Spanish validation of the Gamblers’ Belief Questionnaire (GBQ) / Validación española de la escala“Gamblers Belief Questionnaire (GBQ)”

The objective of this study is to validate The Gambler’s Beliefs Questionnaire, a measure of gamblers’ cognitive distortions. The psychometric properties of the scale were analyzed with a Spanish sample of 515 participants aged from 16 and 24 years. Three scales related to pathological gambling (SOGS-RA and MAGS) and to social desirability were administered. A cross-sectional validation was performed, obtaining a scale with 21 items distributed in two independent factors (Luck/perseverance and Illusion of control). The internal consistency (α = .93) and test-retest reliability (r = .69) are adequate. GBQ scale scores correlate significantly with other measures of pathological gambling (SOGS: r = .35; MAGS: r = .40, both p ≤ .001). Higher levels of cognitive distortions are associated with a higher likelihood of being classified as a problem or at-risk gambler. GBQ scores are influenced by social desirability, although the effect sizes are small (r below .20). The GBQ is a useful instrument in the diagnosis and evaluation of the treatment of Spanish youths and adolescents with gambling problems. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio es la validación española del “Gamblers Belief Questionnaire (GBQ)” que mide distorsiones cognitivas relacionadas con los problemas de juego. Se analizan las propiedades psicométricas de la escala en 515 jóvenes españoles, de 16 a 24 años. Se administraron tres escalas sobre juego patológico (GBQ, SOGS-RA y MAGS) y deseabilidad social. Se realizó una validación cruzada, obteniéndose una escala de 21 ítems con una estructura bifactorial (Suerte/Perseverancia e Ilusión de Control). La consistencia interna (α = ,93) y estabilidad temporal (r = ,69) de la escala son adecuadas. Las puntuaciones de la escala GBQ correlacionan de forma significativa con otras medidas de juego patológico (SOGS: r = ,35; MAGS: r = ,40, ambas p ≤ ,001). Un mayor nivel de distorsiones cognitivas se asocia a mayor probabilidad de ser clasificado como jugador con problemas o de riesgo. Las puntuaciones del GBQ están influenciadas por la deseabilidad social, aunque los tamaños del efecto son pequeños (r menores a ,20). El GBQ es un instrumento útil en el diagnóstico y evaluación de tratamientos de jóvenes y adolescentes españoles con problemas de juego. (AU)

Measuring optimal psychological states: Proposal of two brief versions to measure flow and clutch in athletes.

Background: The study of sports experiences with high levels of performance has led to the observation of two psychological states categorized as optimal, denominated flow and clutch. The objective of this study is to design and validate two brief scales version to measure flow and clutch. Methods: Following the MIMO (Maximum Information, Minimum Discomfort) protocol, three studies are carried out: In Study 1, we developed the short versions of the questionnaires based on theory-driven and data-driven criteria; in Study 2, we used quantitative criteria to validate the short versions; and in Study 3, we checked the final version of each scale to observe their statistical validity and their relation to other variables. Results: The new short flow scale is made up of seven items, while the clutch scale is made up of five items. Throughout the three studies, evidence is provided of the internal consistency, invariance of the measurement models and content validity, validity related to the responding process and validity in relation to other variables. Conclusion: This study provides two short versions to evaluate flow and clutch, which will help to continue advancing in the study of optimal psychological states in sport.

Adaptation and initial validation of the Spanish version of the chronic otitis media questionnaire-12 (COMQ-12) and chronic otitis media benefit inventory (COMBI)

Background and objectives: The chronic otitis media questionnaire-12 (COMQ-12) and chronic otitis media benefit inventory (COMBI) aim to assess the quality of life related to chronic otitis media or its surgical treatment. The objective of this study was to validate the Spanish adaptation of the COMQ-12 and COMBI.Patients and methodsMulticentre prospective instrument validation study. guidelines for the cross-cultural adaptation process were followed. The psychometric properties of the Spanish versions (“COMQ-12-Spa” for “COMQ-12-Spanish” and “COMBI-Spa” for “COMBI-Spanish”) were assessed in 25 consecutive adults undergoing tympanoplasty and in a separate cohort of 25 unaffected adults.ResultsCOMQ-12-Spa: test–retest reliability, r=0.98; internal consistency reliability, α=0.92. Item-subscale and item-total coefficients, ≥0.40. Between-group discrimination, p<0.0001. COMBI-Spa: internal consistency, α=0.96. A high-intensity relationship between the variables was shown, ≥0.40. Correlation between the COMBI-Spa and the Spanish Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI), r=0.89; p<0.01.ConclusionPsychometric testing of the Spanish versions of the COMQ-12-Spa and COMBI-Spa yielded satisfactory results, thus allowing pre- and postintervention assessment of the subjective severity of chronic otitis media in adult patients. (AU)

Antecedentes y objetivo: El Cuestionario de otitis media crónica-12 (COMQ-12) y el Inventario de beneficios en otitis media crónica (COMBI) valoran la calidad de vida relacionada con la otitis media crónica o su tratamiento quirúrgico. El objetivo del estudio fue validar la adaptación española de los originales británicos.Pacientes y métodosEstudio multicéntrico prospectivo de validación de instrumento. Se siguieron las pautas para el proceso de adaptación transcultural. Las propiedades psicométricas de las versiones españolas, COMQ-12-Spa y COMBI-Spa, fueron evaluadas en 25 adultos consecutivos intervenidos de timpanoplastia y en una cohorte separada de 25 adultos sanos.ResultadosCOMQ-12-Spa: fiabilidad test-retest, r=0,98; consistencia interna, α=0,92; coeficientes ítem-subescala e ítem-total, ≥0,40; discriminación entre grupos, p<0,0001. COMBI-Spa: consistencia interna, α=0.96. Se encontró una relación de intensidad elevada entre las variables, ≥0,40. Correlación entre COMBI-Spa y Glasgow Benefit Inventory español (GBI), r=0,89; p<0,01.ConclusionesLas pruebas psicométricas de las versiones españolas COMQ-12-Spa y COMBI-Spa ofrecieron resultados satisfactorios, lo que permite la valoración pre y postintervención de la severidad subjetiva de la otitis media crónica en pacientes adultos. (AU)

Adaptation and initial validation of the Spanish version of the chronic otitis media questionnaire-12 (COMQ-12) and chronic otitis media benefit inventory (COMBI).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The chronic otitis media questionnaire-12 (COMQ-12) and chronic otitis media benefit inventory (COMBI) aim to assess the quality of life related to chronic otitis media or its surgical treatment. The objective of this study was to validate the Spanish adaptation of the COMQ-12 and COMBI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Multicentre prospective instrument validation study. guidelines for the cross-cultural adaptation process were followed. The psychometric properties of the Spanish versions ("COMQ-12-Spa" for "COMQ-12-Spanish" and "COMBI-Spa" for "COMBI-Spanish") were assessed in 25 consecutive adults undergoing tympanoplasty and in a separate cohort of 25 unaffected adults. RESULTS: COMQ-12-Spa: test-retest reliability, r=0.98; internal consistency reliability, α=0.92. Item-subscale and item-total coefficients, ≥0.40. Between-group discrimination, p<0.0001. COMBI-Spa: internal consistency, α=0.96. A high-intensity relationship between the variables was shown, ≥0.40. Correlation between the COMBI-Spa and the Spanish Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI), r=0.89; p<0.01. CONCLUSION: Psychometric testing of the Spanish versions of the COMQ-12-Spa and COMBI-Spa yielded satisfactory results, thus allowing pre- and postintervention assessment of the subjective severity of chronic otitis media in adult patients.

Adaptación y validación al español de la Escala de Empoderamiento Psicológico / Spanish adaptation and validation of the Psychological Empowerment Scale

Resumen El empoderamiento psicológico es un constructo de gran importancia en Psicología. Aunque existen diversos instrumentos de medida, el Psychological Empowerment Instrument de Spreitzer (PEI, 1995) ha sido tradicionalmente el más utilizado en el área de la Psicología Organizacional. Originalmente, este instrumento constaba de 16 ítems organizados en cuatro factores. Por ello, el objetivo del presente artículo fue la adaptación y validación al español del PEI, así como el análisis de su estructura factorial. Para ello, se llevaron a cabo dos estudios independientes. El objetivo del primero fue su traducción al español y su adaptación cultural en una muestra de 242 estudiantes universitarios para analizar la estructura factorial de los ítems y su fiabilidad. En el segundo estudio, se aplicó el nuevo instrumento traducido a una muestra de 317 trabajadores de una empresa de servicios con el fin de validarlo y comprobar la bondad del modelo, así como la validez concurrente con otras variables, tales como el empoderamiento estructural, el compromiso afectivo y la rotación, de la que se conoce su relación por estudios previos. El nuevo cuestionario resultante confirmó la estructura factorial original en cuatro dimensiones (competencia, significado, autonomía e impacto), aunque redujo el número de ítems (de los 16 originales a 13). El cuestionario adaptado al español obtenido tuvo, además, buenos parámetros psicométricos y de bondad de ajuste. El trabajo finaliza discutiendo sobre la relevancia del instrumento adaptado y sus posibles aplicaciones.

Abstract Psychological empowerment is a construct with a multifaceted character composed of four basic cognitions (impact, competence, meaning, and self-determination), which goes beyond a simple delegation of power. The impact of empowerment in different fields of Psychology has been important due to the proven relations maintained with other well-founded psychological variables in the scientific literature, and because of the positive consequences on the results and well-being of people. Although there are different instruments for the measurement of this construct, the Psychological Empowerment Instrument (PEI) by Spreitzer (1995) has been traditionally the one most employed to measure the psychological empowerment in the area of Organizational Psychology, counting with more than one thousand publications, and articles as well as translations and adaptations to different languages. The original questionnaire elaborated by Spreitzer consists of 16 items organised in four factors following the four basic cognitions that were described above. Therefore, the aim of this article is the adaptation to Spanish, validation of the PEI, and to analyse its factor structure. In order to do so, two independent studies were carried out. The specific objective of the first study was to translate into Spanish and to adapt culturally such questionnaire. In the second study, the objective was to validate the resulting questionnaire and to analyse the factor structure and its goodness and with other psychological and organisational variables as well as the external validity in a sample of workers. In order to do so, in the first study it was carried out an inverse translation and adaptation to Spanish with a sample of 242 university students to subsequently analyse the factorial structure of the items and its reliability. The resulting translated questionnaire confirmed the factor structure in four dimensions (Competence, Meaning, Self-determination, and Impact), although the number of items was reduced from the original 16 to 13, which would explain the 74.08 % of the sampling variance. To confirm the psychometric characteristics of this new questionnaire, we performed a second study with 317 workers of a Spanish service company in order to analyse through confirmative procedures the internal structure of this new instrument, verify its adequacy and goodness of fit of the resulting factors as well as assessing the relation and external validity in a sample of workers and concurrency with other variables (structural empowerment, affective commitment and intention to leave), which are known to have a relation with psychological empowerment from previous research. From the application of this new questionnaire translated to Spanish into this sample of workers, we confirmed again the structure of 13 items in four factors from the first study. Furthermore, we obtained good fit indexes (GFI, AGF, and NNFI), with values between .90 and .96. Additionally, through regression analysis we obtained positive and statistically significant results between psychological empowerment and other variables included in the study (structural empowerment, affective commitment, and intention to leave), testing the interrelations among them. Therefore, those people with a greater cognition on their empowerment developed a greater engagement and attachment towards the organisation, and consequently, their wish to leave was lower. Our study concludes with a discussion about the importance of the adapted instrument and its possible applications.

Validación de un cuestionario para medir conocimientos sobre medicamentos en adolescentes españoles / To validate a medication knowledge questionnaire in the adolescent high school student population

Objetivo: validar un cuestionario de conocimiento de medicación en la población adolescente estudiante de bachillerato.Material y métodos: emplazamiento y muestra: para la citada validación se han usado los datos obtenidos en el estudio ConóceMe. Concretamente, la respuesta al cuestionario en el primer seguimiento en el total de los alumnos (n= 12.030). Para la prueba de fiabilidad test-retest se han usado la línea base y el primer seguimiento solo del grupo control (n= 6.228).Análisis de los datos: se han evaluado la fiabilidad (consistencia interna, test de dos mitades y test-retest), la validez (análisis factorial) y el funcionamiento de los ítems (dificultad, discriminación y correlación respecto al total del cuestionario). Resultados: las pruebas de fiabilidad arrojan unos resultados con índices todos ellos superiores a 0,7. Así el alfa de Cronbach tiene un valor de 0,80 y el test de dos mitades 0,81.La validez muestra un análisis factorial que obtiene su óptimo en una solución de tres factores, todos ellos con valores propios superiores a 0,9 y explicando entre los tres una variancia del 70 % del total.En cuanto a los ítems, todos presentan valores aceptables de funcionamiento en cuanto a dificultad y discriminación y una buena correlación respecto al total de puntuación del cuestionario.Conclusiones: el cuestionario de conocimiento valorado en el presente estudio presenta unas propiedades métricas adecuadas, siendo de utilidad para el fin que se pretendía, evaluar conocimientos generales sobre medicamentos en la población de estudiantes de bachillerato.

Validation of the Activities’ Scale in Higher Education Students’ Personal Learning Environments / Validación de la Escala de Actividades en los Entornos Personales de Aprendizaje de Estudiantes de Educación Superior

Background: Personal learning environments are the networks of tools, activities, and connections that each person uses for their learning. Although there have been increasing numbers of studies, measurement instruments in this regard are still limited. The aim of this study is to construct and validate a scale to assess the activities that make up Personal Learning Environments. Method: The sample comprised 1,187 students in their final year of undergraduate degrees. 64% were women and 36% men, with a mean age of 24 and a standard deviation of 4.21 years. Results: the scale consists of 27 Likert-type items responding to three factors according to the theoretical construct reviewed, and produced high coefficients in internal consistency tests. Conclusions: the analyses demonstrate a valid instrument with solid psychometric properties. More specifically, the results indicate suitable content validity. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicate appropriate construct validation, with consistency between the theoretical and factorial model. (AU)

Antecedentes: los entornos personales de aprendizaje se definen como el entramado de herramientas, actividades y conexiones que cada persona utiliza para su aprendizaje. Los estudios sobre el tema han ido en aumento, sin embargo, son todavía escasos los instrumentos de medición al respecto. El objetivo de este trabajo es construir y validar una escala para evaluar las actividades que integran los Entornos Personales de Aprendizaje. Método: la muestra estaba formada por 1.187 estudiantes universitarios de último año de carrera. Un 64% eran mujeres y un 36% hombres, con una edad media de 24 años y una desviación típica de 4.21. Resultados: la escala queda formada por 27 ítems tipo Likert respondiendo a tres factores de acuerdo con el constructo teórico revisado, obteniendo coeficientes elevados en las pruebas de consistencia interna. Conclusiones: los análisis realizados muestran un instrumento válido y con propiedades psicométricas sólidas. Concretamente, los resultados arrojan una adecuada validez de contenido. Los análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio indican una pertinente validación de constructo, existiendo coherencia entre el modelo teórico y factorial. (AU)

Análisis psicométrico del test de dependencia de videojuegos (TDV) en población peruana / Psychometric analysis of the Test of Dependence of Videogames (TDV) in Peruvian population

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo es validar en población peruana, el Test de Dependencia de Videojuegos (TDV) (Chóliz & Marco, 2011). Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que se trata de una herramienta confiable y válida. Se encontró una sola estructura factorial, en lugar de cuatro dimensiones, como plantearon los autores del TDV. Este factor podría denominarse genéricamente: adicción a videojuegos, y podría servir como evidencia de la existencia de este trastorno, que coincidiría con el denominado 'Trastorno de Juego por Internet', que aparece en la Sección III del DSM-5. Los resultados hallados se discuten en relación a lo planteado por Chóliz y Marco (2011), en lo que se refiere a las diferencias en cuanto a sexo, edad y la estructura interna del instrumento.

Abstract The objective of this work is the validation of the Test of Dependence of Videogames (TDV) (Chóliz & Marco, 2011) in Peruvian population. The results show that it is a reliable and valid tool. We found a single factorial structure, rather than four dimensions as the authors of the TDV raised. This factor could be generically called: 'Addiction to video games', and could serve as evidence of the existence of this disorder, which would coincide with the so-called "Disorder online Game" listed in Section III of the DSM-5. The results found are discussed in relation to Chóliz & Marco (2011) in terms of differences in sex, age and the internal structure of the instrument.

Transcultural adaptation and reliability of the Spanish version of a questionnaire about oral hygiene advice given by dentists in Chile / Adaptación transcultural y confiabilidad del cuestionario en español de recomendaciones acerca de higiene oral entregadas por dentistas en Chile

To adapt and evaluate validity and reliability of the Spanish version of a questionnaire about oral hygiene advice given by dentists in Chile Materials and methods: A validation study was conducted according to recommendations of COSMIN. The original questionnaire was adapted from English into Spanish using translation, back translation, expert review and pilot test sample by 56 dentists. The instrument consisted of 3 sections: recommendations for oral hygiene, relevance given to delivery of oral hygiene instruction and training and experience in delivering oral hygiene recommendations. It was reapplied in 5 of them a week later. Reliability was measured with internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha), test-retest reliability (Cohen’s kappa and weighted kappa) and measurement error (limits of agreement, LdA). Content validity was evaluated by experts and construct validity by using convergent validity(Pearson correlation). Results: A good level of internal consistency that applies to 5 items (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.73) was obtained. For items on a nominal scale, Cohen Kappa coefficient was 0.80 (95 percent CI=0.64 to 0.95) and for ordinal items weighted kappa coefficient (linear weighting) was 0.76 (95 percent CI=0.65 to 0.88). The difference between the scores calculated for the measurements was 1 standard deviation 2.35. Ninety five percent of the differences were between -5.7 to 3.7 (+/-4.7 LoA = 1) and the variance of the total score was 29- 41. A good level of convergent validity (Pearson correlation=0.63) was obtained. Conclusion: The final questionnaire is valid and reliable to be applied to Chilean dentists with a profile like those included in this study in order to identify and quantify the oral hygiene instruction they provide to patients. Future studies should assess validity and reliability of this adaptation for other Spanish-speaking countries...

Adaptar y evaluar validez-confiabilidad del cuestionario en español acerca de las recomendaciones de higiene oral entregada por dentistas en Chile. Método: Estudio de validación realizado según recomendaciones COSMIN. El cuestionario original en inglés se adaptó al español mediante traducción, retrotraducción, revisión de expertos y prueba piloto en muestra de 56 dentistas. El instrumento constaba de 3 secciones: recomendaciones de higiene oral, relevancia dada a la entrega de recomendaciones de higiene oral y entrenamiento y experiencia en la entrega de recomendaciones de higiene oral. Se volvió a aplicar en 5 de ellos una semana después. Se midió confiabilidad mediante consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach), test-retest (kappa de Cohen y kappa ponderado) y medición del error (límites del acuerdo, LdA). Se evaluó la validez de contenido por expertos y la validez de constructo mediante validez convergente (correlación de Pearson). Resultados: Se obtuvo un buen nivel de consistencia interna que aplica para 5 ítems (alfa de Cronbach=0.73). Para los ítems nominales el coeficiente de kappa de Cohen fue 0.80(95 por ciento IC=0.64- 0.95) y para los ordinales el coeficiente de kappa ponderado (ponderación-lineal) fue 0.76 (95 por ciento IC=0.65-0.88). La diferencia calculada para los puntajes entre mediciones fue 1, desviación estándar 2.35. El 95 por ciento de las diferencias estaban entre -5.7 hasta 3.7 (LdA=1+/-4.7) y la varianza del total de los puntajes fue de 29-41. Se obtuvo un buen nivel de validez convergente (correlación de Pearson=0.63). Conclusión: La versión final obtenida del cuestionario es válida y confiable para ser utilizada en dentistas chilenos con un perfil similar a los incluidos en este estudio para identificar y cuantificar las recomendaciones de higiene oral que entregan a los pacientes. Futuros estudios deberán evaluar la validez y confiabilidad de esta adaptación otros países de habla hispana...

Transcultural adaptation and validation of the Spanish version of EUROQUEST.

INTRODUCTION: The specific diagnosis of toxic encephalopathy (TE) by chronic exposure to neurotoxics presents difficulties, mainly due to lack of consensus of clinical diagnostic criteria. The EUROQUEST (EQ) is a multicultural tool proposed for using in epidemiological studies on neurotoxicity. The aim of this study was to validate the Spanish version of this questionnaire for using as a diagnostic and prevention tool in the workplace. METHODS: After translation and cultural adaptation, leading to a final questionnaire in Spanish, validation was performed by asking a total of 759 people to complete the questionnaire, of whom 292 were workers exposed to neurotoxic solvents, 391 non-exposed workers, and 22 patients diagnosed with chronic alcoholism. RESULTS: In the analysis of the reliability, the Cronbach α value for the questionnaire was 0.94, indicating very high internal consistency. The test-retest reproducibility analysis was highly significant (r=0.91, P<.001). In the analysis of the validity, comparing the three study groups, the mean scores of the questions included in each of the dimensions of the test (ANOVA) detected major differences in the dimensions that assess cognitive symptoms, depressive disorders, sleep and psychopathological symptoms. After factor analysis obtained a total of nine axes, allowing a clear distinction between the three study groups.