A Cross-Sectional Study of the A1 Phenotype in the Colombian Caribbean: A Shadow Behind Pulmonary Embolism.

INTRODUCTION: Venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) is an episodic condition of multifactorial origin, commonly manifesting as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). VTE is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. As an acute condition, it has the potential for recurrence and is associated with major consequences; this disease poses significant challenges to the healthcare system. VTE is a widespread concern in developed and developing countries; therefore, it is not limited to specific regions or populations. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the risk factors associated with unprovoked PE in patients in a hospital center in Sincelejo, Colombia. METHODS: This is an observational, analytical cross-sectional study utilizing retrospective data. From 2010 to 2023, we reviewed 126 medical records of patients who experienced their first unprovoked VTE events and met the inclusion criteria. We performed data analysis using R software version 3.5.1. RESULTS: Of the patients, 36.5% (n = 46) were women; 63.5% (n = 80) were men, with a mean age of 62.22 years (SD = 10.62). About 53% of women presented with PE, compared to 47% of men. The coagulation factor VIII acted as a PE risk factor (p = 0.098). The best model to predict PE development obtained an Akaike information criterion (AIC) of 176.67, indicating that the A1 positive phenotype is the risk factor with the highest prediction for PE occurrence. CONCLUSIONS: High levels of coagulation factor VIII and an A1-positive phenotype are risk factors that may increase PE development. These findings suggest the need for preventive strategies in this risk setting to reduce the incidence and recurrence of PE.

Chronological pattern of venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurrence impacts in survival of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

BACKGROUND: Limited data exist on the prognostic significance of the chronology of VTE in patients with PDAC. METHODS: Medical data and survival characteristics of patients treated for PDAC from 2019 to 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Early VTE was defined as occurring within the three months of PDAC diagnosis. RESULTS: 197 patients were included, 54 (27.4%) developed a VTE. Early appearance of VTE was associated with worse prognosis: median overall survival (mOS) VTE < 3 months 8.5 months (HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.11-2.46; p = 0.014), mOS VTE > 3 months 12.8 months (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.39-1.54; p = 0.5) and mOS patients without VTE 11.4 months (95% CI 10.1-15.4). There was no significant association between the patient's VTE risk according to the Khorana risk score (KRS) (chi2 test p-value = 0.9). CONCLUSION: Early VTE is a prognostic factor in PDAC, which may identify a more aggressive subtype.

Back To Basics: Theory of Thrombus Formation and Potential Implications for Therapies?

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a common and potentially fatal condition. Despite existing treatments, recurrence rates and complications remain high. Understanding the pathophysiology of thrombus formation is crucial for developing effective therapies. This narrative review provides an overview of the critical elements of acute and chronic DVT, presents a theoretical framework for understanding thrombus formation, and discusses potential implications for therapeutic interventions. In addition, a hypothesis of thrombus formation is formulated, encompassing all elements described in this work.

Symptomatic uterine leiomyomatosis with intracaval and intracardiac invasion: Video case report.

Background: Fibroid is the most prevalent benign tumor of the female genital tract. Intravenous and intracardiac leiomyomatosis (IVL and ICLM, respectively) are rare complications that present with symptoms of pulmonary thromboembolism and heart failure and whose etiology, despite controversial, is a direct vascular invasion by a primary uterine leiomyoma. Case presentation: We present the case of a 31-year-old female patient with a previous history of pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea, whose ultrasound showed an enlarged and heterogeneous uterus. Complete hysterectomy was performed, and the anatomopathological examination showed leiomyomas without evidence of malignancy. One month later, the patient manifested dyspnea and chest pain. A neoplastic thrombus was identified, extending from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium, for which we proceeded with cavo-atrial thrombectomy under Normothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) with Warm Blood Cardioplegia (WBC). A metastatic lung injury of non-malignant histology was also detected. Discussion: Uterine leiomyoma is a very common benign tumor of the female genital tract. IVL with ICLM are rare and difficult-to-treat complications, whose etiology is a direct vascular invasion by a primary uterine leiomyoma, although it is still controversial. The incidence of ICLM is 10 to 30% of IVL cases. The main symptoms of ICLM are dyspnea, syncope, edema of the lower extremities and palpitations. Treatment is based on complete surgical removal of the tumor thrombus. Studies demonstrated that the one-stage procedure is safer from the patient's perspective and that CPB with WBC reduced intraoperative blood loss and total operative time, ensuring a less traumatic postoperative. Conclusions: Most patients with uterine leiomyoma are asymptomatic and acute complications are rare. In ICLM clinical manifestations are related to heart failure and flow obstruction. Because of the severity of the condition and the curative potential of treatment, surgery is morbid but highly recommended. The use of CPB with WBC improved the postoperative period and increased the patient's quality of life.

A meta-analysis and systematic review of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients undergoing vascular surgery procedures.

OBJECTIVE: Perioperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) is generally considered preventable. Whereas the non-vascular surgery literature is rich in providing data about the impact of VTE prophylaxis on VTE outcomes, vascular surgery data are relatively sparse on this topic. This study sought to evaluate the evidence for VTE prophylaxis specifically for the population of vascular surgery patients. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Embase databases in December 2018. Included were studies reporting primary and secondary outcomes for common vascular surgery procedures (open aortic operation, endovascular aneurysm repair [EVAR], peripheral artery bypass, amputation, venous reflux operation). A meta-analysis was performed comparing the patients who did not receive VTE prophylaxis and had VTE complications with patients who developed VTE despite receiving prophylaxis. RESULTS: From 3757 uniquely identified articles, 42 publications met the criteria for inclusion in this review (1 for the category of all vascular operations, 5 for open aortic reconstructions, 2 for EVAR, 1 for open aortic surgery or EVAR, 3 for abdominal or bypass surgery, 2 for peripheral bypass surgery, 2 for amputations, 1 for vascular trauma, and 25 for surgical treatment of superficial venous disease). Five studies met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The results demonstrated slightly lower relative risk for development of VTE among patients receiving VTE prophylaxis (relative risk, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-1.87). After open aortic reconstruction, the risk of VTE is 13% to 18% and is not reduced by VTE prophylaxis. For EVAR patients, the risk of VTE without prophylaxis is 6%. For patients undergoing peripheral bypass surgery and not receiving therapeutic or prophylactic anticoagulation, the risk of VTE is <2%. For patients undergoing amputations, VTE prophylaxis reduces the risk of VTE. For patients undergoing surgical treatment of superficial venous disease, there is an abundance of literature exploring the utility of VTE prophylaxis, but the evidence is conflicting; some studies demonstrated a benefit, whereas others showed no reduction of VTE with prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, there is a paucity of literature that addresses the effectiveness of VTE prophylaxis specifically in the population of vascular surgery patients. Our meta-analysis of the literature does not demonstrate a statistically significant benefit of VTE prophylaxis among the vascular surgery patients evaluated; however, it does suggest a low incidence of VTE among patients who receive VTE prophylaxis. Clinicians should identify the patients at high risk for development of postoperative VTE as the risk-benefit ratio may favor VTE prophylaxis in a selected group of patients. Clinicians should use their judgment and established VTE risk prediction models to assess VTE risk for patients. Vascular surgeons should consider reporting VTE incidence as a secondary outcome in publications.

Comparative effectiveness and safety of apixaban versus warfarin in patients with venous thromboembolism.

PURPOSE: Compared with conventional therapy (enoxaparin followed by warfarin), the direct-acting oral anticoagulant apixaban is thought to offer similar protection against recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) with lower bleeding risk. However, evidence regarding the heterogeneity of treatment effect from real-world data is lacking. The study described here aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety of use of apixaban versus warfarin in patients with VTE. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of commercial and Medicare supplemental databases (data coverage period, 2014-2017) among patients with a diagnosis of VTE who were new users of apixaban or warfarin. We controlled for confounding using propensity score [PS] 1:4 matching. Cox proportional hazard models were used to obtain hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity of treatment effect was assessed among patients with provoked VTE versus unprovoked VTE. RESULTS: After PS matching, a total of 36,907 patients were included in the cohort (n = 8,094 apixaban users and n = 28,813 warfarin users). In Cox regression models, the use of apixaban versus warfarin was associated with lower risks of recurrent VTE (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.45-0.65) and major bleeding events (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54-0.84); these results remained consistent in patients with provoked VTE and those with unprovoked VTE. CONCLUSION: This population-based analysis of patients with VTE extends results of randomized clinical trials indicating lower risks of development of recurrent VTE and major bleeding events with use of apixaban versus warfarin in real-world settings. The observed benefits of apixaban extended to selected subgroups of the VTE population, including patients with provoked VTE.

Bemiparin as a long-term treatment for venous thrombosis in cancer patients: the ELEBAMA study.

INTRODUCTION: Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is the standard treatment for cancer-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE). There have been no specific studies evaluating bemiparin for VTE in people with cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of bemiparin for long-term treatment of VTE in routine clinical practice. METHODS/PATIENTS: Prospective observational study. Consecutive patients with active cancer and VTE, under treatment with bemiparin for at least 6 months, were recruited. RESULTS: We included 89 patients. The 6- and 9-month cumulative VTE recurrence rates were 2.4% and 5.9%, respectively. The 6-month cumulative rate of major bleeding was 1.3%, and of clinically relevant non-major bleeding, 8%. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of events in this study is lower than that reported in randomized trials. Bemiparin is effective and safe for the long-term treatment of cancer-associated VTE in routine clinical practice.

Enfermedad tromboembólica venosa: factores de riesgo y profilaxis en pacientes hospitalizados / Venous thromboembolic disease: risk factors and prophylaxis in hospitalized patients

Un alto porcentaje de pacientes hospitalizados puede presentar trombosis venosa profunda con sus corresponientes consecuencias. Objetivos: Determinar el riesgo y tratamiento profiláctico de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (ETEV) en pacientes hospitalizados. Métodos:investigación de tipo observacional, transversal y multicéntrica. Se aplicó la escala de Caprini para identificar factores de riesgo en pacientes hospitalizados de cuatro hospitales del área Metropolitana de Caracas. Por otra parte, se aplicó una encuesta a médicos residentes y especialistas de las distintas sedes hospitalarias para determinar su conocimiento en profilaxis para ETEV. Resultados: Se registraron 851 pacientes hospitalizados con edad 48,6 + 19,3 años, con predominio del género masculino (59 %). Estaban en servicios quirúrgicos 489 pacientes (57,5 %) y servicios médicos 362 pacientes (42,5 %). Según la escala de Caprini 154 pacientes (18,1 %) estaban en riesgo moderado, y 642 pacientes (75,4 %) en riesgo alto. Recibieron tratamiento profiláctico 61 pacientes (7,7 %), siendo la medicación y la dosis adecuada solo en el 32,8 % de estos pacientes. En cuanto al conocimiento de ETEV, el 96,9 % de los médicos conoce la enfermedad, pero solo el 58,5 % reconoce la embolia pulmonar como parte de esta entidad. Solo el 49,2 % de los encuestados conoce o aplica escalas de riesgo para esta enfermedad. El tratamiento farmacológico es conocido por el 93,8 % de los médicos. Solo el 56,6 % de los médicos realiza seguimiento a los pacientes, siendo el lapso menor de 3 meses el más frecuente (40 %). Conclusiones: en nuestro estudio hay predominio de pacientes con alto riesgo para ETEV. El uso de profilaxis farmacológica es muy bajo. El conocimiento de escalas de riesgo no es adecuado(AU)

Venous thromboembolic disease is frequent in hospitalized patients.Objectives: To determine the risk and prophylactic therapy of venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) in patients with medical and surgical pathologies according to the Caprini scale. Methods: an observational, transversal and multicenter research was performed. The Caprini scale was applied to identify risk factors in medical and surgical hospitalized patients of four hospitals in the metropolitan area of Caracas. Also, a survey was applied to residents and specialists from the different hospitals to determine the knowledge about prophylactic treatment for VTE. Results: we registered 851 hospitalized patients with an age of 48,6 + 19,3 years, mainly men (59 %). There were 489 surgical patients (57,5 %) and 362 medical patients (42,5 %). According to Caprini risk scale 154 patients (18,1 %) were at middle risk and 642 patients (75,4 %) were at high risk. Prophylactic treatment was indicated in 61 patients (7,7 %), this treatment was adequate (doses and drug type) only in 32 % of these patients. About the ETV, 96,9 % of the medical doctors had knowledge of this illness, but only 58,5 % recognize pulmonary embolism as part of this entity. Only 49,2 % knows or applies risk scales for ETV. 56,6 % follows the patients, more frequently for less of 3 months (40 %). Conclusions: we found is a high predominance of moderate to high risk patients for ETV. Pharmacological prophylaxis was very low. ETV risk scales knowlegde is not adequate(AU)

The Bariatric Patient in the Intensive Care Unit: Pitfalls and Management.

The increasing number of bariatric/metabolic operations as important alternatives for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes brought several concerns about the intensive care of patients undergoing those procedures. Intensive Care Unit admission criteria are needed in order to better allocate resources and avoid unnecessary interventions. Furthermore, well-established protocols, helpful in many clinical situations, are not directly applicable to obese patients. Indeed, difficult airway management, mechanical ventilation, fluid therapy protocols, prophylaxis, and treatment of venous thromboembolic events have unique aspects that should be taken into consideration. Finally, new data related to planning nutrition therapy of the critically obese have been highlighted and deserve consideration. In this review, we provide an outline of recent studies related to those important aspects of the care of the bariatric/metabolic patients in critical conditions.

Performance of the Wells score in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism during hospitalization: a delayed-type cross sectional study in a community hospital.

INTRODUCTION: The role of the Wells score for patients who develop signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism (PE) during hospitalization has not been sufficiently validated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of the Wells score for inpatients with suspected PE and to evaluate the prevalence of pulmonary embolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross sectional study nested in the prospective Institutional Registry of Thromboembolic Disease at Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires from June 2006 to March 2011. We included patients who developed symptoms of pulmonary embolism during hospitalization. Patients were stratified based on the Wells score as PE likely (>4 points) or PE unlikely (≤4 points). The presence of pulmonary embolism was defined by pre-specified criteria. RESULTS: Six hundred and thirteen patients met the inclusion criteria, with an overall prevalence of PE of 36%. Two hundred and nineteen (34%) were classified as PE likely and 394 (66%) as PE unlikely with a prevalence of PE of 66% and 20%, respectively. The Wells score showed a sensitivity of 65 (95% CI 59-72), specificity 81 (95% CI 77-85), positive predictive value 66 (95% CI 60-72) and negative predictive value 80 (95% CI 77-84). CONCLUSIONS: The Wells Score is accurate to predict the probability of PE in hospitalized patients and this population had a higher prevalence of PE than other cohorts. However, the score is not sufficiently predictive to rule out a potentially fatal disorder.

Hospital-associated venous thromboembolism in children: incidence and clinical characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: To determine incidence and clinical characteristics of hospital-associated venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pediatric patients. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of patients with hospital-associated VTE at the Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1994 to 2009 was performed. Clinical characteristics of patients aged 21 years and younger who developed VTE symptoms after 2 days of hospitalization or <90 days after hospital discharge were examined. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes were used to categorize patients with complex chronic medical conditions and trauma. RESULTS: There were 270 episodes of hospital-associated VTE in 90,485 admissions (rate 30 per 10,000 admissions). Young adults (18-21 years) and adolescents (14-17 years) had significantly increased rates of VTE compared with children (2-9 years) (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 7.7, 95% CI 5.1-12.0; IRR 4.3, 95% CI 2.7-6.8, respectively). A central venous catheter (CVC) was present in 50% of patients, and a surgical procedure was performed in 45% of patients before VTE diagnosis. For patients without a CVC, trauma was the most common admitting diagnosis. CVC-related VTE was diagnosed most frequently in infants (<1 year old) and in patients with malignancy. Renal and cardiac diseases were associated with the highest rates of VTE (51 and 48 per 10,000, respectively). Rates were significantly higher among those with ≥ 4 medical conditions compared with those with 1 medical condition (IRR 4.0, 95% CI 1.4-8.9). CONCLUSION: Older age and multiple medical conditions were associated with increased rates of hospital-associated VTE. These data can contribute to the design of future clinical trials to prevent hospital-associated VTE in high-risk children.

Profilaxis de enfermedad tromboembólica en cirugía laparoscópica / Thromboembolic disease prophylaxis in laparoscopic surgery

Introducción: la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa perioperatoria es la que se produce en relación con una intervención quirúrgica y que se manifiesta durante el postoperatorio inmediato o tardío. Su evolución puede ser diversa, de menor a mayor gravedad. La incidencia de esta complicación en cirugía mínimamente invasiva es semejante a la cirugía convencional.Objetivos: actualizar los estudios del tema sobre la profilaxis de la enfermedad tromboembólica en cirugía laparoscópica.Desarrollo: las técnicas de mínimo acceso han incorporado procederes de elevada complejidad, similares a los realizados por cirugía abierta que poseen alto riesgo de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa. En la literatura se plantean diversos métodos de profilaxis. Con la evidencia existente sean elaborado recomendaciones especificas para diferentes intervenciones realizados por vía laparoscópica según la estratificación de riesgo. Conclusiones: en pacientes con factores de riesgo o propuestos para intervenciones prolongadas de de cirugía laparoscópica se deben emplear, los métodos mecánicos y las HBPM a las dosis adecuadas al nivel de riesgo(AU)

Introduction: the perioperative venous thromboembolic disease is the one that occurs in surgery and is observed in the immediate or late postoperative period. Its evolution can be diverse, from low to high severity. The incidence of this complication in minimally invasive surgery is similar to that of the conventional surgery. Objectives: to update the studies of the topic about the thromboembolic disease prophylaxis in laparoscopic surgery. Development: minimal access techniques have incorporated high complexity procedures, similar to the ones carried out by open surgery that are at high risk of venous thromboembolic disease. There are different prophylaxis methods in literature. With the present evidence, specific recommendations have been elaborated for different interventions performed laparoscopically according to the risk stratification. Conclusions: in patients with risk factors or scheduled for long laparoscopic surgery, mechanic methods and adequate doses of LMWH according to the risk level should be used(AU)

Profilaxis de enfermedad tromboembólica en cirugía laparoscópica / Thromboembolic disease prophylaxis in laparoscopic surgery

Introducción: la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa perioperatoria es la que se produce en relación con una intervención quirúrgica y que se manifiesta durante el postoperatorio inmediato o tardío. Su evolución puede ser diversa, de menor a mayor gravedad. La incidencia de esta complicación en cirugía mínimamente invasiva es semejante a la cirugía convencional. Objetivos: actualizar los estudios del tema sobre la profilaxis de la enfermedad tromboembólica en cirugía laparoscópica. Desarrollo: las técnicas de mínimo acceso han incorporado procederes de elevada complejidad, similares a los realizados por cirugía abierta que poseen alto riesgo de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa. En la literatura se plantean diversos métodos de profilaxis. Con la evidencia existente sean elaborado recomendaciones especificas para diferentes intervenciones realizados por vía laparoscópica según la estratificación de riesgo. Conclusiones: en pacientes con factores de riesgo o propuestos para intervenciones prolongadas de de cirugía laparoscópica se deben emplear, los métodos mecánicos y las HBPM a las dosis adecuadas al nivel de riesgo.

Introduction: the perioperative venous thromboembolic disease is the one that occurs in surgery and is observed in the immediate or late postoperative period. Its evolution can be diverse, from low to high severity. The incidence of this complication in minimally invasive surgery is similar to that of the conventional surgery. Objectives: to update the studies of the topic about the thromboembolic disease prophylaxis in laparoscopic surgery. Development: minimal access techniques have incorporated high complexity procedures, similar to the ones carried out by open surgery that are at high risk of venous thromboembolic disease. There are different prophylaxis methods in literature. With the present evidence, specific recommendations have been elaborated for different interventions performed laparoscopically according to the risk stratification. Conclusions: in patients with risk factors or scheduled for long laparoscopic surgery, mechanic methods and adequate doses of LMWH according to the risk level should be used.

Engineered drought-induced biosynthesis of α-tocopherol alleviates stress-induced leaf damage in tobacco.

Tocopherols are members of the vitamin E complex and essential antioxidant compounds synthesized in chloroplasts that protect photosynthetic membranes against oxidative damage triggered by most environmental stresses. Tocopherol deficiency has been shown to affect germination, retard growth and change responses to abiotic stress, suggesting that tocopherols may be involved in a number of diverse physiological processes in plants. Instead of seeking constitutive synthesis of tocopherols to improve stress tolerance, we followed an inducible approach of enhancing α-tocopherol accumulation under dehydration conditions in tobacco. Two uncharacterized stress inducible promoters isolated from Arabidopsis and the VTE2.1 gene from Solanum chilense were used in this work. VTE2.1 encodes the enzyme homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT), which catalyzes the prenylation step in tocopherol biosynthesis. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing ScVTE2.1 under the control of stress-inducible promoters showed increased levels of α-tocopherol when exposed to drought conditions. The accumulation of α-tocopherol correlated with higher water content and increased photosynthetic performance and less oxidative stress damage as evidenced by reduced lipid peroxidation and delayed leaf senescence. Our results indicate that stress-induced expression of VTE2.1 can be used to increase the vitamin E content and to diminish detrimental effects of environmental stress in plants. The stress-inducible promoters introduced in this work may prove valuable to future biotechnological approaches in improving abiotic stress resistance in plants.

Enfermedad tromboembólica venosa: ¿una patología frecuente poco reconocida? / Venous thromboembolic disease: a rare pathology?

El tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP), es el resultado de la obstrucción de la circulación arterial pulmonar por un émbolo procedente en la mayoría de los casos (95%) del sistema venoso profundo de las extremidades inferiores (grandes venas proximales), en menor frecuencia de las pélvicas. Otros orígenes pueden ser: vena cava, cavidades cardíacas derechas, aurícula izquierda (fibrilación auricular), válvulas cardíacas (endocarditis), ventrículo derecho (necrosis) y miembros superiores. Son poco frecuentes los émbolos formados por tumores, aire, fibrina, líquido amniótico, medula ósea y cuerpos extraños. OBJETIVO El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la frecuencia y la incidencia de la Trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) diagnosticada en el servicio de Medicina I del Hospital de Clínicas y Unidad de Terapia Intensiva del Instituto Nacional de Tórax, en la ciudad de La Paz - Bolivia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS Se incorporaron a la investigación todos los pacientes mayores de 16 años que fueron dados de alta o fallecieron en el servicio de Medicina I del Hospital de Clínicas y la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva del Instituto Nacional de Tórax durante un período de 24 meses, comprendido entre el 1 de junio del 2004 al 30 de junio del 2006 que tenían como diagnósticos de egreso tromboembolismo venoso (TEV), tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP), infarto de pulmón y/o trombosis venosa profunda (TVP). Estos diagnósticos de TEV, de acuerdo a la Clasificación Estadística Internacional de Enfermedades y Problemas Relacionados con la Salud (CIE-10), correspondían a: embolia de pulmón con y sin corazón pulmonar agudo (I-26), flebitis y tromboflebitis (I-80) y tromboflebitis de otros vasos profundos de los miembros inferiores (I-82) RESULTADOS El diagnóstico de TEV se confirmó objetivamente en el 22% de estos enfermos, la relación varón/mujer fue de 1/2. La frecuencia de TEV para el período en estudio fue 0.92%. Los 9 pacientes con el diagnóstico de TEV fueron distribuidos en dos grupos según el momento de aparición del cuadro clínico. 5 pacientes (57.22%) tenían signos y/o síntomas de TEP o TVP cuando ingresaron en los hospitales o los desarrollaron durante los primeros cuatro días de internación, y 4 enfermos (42.77%) los presentaron a partir del quinto día de internación. El 30.98% de los pacientes que desarrollaron una TEV intrahospitalaria tenían indicada profilaxis con ASA durante la internación, aunque no es posible asegurar que ésta se hubiera cumplido en forma correcta. Un paciente (6.62%) con TEV, internado, desarrollo a enfermedad en el curso de un tratamiento anticoagulante adecuado. Seis pacientes (68.07%) tuvieron TVP y 2 (18.67%) TEP. En un paciente (12%) se confirmó la presencia simultánea de TEP y TVP. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria global de los pacientes con TEV, atribuida a la TEV u otras causas, fue 19% (2 pacientes). Los pacientes que ingresaron en los hospitales con el diagnóstico de TEV tuvieron una mortalidad significativamente más baja que la del grupo que desarrolló la enfermedad durante la internación (0.5% vs. 30.98% respectivamente, p=0.004). Aquellos pacientes que por la gravedad del cuadro clínico (n=2) debieron ser internados en unidades de cuidados intensivos tuvieron una mortalidad de 43.75%. La incidencia de TEV fue 0.15%; IC 95%, 0.37 a 0.42 y alcanzó su valor más elevado (0.80%;IC 95%: 0.78% a 0.82%) durante la sexta década de la vida. La incidencia fue mayor en el sexo femenino (88.8%; IC95%: 0.44 a 0.49%). Entre los factores de riesgo identificados en esta población con TEV, clasificados de acuerdo al riesgo relativo indirecto de los mismos. Los más frecuentes fueron: reposo en cama durante más de 3 días y antecedente de TEP o TVP. La frecuencia de presentación de éstos fue diferente según la TEV hubiera sido adquirida en la comunidad o durante la internación, pero solamente el antecedente de TEP o TVP fue significativamente más frecuente en aquellos pacientes que ingresaron al hospital con TEV (p=0.007). CONCLUSIÓN La TEV es una enfermedad que puede prevenirse. No obstante, sólo un tercio de los enfermos que desarrollaron TEV en el Hospital de Clínicas y Unidad de Terapia Intensiva del INT tenían indicado tratamiento o profilaxis con ASA y warfarina.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the result of obstruction of the arterial circulation from pulmonary embolus, in most cases (95%), the deep venous system of the lower extremities (large proximal veins) in less frequent the pelvis. Other sources include: vena cava, righ heart, left ventricle (necrosis) and upper limbs. Emboli are rare tumors composed of, air, fibrin, amniotic fluid, bone marrow and foreign bodies. OBJETIVE The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and incidence of venous thrombosis (DVT), objectively diagnosed in the service of Medicine I, University Hospital and Intensive Care Unit, National Institute of Thorax, the city of La Paz-Bolivia. MATERIAL AND METHODS They joined the investigation all patients over 16 who were discharged or died in the service of Medicine I, University Hospital and the Intensive Care Unit, National Institute of chest for a period of 24 months between the 1 June 2004 to June 30, 2006, and had discharge diagnoses as service venous thromboembolism (VTE), pulmonary embolism (PE), acute lung and/or deep vein thrombosis (DVT). These diagnoses ofVTE, according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10), corresponding to: pulmonary embolism with acute pulmonary and cored (I-26), phlebitis and thrombophlebitis (I-80) and trhomboembophlebitis of other deep vessels of lower limbs (I-82). RESULTS The diagnosis of VTE was confirmed objectively in 22% ofthese patients, the male/ female ratio was V2. The frequency of VTE for the study period was 0.92%. The 9 patients with the diagnosis of VTE were divided into two group according to time of onset of symptoms. 5 patients (57.22%) had sings and/or symptoms of DVT or pulmonary embolism when admitted to hospitals or developed during the first four days of hospitalization, and 4 patients (42.77%) presented after the fifth day of hospitalization. The 30.98% ofpatient who developed VTE prophylaxis hospital ASA had indicated during hospitalization, although it is not possible to ensure that it had been performed correctly. One patient (6.62%) with VTE, boarding, development of illness in the course of anticoagulant treatment. Six patient (68.07%) had DVT and 2 (18.67%) TEP. In one patient (12%) confirmed the simultaneous presence of PE and DVT. Overall hospital mortality of patient with VTE attributed to other causes, was 19% (2 patients). Patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of VTE had a significantly lower mortality than the group that developed the disease during hospitalization (0.5% vs 30.98% respectively, ) p=0.004. Those patient by severity of symptoms (n=2) had to be hospitalized in intensive care units had a mortality rate of 43.74%. the incidenceof VTE was 0.15%, 95% IC, 0.37 to 0.42 and reached its highest value (0.80%, 95% IC, 0.78% to 0.82%) during the sixth decade oflife. The incidence was higherin females (88.8%, 95% IC 0.44 to 0.49%). Among the identified risk factors for VTE in this population, classified according to the relative risk of them indirect. The most frequent were: bed rest for more than 3 days and history of DVT or pulmonary embolism. The frequency of occurrence of these was different depending on the VTE was acquired in the community or during hospitalization, but only a history of DVT or pulmonary embolism was significantly more frequent in those patients admitted to hospital with VTE (p=0.007). CONCLUSION VTE is a preventable disease. However, only one third of patient developed VTE in the University Hospital and Intensive Care Unit of INT, had indicated treatment or prophylaxis with ASA and warfarin .

Desafios na profilaxia do tromboembolismo venoso: abordagem do paciente crítico / Challenges in prevention venous thromboembolism: critical ill patient approach

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O tromboembolismo venoso (TEV), que inclui a trombose venosa profunda (TVP) e o tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) são complicações comuns em pacientes críticos. A ocorrência de TEV acarreta um substancial aumento da morbimortalidade dos pacientes internados em unidades de terapia intensiva (UTI). CONTEÚDO: A maioria dos pacientes críticos apresenta alto risco para ocorrência de complicações tromboembólicas, entretanto, a prevenção do TEV muitas vezes não é realizada de maneira adequada para este grupo de pacientes. A heparina de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) parece ser o método mais eficiente para a prevenção do TEV em pacientes de UTI. Entretanto, é patente a escassez de estudos voltados para esta população, cujas particularidades levam a recomendações específicas em relação ao diagnóstico e tratamento. CONCLUSÕES: Esta revisão faz uma análise do risco, discute os principais trabalhos publicados a respeito da profilaxia e sugere estratégias para a diminuição da ocorrência de TEV nos pacientes críticos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Venous thromboembolism (VTE), with includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is a common complication in critically ill patients, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. CONTENTS: Most patients treated in intensive care units (ICU) face a high risk of thromboembolic complications. Despite these considerations, the prevention of VTE may not be as high a priority in ICU patients as it is in other high-risk patient groups. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) may be the optimal prophylaxis in most ICU patients, but there is a lack of sufficient data including the paucity of VTE consensus and guidelines documents pertaining to critically ill patients. CONCLUSIONS: This article reviews background, current options, and recommendations regarding VTE in intensive care population emphasizing special diagnostic and treatment considerations in the ICU setting.