Women's Memories of the Day of the Chilean Coup in the City of Valparaíso.

This article reconstructs and analyzes the memories of women who were in the city of Valparaíso on September 11, 1973, the day of the coup d'état in Chile. Research participants were six women from the Valparaíso region, militants of leftist parties, and survivors of political imprisonment and torture during the Chilean civil-military dictatorship. We conducted a focus group and two semi-structured individual interviews. Data analysis was carried out in two stages: the first one phenomenological-hermeneutic and the second one based on Grounded Theory. The research results show that the day of the coup d'état in Valparaíso is remembered by women as a mighty and irrevocable milestone, functioning as a biographical event. The coup d'état means a before and after in civic experiences in social, political, and historical aspects and in the dwelling manners of the city.

Spiractinospora alimapuensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment of Valparaíso Bay (Chile) and proposal for reclassification of two species of the genus Nocardiopsis.

An alkaliphilic actinobacterium, designated VN6-2T, was isolated from marine sediment collected from Valparaíso Bay, Chile. Strain VN6-2T formed yellowish-white branched substrate mycelium without fragmentation. Aerial mycelium was well developed, forming wavy or spiral spore chains. Strain VN6-2T exhibited a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 93.9 % to Salinactinospora qingdaonensis CXB832T, 93.7 % to Murinocardiopsis flavida 14-Be-013T, and 93.7 % to Lipingzhangella halophila 14-Be-013T. Genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 5.9 Mb and an in silico G+C content of 69.3 mol%. Both of the phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and the up-to-date bacterial core gene sequences revealed that strain VN6-2T formed a distinct monophyletic clade within the family Nocardiopsaceae. Chemotaxonomic assessment of strain VN6-2T showed that the major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and 10-methyl-C18 : 0, and the predominant respiratory quinones were MK-9, MK-9(H2) and MK-9(H4). Whole-cell hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the cell-wall diamino acid, and ribose and xylose as the diagnostic sugars. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, aminophospholipids, glycolipid and phospholipid. Based on the results of this polyphasic study, a novel genus, Spiractinospora gen. nov., is proposed within the family Nocardiopsaceae and the type species Spiractinospora alimapuensis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is VN6-2T (CECT 30026T, CCUG 66258T). On the basis of the phylogenetic results herein, we also propose that Nocardiopsis arvandica and Nocardiopsis litoralis are later heterotypic synonyms of Nocardiopsis sinuspersici and Nocardiopsis kunsanensis, respectively, for which emended descriptions are given.

Seismic and Aseismic Fault Slip During the Initiation Phase of the 2017 M W = 6.9 Valparaíso Earthquake.

Transient deformation associated with foreshocks activity has been observed before large earthquakes, suggesting the occurrence of a detectable preseismic slow slip during the initiation phase. A critical issue consists in discriminating the relative contributions from seismic and aseismic fault slip during the preparation phase of large earthquakes. We focus on the April-May 2017 Valparaíso earthquake sequence, which involved a M W  = 6.9 earthquake preceded by intense foreshock activity. To assess the relative contribution of seismic and aseismic slip, we compare surface displacement predicted from foreshocks source models with transient motion measured prior to the mainshock. The comparison between observed and predicted displacements shows that only half of the total displacement can be explained by the contribution of foreshocks. This result suggests the presence of aseismic pre-slip during an initiation phase preceding the mainshock.

Algunos aspectos históricos de la Psiquiatría en la V Región de Valparaíso: 1940-1990 / Some historical aspects of Psychiatry in the 5th Region of Valparaíso: 1940-1990

Resumen: Se trata de dar a conocer las vicisitudes de la Psiquiatría y de algunos Psiquiatras en la V Región de Valparaíso, Chile, abarcando un período de 50 años, desde 1940 hasta 1990. Se quiere resaltar las características del ejercicio médico-psiquiátrico y del equipo de salud mental, en una época de cambios político-sociales que impactaban en el ejercicio médico y en especial en la psiquiatría, tomando en cuenta el origen y evolución del Hospital del Salvador de Valparaíso.

The aim is to share the struggles of Psychiatry and of some Psychiatrists in the V Region of Valparaíso, Chile, covering a period of 50 years, from 1940 to 1990. It is intended to highlight the characteristics of the medical-psychiatric practice and the influence of the mental health team, at a time of political-social changes that had an impact on medical practice and especially on psychiatry, taking into account the origin and evolution of the Hospital del Salvador de Valparaíso.

Which soil Cu pool governs phytotoxicity in field-collected soils contaminated by copper smelting activities in central Chile?

Several studies have attempted to predict the so-called "phytoavailable" fraction by correlating plant responses with different soil metal pools. Most of the data derived from these studies tend to be inconsistent, making interpretations difficult. Thus, the main objective of this study was to determine which soil Cu pool (free Cu2+, salt-exchangeable Cu or total Cu) controls Cu phytotoxicity in soils near a Cu smelter in central Chile. We studied the following traits of the local plant community grown spontaneously on the study site: species richness, shoot biomass, and plant cover. The site was dominated by four early plant colonizers: Eschscholzia californica Cham., Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Fossat, Lolium perenne L., and Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray. We determined exchangeable soil Cu and activity of free Cu2+ in 0.1 M KNO3 extracts using soil/solution ratio of 1/2.5. The effect of total soil Cu on plant responses was not significant (p > 0.05). In our field-collected soil series, exchangeable Cu was a better indicator of soil phytotoxicity than either total soil Cu or free Cu2+ in the soil solution. We determined upper critical threshold values for Cu exposure using the three plant traits cited above. The mean values of EC10, EC25, and EC50 (effective concentration at 10%, 25%, and 50%, respectively) of exchangeable soil Cu (in µg L-1) were 255, 391, and 533, respectively. The mean EC10, EC25 and EC50 values of pCu2+ were 7.5, 6.8, and 5.9, respectively. We highlight the importance of further studies on Cu phytotoxicity using actual field-contaminated soils.

Autopsias realizadas por el Dr. Salvador Allende en el Hospital Carlos van Buren de Valparaíso, Chile / Autopsies performed by Dr. Salvador Allende at Carlos van Buren Hospital of Valparaíso, Chile

Introducción: entre los años 1933 y 1937, el Dr. Salvador Allende trabajó con regularidad en el servicio de Anatomía Patológica del Hospital Carlos van Buren de Valparaíso (HCVB), realizando autopsias en los casos de muertes de causa médica. Materiales y método: se revisaron los libros del servicio de Anatomía Patológica del HCVB del año 1937 y se seleccionaron las autopsias realizadas por el Dr. Allende. Los libros y autopsias de los años 1933 a 1936 no pudieron ser encontrados. Los datos demográficos de los pacientes se traspasaron a una planilla Excel. Los resultados se expresaron en números y porcentajes. Resultados: el Dr. Allende realizó 54 autopsias durante un periodo de 5 meses, lo que correspondió al 12,6% de las realizadas ese año. De los 54 pacientes, 48 (88,8%) correspondieron al sexo masculino, con un promedio de edad de 46 (9-97) años. La mayoría tenían nacionalidad chilena y estaban cesantes. El 53,7% de los casos falleció por una causa infecciosa y las más frecuentes fueron la neumonía y la tuberculosis. La concordancia entre los diagnósticos clínicos y de Anatomía Patológica fue de un 70,3%. Conclusiones: se encontró solo una parte de las autopsias realizadas por el Dr. Allende en el HCVB. La mayoría de los pacientes fallecidos fueron jóvenes del sexo masculino y cesantes. Las principales causas de muerte fueron la neumonía y la tuberculosis. (AU)

Introduction: Dr. Salvador Allende often worked between the years 1933 and 1937 for the pathology department in the Carlos van Buren Hospital, performing autopsies in the medical cause death cases. Materials and Methods: the pathology department books from 1937 were reviewed searching for the autopsies performed by Dr. Allende and those were selected. The books and autopsies of the years 1933-1936 could not be found. The demographic data about patients were transfered into an excel spreadsheet. The results were expressed as numbers and percentages. Results: Dr. Allende performed 54 autopsies over a period of 5 months, which corresponded to 12.6% of all the autopsies performed that year. Of the 54 patients, 48 were male (88.8%), with an average age of 46 (9-97) years. Most of them had Chilean nationality and unemployed. 53.7% of studied cases died by an infectious cause being the most common pneumonia and tuberculosis. The concordance between clinical diagnoses and pathology department were 70.3%. Conclusions: Only a small part of the autopsies performed by Dr. Salvador Allende in HCVB was found. Most deceased patients were young men and unemployed. The main causes of death were pneumonia and tuberculosis.(AU)

Corynebacterium alimapuense sp. nov., an obligate marine actinomycete isolated from sediment of Valparaíso bay, Chile.

A novel Gram-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming and aerobic bacterium, designated strain VA37-3T, was isolated from a marine sediment sample collected at 19.2 m water depth from Valparaíso bay, Chile. Strain VA37-3T exhibits 97.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Corynebacterium marinum D7015T, 96.4 % to Corynebacterium humireducens MFC-5T and 96 % to Corynebacterium testudinoris M935/96/4T; and a rpoB gene sequence similarity of 85.1 % to Corynebacterium pollutisoli VMS11T, both analyses suggesting that strain VA37-3T represents a novel species of Corynebacterium. Physiological testing indicated that strain VA37-3T requires artificial sea water or sodium-supplemented media for growth, representing the first obligate marine actinomycete of the genus Corynebacterium. The genome of the proposed new species, along with the type strains of its most closely related species were sequenced and characterized. In silico genome-based similarity analyses revealed an ANIb of 72.8 % (C. marinum D7015T), ANIm of 85.0 % (Corynebacterium mustelae DSM 45274T), tetra of 0.90 (Corynebacterium callunae DSM 20147T) and ggdc of 24.7 % (Corynebacterium kutscheri DSM 20755T) when compared with the closest related strains. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain VA37-3T was 57.0 %. Chemotaxonomic assessment of strain VN6-2T showed the major fatty acids were C18 : 1ω9c and C16 : 0. Menaquinones predominantly consisted of MK-8(II-H2). Polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipids, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphoglycolipid and phosphatidylinositol. Mycolic acids also were present. Overall, the results from phylogenetic, phenotypic and genomic analyses confirmed that strain VA37-3T represents a novel species of the genus Corynebacterium, for which the name Corynebacterium alimapuense sp. nov. is proposed, with VA37-3T as the type strain (=CCUG 69366T=NCIMB 15118T).

Determination of the welfare status of freeroaming dogs in two urban centres in Chile. / Determinación del estado de bienestar en perros callejeros de dos centros urbanos de Chile.

Free-roaming dogs are not only a public health and ethical problem, they are also an environmental and economic one. Although the general belief is that freeroaming dogs are not in good condition, there have been insufficient studies in Chile to address and analyse the issue. The objective of this research was to assess the welfare of free-roaming dogs in the centre of the cities of Santiago and Valparaíso. The evaluation was carried out using an observational method and assessed a total of 554 dogs. The following variables were analysed: body condition, motor impairment, skin condition, respiratory disease, reaction to humans and other variables. In addition, spatial distribution was considered, and age, sex and social behaviour were estimated. When the results were analysed in terms of frequency, it was found that, in Valparaíso (n = 204), 37% of the dogs assessed had compromised welfare (poor or fair), while 63% had positive welfare (good or optimal). In contrast, in Santiago (n = 350), only 21.7% had compromised welfare, while 78.3% had positive welfare. With respect to social behaviour, 55% of the dogs assessed in Valparaíso and 68% of those assessed in Santiago led a solitary lifestyle. Although most of the individuals were in good condition, a high percentage were unable to meet the requirements for them to live in harmony with their environment.

Les chiens de rue ou errants posent des problèmes non seulement de santé publique et d'éthique, mais aussi environnementaux et économiques. La condition générale de ces chiens est intuitivement perçue comme n'étant pas bonne mais au Chili le sujet n'a guère fait l'objet d'analyses approfondies. Les auteurs présentent les résultats d'une étude visant à évaluer le bien-être animal des chiens errants du centre-ville de Santiago et de Valparaíso. Cette évaluation a reposé sur l'observation de 554 chiens au total et sur l'analyse d'un certain nombre de variables dont la condition physique, les difficultés motrices, l'état de la peau et du pelage, la présence de maladies respiratoires et les réactions face à l'être humain. La distribution spatiale des chiens examinés a été consignée, ainsi que l'âge estimé, le sexe et le comportement social de chaque animal. Les résultats ont été analysés en termes de fréquence. À Valparaíso, les observations ont fait état d'un niveau de bien-être compromis (allant de mauvais à médiocre) chez 37 % des chiens (n = 204) et d'un pourcentage de 63 % de chiens présentant un niveau de bien-être satisfaisant (bon à optimal). En revanche, à Santiago (n = 350), 21 % seulement des chiens observés présentaient un état de bien-être compromis tandis que 78,3 % présentaient un état de bien-être satisfaisant. En ce qui concerne le comportement social, 55 % des chiens observés à Valparaíso et 68 % de ceux observés à Santiago avaient un mode de vie solitaire. Si la majorité des chiens se trouvaient en bon état physique, un pourcentage élevé d'entre eux ne parvenaient pas à satisfaire les besoins leur permettant de vivre en équilibre avec leur environnement.

Los perros callejeros constituyen no solo un problema de salud pública y ético, sino también, medioambiental y económico. Si bien se cree que estos perros no se encuentran en buenas condiciones, en Chile los estudios que abordan y analizan este tema son insuficientes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el bienestar en perros callejeros en el centro de las ciudades de Santiago y Valparaíso. La evaluación se realizó a través de un método observacional en un total de 554 perros, y se analizaron las siguientes variables: condición corporal, dificultad motora, estado de la piel, enfermedad respiratoria, reacción hacia el humano y otras variables. Además, se consideró la distribución espacial y se estimó la edad, el sexo y la conducta social. Los resultados fueron analizados en términos de frecuencia, y se observó que en Valparaíso (n = 204), el 37% de los perros presentaba un bienestar comprometido (malo - escaso) mientras que el 63% presentaba un bienestar favorable (bueno u óptimo). En cambio, en Santiago (n = 350), sólo un 21,7% presentaba un estado de bienestar comprometido mientras que el 78,3% presentaba un estado de bienestar favorable. Asimismo, respecto a la conducta social, un 55% de los perros evaluados en Valparaíso y un 68% de los evaluados en Santiago mostraron un estilo de vida solitario. Si bien los individuos en su mayoría se encontraban en buenas condiciones, un alto porcentaje no lograba satisfacer las necesidades para estar en equilibrio con su entorno.

Frecuencia de Epidermophyton floccosum en dermatofitos aislados en un laboratorio de la Región de Valparaíso, Chile. Período 1980-2010 / Frequency of Epidermophyton floccosum in isolated dermatophytea laboratory from the Region of Valparaiso, Chile. Time frame: 1990-2010

Resumen Introducción: Las dermatofitosis son infecciones comunes en humanos, provocadas por hongos de los géneros Trichophyton, Microsporum y Epidermophyton. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de E. floccosum en dermatofitos aislados en un laboratorio de la Región de Valparaíso durante las últimas tres décadas. Conocer las localizaciones más frecuentes, los grupos etarios y sexo de los pacientes afectados por este agente. Materiales y Método: Se revisaron los informes de cultivos superficiales con desarrollo de E. floccosum, Microsporum spp y Trichophyton spp de las tres últimas décadas del laboratorio de Micología de la Universidad de Valparaíso. Se registró en una planilla Excel el resultado del cultivo, edad, sexo y ubicación de la lesión de los pacientes. Resultados: El total de dermatofitosis con agente identificado fue de 6.780. En 26 casos hubo desarrollo de E. floccosum, de éstos, 73% (19/26) fueron en hombres y con una edad promedio de 37 años. La frecuencia disminuyó progresivamente desde la década de los ochenta hasta la del 2000. El grupo etario más afectados fue el de 36-60 años. Las localizaciones más frecuentemente afectadas fueron la planta y uñas de los pies. Conclusiones: Existe una disminución progresiva de la frecuencia de aislamiento de E. floccosum en el período estudiado. El sexo masculino y el grupo etario de 36-60 años fueron los más afectados. Las localizaciones más frecuentes fueron la planta y uñas de los pies.

Background: Dermatophytoses are frequent infections in human, which are produced by fungus genera Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton. Aim: To determine frequency of E. floccosum in isolated dermatophyte in a laboratory from Valparaíso during the last three decades, in addition to knowing the most frequent localization, age and gender of patients affected by this agent. Method: All superficial culture reports, issued by the Universidad de Valparaíso's mycology laboratory in the last three decades, with E. floccosum, Microsporum spp and Trichophyton spp development, has been reviewed. Patients age, gender, location of the injury and culture report has been registered in an excel spreadsheet. Results: The total number of reports with dermatophyte development in the culture was 6,780. Only 26 cases show E. floccosum development, 73% of this (19/26) were present on men with and average age of 37 years. Frequency did progressively fall since eighty's until 2000 decade. The age group most affected by this etiological agent was 30-36 years. The most frequently localization in both man and woman were foot plant and nails. Conclusions: Frequency of isolation did decrease progressively in dermatophytose by E. floccosum for the study period. Masculine gender and 36-60 age group were the most affected. The most frequently localization were foot plant and nails.

The adoption of uniportal approach in Chile: the experience of a single surgical team from Valparaíso, Chile.

Uniportal VATS lobectomy in Chile began in 2013, in an old and small provincial hospital in Valparaíso, the main port of Chile, a few months after two thoracic surgeons had a short stay in Hospital La Coruña with the inventor of the most revolutionary technique in thoracic surgery of the last time. Four years after the first visit of Dr. González Rivas to Chile to sharing his initial experience, and after the explosive development of this technique especially in Asia, ALAT organization invited him again to our country as a main speaker in its International Congress, focused largely in uniportal lobectomy. As expected, these thoracic surgeons could operate with their teacher, and make true the dream of any thoracic surgeon who began with a new kind of surgery: perform it in their hospital with its inventor and also their friend.

Culturable diversity and antimicrobial activity of Actinobacteria from marine sediments in Valparaíso bay, Chile.

Marine-derived Actinobacteria are a source of a broad variety of secondary metabolites with diverse biological activities, such as antibiotics and antitumorals; many of which have been developed for clinical use. Rare Actinobacteria represent an untapped source of new bioactive compounds that have been scarcely recognized. In this study, rare Actinobacteria from marine sediments were isolated from the Valparaíso bay, Chile, and their potential to produce antibacterial compounds was evaluated. Different culture conditions and selective media that select the growth of Actinobacteria were used leading to the isolation of 68 bacterial strains. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences led to identifying isolates that belong to the phylum Actinobacteria with genetic affiliations to 17 genera: Aeromicrobium, Agrococcus, Arthrobacter, Brachybacterium, Corynebacterium, Dietzia, Flaviflexus, Gordonia, Isoptericola, Janibacter, Microbacterium, Mycobacterium, Ornithinimicrobium, Pseudonocardia, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces, and Tessaracoccus. Also, one isolate could not be consistently classified and formed a novel phylogenetic branch related to the Nocardiopsaceae family. The antimicrobial activity of these isolates was evaluated, demonstrating the capability of specific novel isolates to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In conclusion, this study shows a rich biodiversity of culturable Actinobacteria, associated to marine sediments from Valparaíso bay, highlighting novel rare Actinobacteria, and their potential for the production of biologically active compounds.

En los ojos de Guliver: información contextual y sentido de orientación / In Gulliver's eyes: contextual information and sense of orientation

Este manuscrito estudia el sentido de orientación de las personas en situaciones en que existe información de tipo contextual, que permite a las personas a ver locaciones muy distantes. Para ello se preguntó a 133 individuos indicar la ubicación de cinco hitos próximos y lejanos de la ciudad de Valparaíso, en 2 situaciones distintas: miradores urbanos y lugares en el medio de la trama urbana en el que la visión de información contextual no es posible. Los resultados mostraron que no existía una asociación entre la Precisión Promedio por Persona y el sexo, edad, o el grado familiaridad, pero que sí con el lugar donde se habían hecho estas estimaciones.(AU)

This manuscript examines how people gain a sense of orientation in scenarios where large-scale, contextual information is available. Two locations of the city of Valparaiso where one can see the entire city from the heights were selected for an experiment, as well as two areas in the middle of the urban grid where no large-scale information was available. A total of 133 people were asked to point to five non-visible landmarks in these scenarios and their estimations were compared with the real position of each target. Results showed no association between this value and people's gender, age or familiarity with the neighborhood. However, a positive relationship was found between this value and the places in which estimates were made.(AU)

En los ojos de Guliver: información contextual y sentido de orientación / In Gulliver's eyes: contextual information and sense of orientation

Este manuscrito estudia el sentido de orientación de las personas en situaciones en que existe información de tipo contextual, que permite a las personas a ver locaciones muy distantes. Para ello se preguntó a 133 individuos indicar la ubicación de cinco hitos próximos y lejanos de la ciudad de Valparaíso, en 2 situaciones distintas: miradores urbanos y lugares en el medio de la trama urbana en el que la visión de información contextual no es posible. Los resultados mostraron que no existía una asociación entre la Precisión Promedio por Persona y el sexo, edad, o el grado familiaridad, pero que sí con el lugar donde se habían hecho estas estimaciones.

This manuscript examines how people gain a sense of orientation in scenarios where large-scale, contextual information is available. Two locations of the city of Valparaiso where one can see the entire city from the heights were selected for an experiment, as well as two areas in the middle of the urban grid where no large-scale information was available. A total of 133 people were asked to point to five non-visible landmarks in these scenarios and their estimations were compared with the real position of each target. Results showed no association between this value and people's gender, age or familiarity with the neighborhood. However, a positive relationship was found between this value and the places in which estimates were made.

La experiencia del parto: dar a luz en el Hospital San Agustín de Valparaíso (1894-1902) / The experience of childbirth: give birth at the San Agustín Hospital of Valparaíso (1894-1902)

En el presente escrito abordaremos la experiencia del parto vivenciada por una importante cantidad de mujeres que optaron, en un determinado momento del estado de gravidez o ya iniciado el ‘trabajo de parto’, ‘dar a luz’ en el Hospital Materno-Infantil San Agustín de Valparaíso, dejando atrás la ayuda prestada por la ‘empírica’ partera; portadora de un acervo sociocultural aceptado y respaldado aún por las autoridades e instituciones del período. Más que ahondar en detalles relativos al contexto epocal, nos centraremos en mostrar los resultados alcanzados a partir del análisis de la información suministrada por las fuentes estudiadas (Boletines Clínicos y Estadísticos de la Maternidad). Resultados que nos hablarán del estado físico presentado por los recién nacidos, La cantidad de embarazos y partos experimentados por las gestantes antes de la actual atención, las ciudades de procedencia de las parturientas, entre otras consideraciones de índole descriptiva. Es así como las fi chas clínicas nos remitirán a la asistencia médica de más de 5.000 mujeres que decidieron aceptar un tipo de ayuda profesional que solo se encontraba cuando se recurría a una sala de maternidad como la construida en el San Agustín al fi nalizar la década de 1880, en los inicios de la medicalización del parto.

In this paper we will address the experience of childbirth experienced by a signifi cant number of women who chose to, at one point of the pregnancy state or already started the ‘labor, ‘give birth’ at the San Agustín maternal and child Hospital of Valparaíso, leaving behind support provided by the “empirical” midwife; bearer of a socio-cultural heritage accepted and still endorsed by the authorities and institutions of the period. Rather than delve into details of the epochal context, we will focus on showing the results obtained from the analysis of information provided by the studied sources (Clinical and Statistical Bulletins of Motherhood). Results that will show us the physical condition presented by the newborn, number of pregnancies and births experienced by pregnant women before the current attention, precedence of the parturients, among others descriptive considerations. That is how the medical records will send us to the medical care of over 5000 women that accepted, one kind of professional help, found only when it involved a maternity ward as the built in San Agustín at the end of 1880, at the beginning of the medicalization of childbirth.

Perfil clínico de patología neuromuscular hereditaria en el Instituto de Rehabilitación Infantil Teletón, Valparaíso, Chile / Clinical profile of patients with neuromoscular hereditary diseases in Child Rehabilitation Institute Teletón, Valparaiso, Chile

Introducción: Las enfermedades neuromusculares (ENM) son una causa importante de discapacidad progresiva en el niño. Objetivo: Describir el perfil clínico de las consultas por ENM hereditarias, atendidas actualmente en Instituto de Rehabilitación Infantil Teletón (IRI), Valparaíso. Pacientes y Método: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Selección y análisis de pacientes con ENM en control activo, del registro estadístico de IRI Valparaíso. Resultados: Total 115 pacientes, hombres 70 por ciento. Edad promedio 14,9 años (rango: 1-28 a). Motivo de consulta más frecuente: trastorno de la marcha (49,5 por ciento). Las etiologías encontradas fueron: muscular (67 por ciento), neuropatías (21 por ciento) y enfermedad de motoneurona (10 por ciento). Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron: Distrofinopatías 30 por ciento, Charcot Marie Tooth 21,7 por ciento, Miopatías Congénitas 15,6 por ciento, Atrofia Muscular Espinal 10 por ciento, Distrofia Miotónica 7,8 por ciento. Discusión: El sexo masculino fue más prevalente lo que puede atribuirse a la mayor frecuencia de Distrofinopatías dentro de las ENM. La latencia para el diagnóstico es variable según la patología, siendo en promedio 3,2 años. Las frecuencias de diagnósticos encontrados coinciden parcialmente con la epidemiología descrita.

Introduction: Neuromuscular diseases (NMD) are a major cause of progressive disability in children. Objective: To describe the clinical profile of hereditary NMD consultations, currently being attended in IRI Valparaíso. Patients and Method: Selection and analysis of actually attending NMD patients from the IRI statistical registration. Results: 115 patients were identified, 70 percent men. Mean age 14.9 years (1-28). The most frequent cause for consultation was gait disorder (49.5 percent. Etiologies were: muscular (67 percent), neuropathy (21 percent) and motor neuron disease (10 percent). The most common diagnoses were: dystrophinopathies (30 percent), Charcot Marie Tooth 21.7 percent, Congenital Myopathy (15.6 percent), Spinal Muscular Atrophy (10 percent), Myotonic Dystrophy (7.8 percent). Discussion: Prevalence was higher for males, which is attributed to the higher frequency of dystrophinopathies. Time for diagnosis was variable depending on the disease, with a mean of 3,2 years. The frequency of NMD were partially coincidental with previously reported epidemiologic data.

Hongos queratinofílicos oportunistas en el pelaje de gatos domésticos (Felix domesticus) en la ciudad de Valparaíso / Opportunistic keratinophilic fungi in the fur of domestic cats (Felix domesticus) in the city of Valparaiso

En la ciudad de Valparaíso, se analizó mediante la técnica del tapete, la presencia de hongos queratinofílicos oportunistas en el pelaje de 198 gatos domésticos aparentemente sanos (96 mascotas y 102 de vida libre). Las siembras se efectuaron en duplicado en placas de Petri con agar Sabouraud glucosado incubándose en oscuridad a 35 C durante 15 días. Se consideraron las variables, estilo de vida, edad, tipo de pelaje, sexo y época estacional, de las cuales sólo las dos primeras presentaron diferencias significativas en los taxa aislados. Un total de 130 individuos (65.6 por ciento) fueron positivos a hongos filamentosos; 77 (59.2 por ciento) correspondieron a gatos de vida libre y 53 (40.8 por ciento) a gatos mascota. Se obtuvieron 372 aislados fúngicos, de los cuales 335 (90.1 por ciento) se consideraron como oportunistas, distribuidos en 22 géneros y 23 especies. De estos, 287 (77.1 por ciento) se presentaron en gatos de vida libre y 85 (22.8 por ciento) en mascotas. Los géneros dominantes fueron Aspergillus (53.5 por ciento), Scopulariopsis (19.9 por ciento), Fusarium (4,6 por ciento) y el complex Alternaria alternata (3,8 por ciento). Aspergillus, fue representado por 10 taxa, destacando A. flavus (15,9 por ciento) y A. niger var. niger (13.4 por ciento) y con menores frecuencias A.terreus, A. fumigatus, A.niger var. phoenicis y Emeri-cella nidulans (A. nidulans). A. flavus y A. niger var. niger, se aislaron mayoritariamente en gatos de vida libre y lo mismo sucede con prácticamente todas las especies del género. Scopulariopsis presentó solo 2 especies S.brevicaulis y S. candida. La primera fue la especie con mayor número de aislamientos (18 por ciento) y la de mayor presencia en gatos de vida libre (77.9 por ciento), mientras la segunda fue esporádica (1,6 por ciento). Debe destacarse, por su rareza, que una cepa de S. brevicaulis creció en cultivos asociada a su teleomorfo Microascus brevicaulis. Los Onygenales fueron escasamente representados por...

In the city of Valparaíso the presence of opportunistic fungi in the fur of 198 apparently healthy domestic cats (96 pets and 102 wild cats) was analyzed by means of the mat technique. Cultures were prepared in duplicate on Petri plates using glucosate Sabouraud agar and were incubated at 35C in the dark for 15 days. Factors such as variables, style of life, age, kind of fur, sex and seasonal period were considered, after which only the first two factors exhibited significant differences in the isolated taxa. A total of 130 specimen (65,6 percent) resulted positive to filamentous fungi; being 77 (59,2 percent) wild cats and 53 (40,8 percent) pet cats. Three hundred and seventy two fungal isolates were obtained, 335 of which (90,1 percent) were considered as opportunistic, distributed in 22 genera and 23 species. Among these, 287 (77,1 percent ) were detected in wild cats and 85 (22,8 percent) in pets. Dominant genera were Aspergillus (53,5 percent), Scopulariopsis (19,9 percent), Fusarium (4,6& and the complex Alternaria alternata (3,8 percent): Aspergillus was represented by 10 taxa, A.flavus (15,9 percent) and A. niger var. niger (13,4 percent) exhibiting the highest frequency whereas A.terreus, A. fumigatus, A.niger var. phoenicis and Emericella nidulans (A. nidulans) showed the least occurrence. A.flavus and A.niger var.niger were mostly isolated from wild cats and this is true in the case of all species of the genus. Scopulariopsis revealed only two species, S.brevicaulis and S.candida. The former was the species with the highest number of isolations (18 percent) together with the highest occurrence in wild cats (77,9 percent), while the latter was sporadic. (1,6 percent). Now then, it must be pointed out, due to its rareness, that a strain of S.brevicaulis grew in cultures associated to its teleomorph Microascus brevicaulis. Onygenales were scarcely represented by...