aguas costeras de Lagos en diciembre 2008 y diciembre 2010, respectivamente. Se analizaron las distribuciones de frecuencia de tallas de los peces capturados para proporcionar información preliminar sobre la media y longitudes modales en la captura y las estrategias de historia de vida basado en el uso del hábitat y la dependencia a los estuarios para L. goreensis. Un total de 822 ejemplares de L. goreensis se obtuvieron de Five Cowrie Creek, mientras que 377 muestras de las aguas costeras de Lagos. La longitud total varió entre 7.90-34.90cm para muestras del estuario y 21.90-56.10cm para marinas. Histogramas de frecuencia de talla mostraron distribuciones de tamaño polimodales en muestras estuarinas y marinas. Distribuciones de frecuencia de talla de L. goreensis mostraron una alta abundancia de juveniles (<20cm) y subadultos (20-35cm) que representaron el 84.1% y el 68.4% de los estuarios y las muestras marinas examinadas respectivamente. Para las muestras del estuario, peces de talla 13.00-13.99cm fueron los más explotados, mientras que en muestras marinas, las tallas de 29.00-30.99cm y 31.00-32.99cm constituyeron los peces más frecuentemente explotados. Un aumento de la longitud total de la quebrada (media±SD; 16.19±3.73cm) para el hábitat marino (32.89±6.14cm) indicó un cambio ontogenético en el uso del hábitat. La aparición de una población juvenil predominante en Five Cowrie Creek por L. goreensis sugiere una estuario-dependencia y es indicativa de un hábitat juvenil temporal o un corredor migratorio. En conclusión, los datos del estudio actual y estudios previos demostraron que juveniles de L. goreensis presentan una dependencia a los estuarios y una flexibilidad en el uso de hábitat. Por lo tanto, esto subraya la importancia de preservar los ambientes estuarinos como hábitats esenciales de peces para evitar la sobrepesca. El estudio también concluye que la especie es vulnerable a la sobrepesca de reclutamiento en el medio marino, especialmente como consecuencia de la pesca de camarón. En consecuencia, se aboga por la prohibición de todas las actividades pesqueras durante los períodos de mayor puesta de huevos.

Correlaciones morfológicas entre la forma de la cabeza, dieta y uso de hábitat de algunos sceloporus de México: un análisis cuantitativo / Morphological correlations between head shape, diet and habitat use of some sceloporus of Mexico: a quantitative analysis

La relación entre los caracteres morfológicos y la ecología de los organismos permite deducir respuestas adaptativas. Estas adaptaciones son el resultado de presiones selectivas que actúan sobre los organismos, así como el tipo de presa que consumen o el ambiente en el que se encuentran. De esta manera, los organismos exhiben morfologías que les permiten explotar los recursos disponibles. Sceloporus es un grupo de lagartijas altamente diverso en Norteamérica además de encontrarse en diversos hábitats, lo que lo hace un modelo óptimo para probar hipótesis adaptativas y evolutivas. El objetivo fue evaluar si existen diferencias morfológicas en la cabeza de algunas especies de Sceloporus y determinar si dicha morfología surge como una respuesta adaptativa al tipo de presa o al uso de hábitat. Para ello, se tomaron ocho variables morfométricas de la cabeza de 20 especies de éste género y que se distribuyen en México. Los datos de dieta y uso de hábitat se obtuvieron de literatura y se correlacionaron con los análsis morfológicos de este estudio. Los resultados indican una clara diferencia entre especies con respecto a cinco de ocho variables medidas, entre ellas se observó el alto de la cabeza, hocico, mandíbula, sínfisis mandibular y proceso retroarticular. Además, se obtuvo que el ancho y alto de la cabeza, se encuentran relacionados con el tipo de presa que las lagartijas consumen, y únicamente el alto de la cabeza, se correlaciona con el uso de hábitat. Con base en los resultados, se propone que la morfología de la cabeza de las lagartijas que se analizaron, está siendo moldeada por el tipo de presas que consumen y no por el ambiente, tal como se ha observado en otros lacertilios.

The relationship between morphological characters and ecology can provide adaptive responses. These adaptations are the result of selective pressures acting on organisms as well as the type of prey consumed or the environment in which they find themselves. Therefore, organisms that exhibit certain morphology traits that allow them to exploit available resources. Sceloporus is a highly diverse group of lizards in North America besides living in diverse habitats, they make an excellent model for testing adaptive and evolutionary hypotheses. The aim of this study was to assess whether there are morphological differences in the heads of some species of Sceloporus and determine whether the morphology emerges as an adaptive response to the type of prey, or habitat use. Eight morphometric variables of the head of 20 different species of this genus were found and collected throughout Mexico. Data on diet and habitat use were obtained from literature and correlated with morphological analysis of this study. The results indicate a clear difference between species for five of the eight variables measures, including top of the head, nose, jaw, mandibular symphysis and retro articular process was observed. Furthermore, it was found that the width and height of the head, is related to the type of prey lizards consumed, and only the top of the head, is correlated with habitat use. Based on these results, it is proposed that the morphology of the heads of lizards analyzed, is being shaped by the type of prey consumed, and not the environment, such as observed in other lizards.

Effects of wind energy development on nesting ecology of greater prairie-chickens in fragmented grasslands.

Wind energy is targeted to meet 20% of U.S. energy needs by 2030, but new sites for development of renewable energy may overlap with important habitats of declining populations of grassland birds. Greater Prairie-Chickens (Tympanuchus cupido) are an obligate grassland bird species predicted to respond negatively to energy development. We used a modified before-after control-impact design to test for impacts of a wind energy development on the reproductive ecology of prairie-chickens in a 5-year study. We located 59 and 185 nests before and after development, respectively, of a 201 MW wind energy facility in Greater Prairie-Chicken nesting habitat and assessed nest site selection and nest survival relative to proximity to wind energy infrastructure and habitat conditions. Proximity to turbines did not negatively affect nest site selection (ß = 0.03, 95% CI = -1.2-1.3) or nest survival (ß = -0.3, 95% CI = -0.6-0.1). Instead, nest site selection and survival were strongly related to vegetative cover and other local conditions determined by management for cattle production. Integration of our project results with previous reports of behavioral avoidance of oil and gas facilities by other species of prairie grouse suggests new avenues for research to mitigate impacts of energy development.

Long-range movement of humpback whales and their overlap with anthropogenic activity in the South Atlantic Ocean.

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are managed by the International Whaling Commission as 7 primary populations that breed in the tropics and migrate to 6 feeding areas around the Antarctic. There is little information on individual movements within breeding areas or migratory connections to feeding grounds. We sought to better understand humpback whale habitat use and movements at breeding areas off West Africa, and during the annual migration to Antarctic feeding areas. We also assessed potential overlap between whale habitat and anthropogenic activities. We used Argos satellite-monitored radio tags to collect data on 13 animals off Gabon, a primary humpback whale breeding area. We quantified habitat use for 3 cohorts of whales and used a state-space model to determine transitions in the movement behavior of individuals. We developed a spatial metric of overlap between whale habitat and models of cumulative human activities, including oil platforms, toxicants, and shipping. We detected strong heterogeneity in movement behavior over time that is consistent with previous genetic evidence of multiple populations in the region. Breeding areas for humpback whales in the eastern Atlantic were extensive and extended north of Gabon late in the breeding season. We also observed, for the first time, direct migration between West Africa and sub-Antarctic feeding areas. Potential overlap of whale habitat with human activities was the highest in exclusive economic zones close to shore, particularly in areas used by both individual whales and the hydrocarbon industry. Whales potentially overlapped with different activities during each stage of their migration, which makes it difficult to implement mitigation measures over their entire range. Our results and existing population-level data may inform delimitation of populations and actions to mitigate potential threats to whales as part of local, regional, and international management of highly migratory marine species.

Basic ecology of the Oaxacan Spiny-tailed Iguana Ctenosaura oaxacana (Squamata: Iguanidae), in Oaxaca, Mexico

The Oaxacan Spiny-tailed Iguana Ctenosaura oaxacana is a restricted species to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Southern Oaxaca, Mexico. This reptile is one of the less known iguanid species. We censustracked a population in the South of Niltepec, Oaxaca, Mexico from May 2010 to April 2011. Throughout one year, a total of 10 line transects were situated and recorded in the study area to determine relative abundance and density, and habitat type use (dry forest, Nanchal, grassland, riparian vegetation, and mangrove) by the species. This study reports a new C. oaxacana population on the Southeastern limit of species range. Although this species has a very restricted distribution and is in danger of extinction, C. oaxacana has a high population density when compared to other Ctenosaura species. A total of 108 individuals were recorded throughout the study. Dry forest (33.75ind/ha) and Nanchal (18.75ind/ha) were the habitats with higher densities. Comparisons between habitat types showed no significant differences between dry forest and Nanchal (W=15, p=0.0808). Results between seasons were similar. The Oaxacan Spiny tailed Iguana preferred first the dry forest, and then Nanchal, while avoided grassland, riparian vegetation, and mangroves. There was no difference in habitat use between males and females. Mean perch heights were 1.23±0.32 (n=30) in Nanchal, 2.11±0.30 (n=9) in grassland, 1.90±0.56 (n=54) in dry forest, 1.91±0.28 (n=9) in mangrove and 2.30±0.37 (n=6) in riparian vegetation. Species observed as refuge and perch were B. crassifolia (Nanchal); C. alata (grassland); Tabebuia sp., Genipa americana, G. sepium, Acacia sp., Ficus sp. and Haematoxylon sp. (dry forest); G. sepium, Acacia sp. and Guazuma ulmifolia (riparian vegetation); and C. erecta (mangrove). Live trees hollows and branches were used by species. Main threats to the species are excessive hunting and habitat loss. Furthermore, grassland fires are still common in the study ...

La Iguana de Cola Espinosa Ctenosaura oaxacana es una especie restringida al Istmo de Tehuantepec en el Sureste de Oaxaca, México. Este reptil es uno de los iguánidos menos conocidos. Entre Mayo 2010 y Abril 2011 hicimos el seguimiento de una población al Sur de Niltepec, Oaxaca, México. A lo largo de un año, se colocaron y monitorearon un total de diez transectos en el área de estudio, para determinar la abundancia relativa, densidad y uso de hábitat (selva seca, Nanchal, pastizal, vegetación riparia y manglar) de la especie. Esta investigación reporta una nueva población de C. oaxacana en el límite sureste de la distribución conocida para la especie. Aunque esta especie posee una distribución muy restringida y se encuentra en peligro de extinción, C. oaxacana presenta una alta densidad poblacional comparada con otras especies de Ctenosaura. Se registró un total de 108 individuos a lo largo del estudio. La selva seca (33.75ind/ha) y el Nanchal (18.75ind/ha) fueron los hábitats con densidad más alta. No se encontró diferencia significativa entre la selva seca y el Nanchal (W=15, p=0.0808). Al comparar entre estaciones el resultado fue similar. La Iguana de Cola Espinosa prefirió la selva seca y después al Nanchal, mientras que evitó el pastizal, la vegetación riparia y el manglar. No se registró diferencia en el uso de hábitat entre machos y hembras. La altura media de las perchas fue 1.23±0.32 (n=30) en Nanchal, 2.11±0.30 (n=9) en pastizal, 1.90±0.56 (n=54) en selva baja, 1.91±0.28 (n=9) en manglar y 2.30±0.37 (n=6) en vegetación riparia. Las especies observadas como refugio y percha fueron B. crassifolia (Nanchal); C. alata (pastizal); Tabebuia sp., Genipa americana, G. sepium, Acacia sp., Ficus sp. y Haematoxylon sp. (selva seca); G. sepium, Acacia sp. y Guazuma ulmifolia (vegetación riparia); y C. erecta (manglar). La especie utilizó agujeros y ramas de árboles vivos. Las principales amenazas para la especie son la cacería excesiva y la pérdida de hábitat. Además, la quema de pastizales sigue siendo común en el área de estudio durante la temporada seca, lo que puede resultar en la pérdida de hábitat y el desplazamiento territorial de los individuos.

Habitat use by Collared Crescentchest (Melanopareia torquata) in a Cerrado in southeastern Brazil: implications for management / Uso de habitat pelo tapaculo-de-colarinho (Melanopareia torquata) em um Cerrado do sudeste do Brasil: implicações para o manejo

The Collared Crescentchest (Melanopareia torquata) is a small insectivore endemic to the Cerrado. We examine the habitat use of this bird in a preserved Cerrado area in southeastern Brazil. Despite its occurrence in grassland with shrubs, the species used these areas less frequently than expected. The Collared Crescentchest mainly used areas of campo cerrado, but it was not recorded in a disturbed one. The common occurrence of exotic grass (U. decumbens) and cattle grazing may have brought about factors for its occurrence. However, the preference for native grasses may indicate an adverse indirect relationship against its occurence as there is competition between native and exotic grasses in the Cerrado. The presence of the Collared Crescentchest included the highest density of tall shrubs (>1 m) and native grasses. Conservation of the species should involve preserved areas of campo cerrado with a dominance of native grasses and tall shrubs.

O tapaculo-de-colarinho (Melanopareia torquata) é uma pequena ave insetívora e endêmica do Cerrado. Examinou-se o uso do habitat dessa ave em uma área de Cerrado preservado no sudeste do Brasil. Apesar de a espécie ser registrada em áreas campestres com arbustos, a sua ocorrência foi menos frequente do que o esperado. O tapaculo-de-colarinho utilizou principalmente áreas de campo cerrado, entretanto não foi registrado em áreas alteradas de campo cerrado. A ocorrência comum de gramíneas exóticas (U. decumbens) e o seu consumo frequente durante o pastoreio do gado podem ter sido fatores agravantes para a ausência da ave nessa área. Contudo, a presença de gramíneas exóticas não inibiu o registro da espécie. O tapaculo-de-colarinho está associado a microhabitat com maior densidade de arbustos altos (>1 m) e gramíneas nativas. Apesar de as gramíneas exóticas não inibirem a presença da espécie, a preferência por gramíneas nativas pode indicar uma relação adversa indireta em razão da competição entre espécies nativas e exóticas do Cerrado. A conservação da espécie envolve a preservação de áreas de campo cerrado com dominância de gramíneas nativas e arbustos altos.