Evaluation of bone mineral density, microarchitecture, and detection of fractures on young patients living with human immunodeficiency virus: when and how to screen?

PURPOSE: People living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) developed higher life expectancy along with chronic bone disease over the past years. Our purpose is to evaluate bone mineral density, bone microarchitecture and fractures in young PLWH and understand the disease's contribution to bone derangements and fracture risk. METHODS: Eighty-one HIV-infected and 54 control young (20-50 years) male and female subjects were enrolled in this study. Methods for patient evaluation included DXA-VFA (dual energy X-rays and vertebral fracture assessment), HR-pQCT (high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography), biochemistry and FRAX. RESULTS: Fifty participants from each group completed all exams. Median age was 40 (25-49) vs. 36.5 (22-50) for the HIV and control groups, respectively (p 0.120). Ethnicity, body mass index, serum phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, PTH and CTX were similar between groups, although ALP and OC suggested higher bone turnover in PLWH. VFA identified morphometric vertebral fractures in 12% of PLWH. PLWH had lower values for lumbar spine areal BMD and Z score, volumetric BMD, trabecular bone fraction (BV/TV) and trabecular number measured at the distal tibia by HR-pQCT; as a consequence, trabecular separation and heterogeneity were higher (all p < 0.05). The FRAX-estimated risk for hip and major osteoporotic fractures was statistically higher in PLWH (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results confirm severe bone impairment and fractures associated with HIV in young patients. Thus, we developed a screening protocol for young PLWH to detect bone fragility, reduce skeletal disease progression and morbimortality, decrease fracture risk, and increase quality of life.

Whole or coarsely broken açai seed as a source of roughage in the diet of feedlot cattle: intake, digestibility, and ruminal parameters.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two methods of provision of açai seed (AS) as a fiber source (coarsely broken or whole) for feedlot beef cattle on the intake, digestibility, and ruminal parameters. Four bulls (male, non-castrated, and rumen fistulated), with an average body weight of 340 ± 31 kg, distributed in two simultaneous 2 × 2 Latin squares, were used. The treatments were two methods of processing of the açai seed, as follows: whole açai seed (WAS), and coarsely broken açai seed (CBAS). The dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake were higher (P < 0.10) with the use of CBAS. The digestibility of DM and nutrients was not affected (P > 0.10) by AS processing. Acetate and total volatile fatty acids concentrations, and acetate:propionate ratio were higher with the CBAS diet, whereas the pH was higher with the WAS diet. The concentrations of propionate, butyrate, and ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH3) did not change with AS processing. Thus, coarsely broken açai seed increases the intake of DM and nutrients without altering the digestibility. Furthermore, it increases the concentrations of total fatty acids and acetate.

Start-up phase optimization of two-phase anaerobic digestion of food waste: Effects of organic loading rate and hydraulic retention time.

The effects of organic loading rate (OLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the dynamics of acidogenic and methanogenic processes in two-phase anaerobic digestion (TPAD) of food waste (FW) were investigated to determine the start-up operational conditions. Seven arrangements of TPAD systems under mesophilic conditions were evaluated, each containing one acidogenic reactor and one methanogenic reactor. The work analyzed two HRTs (2 and 3 days) and four OLRs (2, 3, 4 and 5 kgVS.m-3.d-1). The 2D5KG system obtained VS and COD removal of 68% and 72%; SMP of 273 Lmethane.kg.VS-1. The 3D4KG system obtained VS and COD removal of 70 and 66%; SMP of 252 Lmethane.kg.VS-1. Valeric acid predominated in the acidogenic reactor in both HRT and OLR evaluated, followed by butyric acid. In the methanogenic reactor, the main methane production route was the butyric acid conversion into acetic acid and finally methane. Higher OLR benefits the methane production. The microbiological profile indicated the pathway of methanogenesis by acetoclastic methanogenesis. The canonical correlation analysis allowed to verify that the groups are independent and, therefore, the variables analyzed in the acidogenic reactor have an influence on the methanogenic reactor.

Effects of monensin source on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and performance of Bos indicus beef bulls offered a high-concentrate diet.

In Exp. 1, Brachiaria ruziziensis (11.1 % CP) was inoculated or not with two sources of monensin, resulting in three treatments: 1) no monensin inoculation (CONT), 2) 20 mg of monensin sodium-A/kg of DM (Elanco Animal Health; MON-A), and 3) 20 mg of monensin sodium-B/kg of DM (Shandong Qilu King-Phar Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.; MON-B). Three rumen-fistulated Jersey steers were offered a cool-season forage-based diet and were used as the rumen inoculum donors. Volatile fatty acids concentrations were evaluated at 0, 6, 12, 24, 30, and 48 h after treatment inoculation. Overall, acetate and butyrate concentrations were reduced in MON-A vs. CONT (P ≤ 0.02), whereas both monensin products reduced Ac:Pr ratio vs. CONT (P ≤ 0.01); however, MON-A also (P = 0.05) reduced the Ac:Pr ratio vs. MON-B. A treatment × hour interaction was detected for rumen propionate concentration (P = 0.01), primarily because MON-A resulted in greater propionate than CONT and MON-B at 24 and 48 h (P ≤ 0.03), but no differences were observed between CONT vs. MON-B (P ≥ 0.27). In Exp. 2, 240 Nellore bulls (initial BW = 363.2 ± 40.9 kg) were ranked and blocked according to initial BW, and within blocks animals were allotted into pens (n = 10 pens/treatment). Pens were randomly assigned into one of three treatments: 1) corn-based diet with no monensin (CONT), 2) CONT plus 28 mg of MON-A/kg of DM, and 3) CONT plus 28 mg of MON-B/kg of DM. The CONT diet was composed of sugarcane bagasse, ground corn, DDGS, urea, and a mineral-vitamin mix. The experimental period lasted 106 d and was divided into a 21-d adaptation period and an 85-d finishing phase. During the adaptation phase, both monensin sources increased (P ≤ 0.01) BW change, ADG, and F:G, as well as reduced DMI variation (P = 0.02). When the entire experimental period was evaluated, no treatment effects were detected for final BW, DMI, and ADG (P ≥ 0.26). Nonetheless, DMI variation was reduced as monensin was included (P = 0.01) and only MON-A improved the efficiency by reducing F:G vs. CONT (P = 0.05) and biological efficiency vs. MON-B (P = 0.05). Additionally, carcass ADG tended (P = 0.10) to be greater for MON-A vs. MON-B, whereas no other differences in the carcass characteristics were observed (P ≥ 0.53). In summary, the source of monensin inoculated in vitro and offered to Nellore bulls during the feedlot phase significantly affected the energetic efficiency and the performance of the animals.

Repeating Vertebral Fracture Assessment: 2019 ISCD Official Position.

Vertebral fracture (VF) is the most common type of osteoporotic fracture. VFs are associated with a decline in quality of life and high morbidity and mortality. The presence of a VF is a significant risk factor for developing another fracture; however, most VFs are not clinically recognized and diagnosed. Vertebral fracture assessment by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is a low cost, low radiation, convenient, and reliable method to identify VFs. The finding of a previously unrecognized VF may change the assessment of fracture risk, diagnostic classification, and treatment strategies. Vertebral fracture assessment or radiographic lateral spine imaging should be repeated in patients with continued high risk for fracture (e.g., historical height loss >4 cm [>1.5 inches], self-reported but undocumented vertebral fracture, or glucocorticoid therapy equivalent to ≥5 mg of prednisone or equivalent per day for greater than or equal to 3 months).

Effects of partial replacement of maize in the diet with crude glycerin and/or soyabean oil on ruminal fermentation and microbial population in Nellore steers.

The objective of this study was to determine whether a combination of crude glycerin (CG) and soyabean oil (SO) could be used to partially replace maize in the diet of Nellore steers while maintaining optimum feed utilisation. Eight castrated Nellore steers fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used in a double 4×4 Latin square design balanced for residual effects, in a factorial arrangement (A×B), when factor A corresponded to the provision of SO, and factor B to the provision of CG. Steers feed SO and CG showed similar DM intake, DM, organic matter and neutral-detergent fibre digestibility to that of steers fed diets without oil and without glycerine (P>0·05). Both diets with CG additions reduced the acetate:propionate ratio and increased the proportion of iso-butyrate, butyrate, iso-valerate and valerate (P<0·05). Steers fed diets containing SO had less total N excretion (P<0·001) and showed greater retained N expressed as % N intake (P=0·022). SO and CG diet generated a greater ruminal abundance of Prevotella, Succinivibrio, Ruminococcus, Syntrophococcus and Succiniclasticum. Archaea abundance (P=0·002) and total ciliate protozoa were less in steers fed diets containing SO (P=0·011). CG associated with lipids could be an energy source, which is a useful strategy for the partial replacement of maize in cattle diets, could result in reduced total N excretion and ruminal methanogens without affecting intake and digestibility.

Degradation of a model azo dye in submerged anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAMBR) operated with powdered activated carbon (PAC).

This work investigated the anaerobic degradation of the model azo dye Remazol Yellow Gold RNL in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB) and two submerged anaerobic membrane (SAMBR) bioreactors, one of which (SAMBR-1) was operated with powdered activated carbon (PAC) in its interior. The reactors were operated at 35 °C with a hydraulic retention time of 24 h in three operational phases, aimed to assess the effect of external sources of carbon (glucose) or redox mediator (yeast extract) on the removal or color and organic matter. The results showed that removal efficiencies of COD (73-94%) and color (90-94%) were higher for SAMBR-1 when compared to SAMBR-2 (operated without PAC) and UASB reactors. In addition, the presence of PAC in SAMBR-1 increased reactor stability, thereby leading to a lower accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFA). The microfiltration membrane was responsible for an additional removal of ~50% of soluble residual COD in the form of VFA, thus improving permeate quality. On its turn, PAC exhibited the ability to adsorb byproducts (aromatic amines) of azo dye degradation as well as to act as source of immobilized redox mediator (quinone groups on its surface), thereby enhancing color removal.

Efeito da substituição do feno de Tifton 85 pelo caroço de algodão como fonte de fibra na dieta de bezerros / Effect of substitution of Tifton 85 hay by whole cotton seed as fiber source in the diets of calves

Para avaliar a substituição do feno Tifton 85 pelo caroço de algodão como fonte de fibra na dieta foram utilizados 24 bezerros da raça Holandesa, distribuídos em dois grupos. O grupo-feno recebeu feno e concentrado separados, fornecidos à vontade, e o grupo- algodão recebeu caroço de algodão incorporado ao concentrado (13,5 por cento), à vontade. O consumo de alimentos, o peso, as alturas da cernelha e do íleo, as circunferências torácica e abdominal, a concentração de glicose sangüínea, as concentrações de acetato, propionato e butirato, o pH do fluido ruminal e os pesos dos compartimentos do estômago foram mensurados. O consumo de alimentos, o desenvolvimento ponderal dos animais, as concentrações de acetato, propionato e butirato, o pH do fluido ruminal, as concentrações de glicose sangüíneas e o peso dos compartimentos do estômago foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). A necropsia, não foram observadas alterações sugestivas de intoxicação por gossipol. Concluiu-se que o caroço de algodão substituiu, sem prejuízos, o feno como fonte de fibra na dieta de bezerros(AU)

Twenty-four Holstein calves divided into two groups were used to evaluate Tifton 85 hay or whole cotton seed as fiber source in their diets. One group received Tifton 85 hay and concentrate ad libitum (hay group) and the other received ad libitum (cotton group) only concentrate with whole cotton seed incorporated (13,5 percent). Feed intake; weight; whither and ileum heights; thoracic and abdominal circumferences; acetate, propionate and butyric concentrations; pH of ruminal content; blood glucose; and rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum weights were measured. Feed intake; animal performance; acetate, propionate and butyric concentrations; pH of ruminal content; blood glucose and weight of stomach compartments did not differ between the groups (P>0.05). No clinical evidence of gossypol intoxication was observed. It was concluded that whole cotton seed replaced hay as fiber source in the diets of calves(AU)

Efeito da substituição do feno de Tifton 85 pelo caroço de algodão como fonte de fibra na dieta de bezerros / Effect of substitution of Tifton 85 hay by whole cotton seed as fiber source in the diets of calves

Para avaliar a substituição do feno Tifton 85 pelo caroço de algodão como fonte de fibra na dieta foram utilizados 24 bezerros da raça Holandesa, distribuídos em dois grupos. O grupo-feno recebeu feno e concentrado separados, fornecidos à vontade, e o grupo- algodão recebeu caroço de algodão incorporado ao concentrado (13,5 por cento), à vontade. O consumo de alimentos, o peso, as alturas da cernelha e do íleo, as circunferências torácica e abdominal, a concentração de glicose sangüínea, as concentrações de acetato, propionato e butirato, o pH do fluido ruminal e os pesos dos compartimentos do estômago foram mensurados. O consumo de alimentos, o desenvolvimento ponderal dos animais, as concentrações de acetato, propionato e butirato, o pH do fluido ruminal, as concentrações de glicose sangüíneas e o peso dos compartimentos do estômago foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). A necropsia, não foram observadas alterações sugestivas de intoxicação por gossipol. Concluiu-se que o caroço de algodão substituiu, sem prejuízos, o feno como fonte de fibra na dieta de bezerros

Twenty-four Holstein calves divided into two groups were used to evaluate Tifton 85 hay or whole cotton seed as fiber source in their diets. One group received Tifton 85 hay and concentrate ad libitum (hay group) and the other received ad libitum (cotton group) only concentrate with whole cotton seed incorporated (13,5 percent). Feed intake; weight; whither and ileum heights; thoracic and abdominal circumferences; acetate, propionate and butyric concentrations; pH of ruminal content; blood glucose; and rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum weights were measured. Feed intake; animal performance; acetate, propionate and butyric concentrations; pH of ruminal content; blood glucose and weight of stomach compartments did not differ between the groups (P>0.05). No clinical evidence of gossypol intoxication was observed. It was concluded that whole cotton seed replaced hay as fiber source in the diets of calves

Surto de febre amarela em bugios

A febre amarela é uma infecção aguda causada por um Flavivirus (VFA) transmitido por mosquitos, endemica nas regiões tropicais da América do Sul. O objetivo desta nota prévia é relatar a ocorrência de um surto da doença no Sul do Brasil. Durante os meses de outono de 2001, um surto de doença em bugios vitimou aproximadamente oitenta exemplares da espécie Alouatta fusca numa floresta no Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul (Santo Antônio das Missões e Garruchos). Os habitantes do lugar relataram que os animais caiam das árvores gravemente enfermos ou mortos. Os populares observaram que os animais tinham amarelamento acentuado da pele e mucosas visíveis. O cadáver de um dos bugios encontrados mortos foi necropsiado no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. O animal era uma fêmea em mau estado corporal e as lesões observadas na necropsia consistiam em icterícia acentuada de mucosas, grandes vasos e órgãos internos. A bexiga continha urina amarelada com flocos esbranquiçados. Tecidos de vários órgãos foram incluídos em parafina e corados pela hematoxilina e eosina. Foi detectada necrose de coagulação massiva do fígado com degeneração gordurosa dos hepatócitos remanescentes, degeneração do epitélio tubular renal com cilindros hialinos na luz tubular, e necrose variável dos folículos linfóides do baço. As lesões foram sugestivas de

Surto de febre amarela em bugios

A febre amarela é uma infecção aguda causada por um Flavivirus (VFA) transmitido por mosquitos, endemica nas regiões tropicais da América do Sul. O objetivo desta nota prévia é relatar a ocorrência de um surto da doença no Sul do Brasil. Durante os meses de outono de 2001, um surto de doença em bugios vitimou aproximadamente oitenta exemplares da espécie Alouatta fusca numa floresta no Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul (Santo Antônio das Missões e Garruchos). Os habitantes do lugar relataram que os animais caiam das árvores gravemente enfermos ou mortos. Os populares observaram que os animais tinham amarelamento acentuado da pele e mucosas visíveis. O cadáver de um dos bugios encontrados mortos foi necropsiado no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. O animal era uma fêmea em mau estado corporal e as lesões observadas na necropsia consistiam em icterícia acentuada de mucosas, grandes vasos e órgãos internos. A bexiga continha urina amarelada com flocos esbranquiçados. Tecidos de vários órgãos foram incluídos em parafina e corados pela hematoxilina e eosina. Foi detectada necrose de coagulação massiva do fígado com degeneração gordurosa dos hepatócitos remanescentes, degeneração do epitélio tubular renal com cilindros hialinos na luz tubular, e necrose variável dos folículos linfóides do baço. As lesões foram sugestivas de

Surto de febre amarela em bugios

A febre amarela é uma infecção aguda causada por um Flavivirus (VFA) transmitido por mosquitos, endemica nas regiões tropicais da América do Sul. O objetivo desta nota prévia é relatar a ocorrência de um surto da doença no Sul do Brasil. Durante os meses de outono de 2001, um surto de doença em bugios vitimou aproximadamente oitenta exemplares da espécie Alouatta fusca numa floresta no Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul (Santo Antônio das Missões e Garruchos). Os habitantes do lugar relataram que os animais caiam das árvores gravemente enfermos ou mortos. Os populares observaram que os animais tinham amarelamento acentuado da pele e mucosas visíveis. O cadáver de um dos bugios encontrados mortos foi necropsiado no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. O animal era uma fêmea em mau estado corporal e as lesões observadas na necropsia consistiam em icterícia acentuada de mucosas, grandes vasos e órgãos internos. A bexiga continha urina amarelada com flocos esbranquiçados. Tecidos de vários órgãos foram incluídos em parafina e corados pela hematoxilina e eosina. Foi detectada necrose de coagulação massiva do fígado com degeneração gordurosa dos hepatócitos remanescentes, degeneração do epitélio tubular renal com cilindros hialinos na luz tubular, e necrose variável dos folículos linfóides do baço. As lesões foram sugestivas de