Treatment Objectives, Memory, and Desire.

This article explores the problems of the frequent loss, in the course of treatment, of the initial goals and motivation for treatment by both patient and therapist, and the connected lack of clarity of the real initial motivation for treatment on the part of both participants. It is strongly proposed that a true coincidence of at least one important initial motivational goal of patient and therapist is essential to assure the success of psychotherapy and that particular care is required to establish such agreement. On this basis, the goals of therapy may be expanded in the course of the therapist's experience, countertransference, and the patient's changing reality during treatment, and the existential and philosophical value systems of the therapist may play an important role in such widening of the therapist's expectations for the patient.

High-Rise Residential Outdoor Space Value System: A Case Study of Yangtze River Delta Area.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has drawn wider attention from residents with growing demand for outdoor space in residential areas because of restrictions on residents' mobility, especially in China. However, the high-rise residential complex in China is featured with a high population density along with less outdoor space per household. This means that the current status of outdoor space in residential areas is far from satisfying residents' growing needs. This is consistent with our preliminary survey that highlights general low satisfaction of residents with outdoor space. According to the hierarchical theory of needs, a literature review, and a questionnaire survey, a framework is proposed in this study to examine the universal value system of high-rise residential outdoor space using the Yangtze River Delta Area as a case study. This framework consists of six dimensions, i.e., space physical comfort (physical environment and space size), space function (functional complexity and scale, age-range, and time-range), space safety (daily, social, and hygiene safety), space diversity (spatial layerings, forms, and scales diversity), accessibility (spatial attraction and concentration and path clarity) and sustainability (cultural, social, ecological, and financial sustainability). Consequently, a questionnaire was designed according to the framework and 251 valid questionnaires were received. Then, structural equation modeling (SEM) was undertaken to examine the impact of each dimension on the value of outdoor space and the framework was optimized into four dimensions, i.e., space physical comfort, space function, space safety, and DAT (space diversity, accessibility, and sustainability). Finally, the mechanism of how outdoor space quality influences the high-rise residential complex is analyzed. These findings provide useful input for the future planning and design of high-rise residential areas.

Allegory Analysis from M. Theresa - A Case Study.

In the following article, I will briefly introduce the method of Allegory Analysis (AA) (Guenther, 2020, 2021, in press) and then outline it in its application to the case study of. The goal of this article is to introduce AA and illustrate it using the particularly illustrative case of Theresa. It will be shown how AA can be a new psychotherapeutic method in the therapist's toolbox, with which the human psyche in its individual uniqueness can be understood in the clinical context through creative means. Allegories of patients are defined here as complex linguistic constructs of multiple metaphors and as expressions of complex affective perception and experience. In order to understand a human psyche through its allegories, AA proceeds in four steps: (1) picking up and describing the allegories, (2) summarizing them into a so-called allegory poem, (3) interpreting the allegories on the part of the therapist, and (4) participatory interpretation of the allegories with the patient. The present case of Theresa illustrates the application of the AA method in an outpatient psychotherapeutic context and shows how through AA. In Theresa's case, the client was found to be ideologically guided by values such as autonomy, freedom, honesty, sustainability, charity, and connectedness. Her psychosis represented an autopoietic self-healing attempt to recover these values, which had been inaccessible to her in the antecedent process. The AA showed that Theresa believes that crises in the market economy, interpersonal coexistence, and climate change are at a critical point that threatens the existence of the world and thus her psychological stability. Moreover, in Theresa's allegories, it is evident that she had managed to use her values and beliefs autopoietically to stabilize her crisis through her coping strategy: externalization through poetic-allegorical language.

Questioning Gender and Sexual Identity in the Context of Self-Concept Clarity, Sense of Coherence and Value System.

Sexual and gender identity is a fundamental part of one's overall identity and plays an important role in human functioning. Questioning one's sexuality associated with low level of self-concept clarity, certainty, consistency and stability with regard to the individual's beliefs about oneself, can affect their sense of coherence and value system. The aim of the study was to compare heterosexual and cisgender people with non-heteronormative and non-cisgender people regarding their attitudes and the way they perceive significant personal values. It was assumed that non-heterosexual and non-cisgender individuals would have lower self-concept clarity and lower sense of coherence, and that among them such values as openness to change and transcending Self would be dominant. The study was conducted on a group of 337 individuals aged 18 to 30. The participants filled out four self-report online questionnaires. Self-concept clarity was found to be connected with a greater tendency to question one's sexual and gender identity. The results also indicate differences between heterosexual/cisgender participants and non-heterosexual/non-cisgender participants in terms of the degree of self-concept clarity and sense of coherence. Non-heteronormative and cisgender individuals show a greater tendency to question their identity and have lower self-concept clarity, which may lower their sense of coherence.

Gender differences in patient-perceived changes to the system of values after a cancer diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the presented study was to investigate gender differences in the changes of value systems after a cancer diagnosis. METHODS: In the study, we used the Polish adaptation of the Rokeach Value Survey and compared within-subject differences in the obtained results from before (retrospective) and after patients' cancer diagnosis. In the analysis, we used the Aranowska ω Coefficient of Choice and Single-Sample t-test statistics. RESULTS: Generally, after cancer diagnosis communal values gained, and agentic - lost importance regardless of patients' gender. However, we found statistically significant effects of gender in value system changes, namely agency values ("independent" and "intellectual") become less important for men than women, while the communal value "Mature love" was placed higher by men than women. CONCLUSION: The results of the study confirm our initial hypothesis about significant gender differences in the changes of the value system. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Obtained knowledge can be used to better predict patient motivation and behavior in the face of oncological treatment. It is important that gender differences are considered in the process of cancer patients treatment. It can be beneficial for communication between a doctor and a patient and for counseling regarding coping with the disease.

The development of nurses' foundational values.

BACKGROUND: In the ever-changing and complex healthcare environment, nurses encounter challenging situations that may involve a clash between their personal and professional values resulting in a profound impact on their practice. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of literature on how nurses develop their personal-professional values. AIM: The aim of this study was to understand how nurses develop their foundational values as the base for their value system. RESEARCH DESIGN: A constructivist grounded theory methodology was employed to collect multiple data sets, including face-to-face focus group and individual interviews, along with anecdote and reflective stories. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT: Fifty-four nurses working across various nursing settings in Indonesia were recruited to participate. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: Ethics approval was obtained from the Monash University Human Ethics Committee, project approval number 1553. FINDINGS: Foundational values acquisition was achieved through family upbringing, professional nurse education and organisational/institutional values reinforcement. These values are framed through three reference points: religious lens, humanity perspective and professionalism. This framing results in a unique combination of personal-professional values that comprise nurses' values system. Values are transferred to other nurses either in a formal or informal way as part of one's professional responsibility and customary social interaction via telling and sharing in person or through social media. DISCUSSION: Values and ethics are inherently interweaved during nursing practice. Ethical and moral values are part of professional training, but other values are often buried in a hidden curriculum, and attained and activated through interactions during nurses' training. CONCLUSION: Developing a value system is a complex undertaking that involves basic social processes of attaining, enacting and socialising values. These processes encompass several intertwined entities such as the sources of values, the pool of foundational values, value perspectives and framings, initial value structures, and methods of value transference.

El Sistema de Valores en la Construcción de Paz y Noviolencia como Dimensión Axiológica del Proceso Formativo en la Institución Educativa Jesús María Valle de la Ciudad de Medellín / The Value System in The Construction of Peace and Nonviolence as an Axiological Dimension of the Educational Process in the Jesús María Valle Educational Institution at Medellín City / Axiológica do Processo de treinamento na institução ensino Jesús María Valle da Cidade de Medellín

Resumen Introducción. El proceso formativo en las Instituciones Educativas de nivel básico y medio contemplan la formación axiológica a partir de la declaración de un sistema de valores, que se despliegan desde las políticas públicas y se traducen en el Proyecto Educativo Institucional-PEI y el manual de convivencia; estos no siempre corresponden a los valores que perciben, apropian y practican las comunidades académicas. En un país como Colombia, en términos de posconflicto, los valores para la cultura de la paz cobran relevancia, dado que una paz duradera y estructural no depende solo del gobierno y los grupos guerrilleros, por lo que de hecho la Comisión de Conciliación Nacional - CNN (2013) establece como mínimos de reconciliación entre otros la "Generación de una cultura de paz". Objetivo. Hacer un análisis con la comunidad académica de un colegio público del Valle de Aburrá, que han experimentado diversos tipos de violencia, para conocer los valores que promueven para la paz y la no violencia, para comprender su dinámica en contraste con la institucionalidad y su impacto en la formación y la convivencia escolar. Materiales y métodos. la presente investigación se propone el enfoque metodológico socio-crítico a partir del cual se estudiará el fenómeno de la formación en su dimensión axiológica a partir del sistema de valores universales definidos por entidades multilaterales como Naciones Unidas y la UNESCO y que hoy promueve el gobierno nacional, el ministerio de educación nacional y las instituciones de educación en contraste con los imaginarios que las comunidades académicas tienen al respecto en relación con la cultura de la paz y la noviolencia. Resultados. Entre los problemas más frecuentes que la comunidad académica identifica al interior de la IE están, el maltrato físico y verbal, el matoneo, las peleas, las drogas y la discriminación; y en el entorno, es decir, al exterior de la Institución identifican, además, la delincuencia, la intolerancia, la discriminación, la violencia de género, la falta de amor y la falta de comunicación, todas estas formas de violencia que los jóvenes identifican claramente, las cuales a su vez se replican en el entorno institucional. Conclusión. del análisis se establecen los valores compartidos como bien común, su importancia, sus conflictos y la forma cómo los resuelven al interior de la comunidad académica.

Abstract Introduction. The educational process in educational institutions of basic and middle level includes axiological training based on the declaration of a system of values, which are deployed from public policies and are translated into the Institutional Educational Project-PEI and the manual of coexistence; these do not always correspond to the values perceived, appropriated and practiced by the academic communities. In a country like Colombia, in terms of post-conflict, the values for the culture of peace become relevant, given that a lasting and structural peace does not depend only on the government and the guerrilla groups, so in fact the National Conciliation Commission-CNN (2013) establishes as minimum reconciliation among others the "Generation of a culture of peace". Objective. The present work intends to make an analysis with the academic community of a public school in the Valle of Aburrá, who have experienced different types of violence, to know the values they promote for peace and nonviolence, to understand their dynamics in contrast to the institutionality and its impact on school education and coexistence. Materials and methods. This research proposes the socio-critical methodological approach from which the phenomenon of training will be studied in its axiological dimension from the system of universal values defined by multilateral entities such as the United Nations and UNESCO and that today promotes the national government, the national education ministry and educational institutions in contrast to the imaginations that academic communities have in this regard in relation to the culture of peace and nonviolence. Results. Among the most frequent problems that the academic community identifies within EI are physical and verbal abuse, bullying, fights, drugs and discrimination; and in the environment, that is, outside the Institution, they also identify crime, intolerance, discrimination, gender violence, lack of love and lack of communication, all these forms of violence that young people identify clearly, which in turn are replicated in the institutional environment. Conclusion. The analysis, shared values are established as a common good, their importance, their conflicts and the way they are resolved within the academic community.

Resumo Introdução. O processo de formação em Instituições de Ensino Básico e Médio contempla a formação axiológica a partir da declaração de um sistema de valores, que se desdobram a partir de políticas públicas e se traduzem no Projeto Educacional Institucional-PEI e no manual de convivência; estes nem sempre correspondem aos valores que as comunidades acadêmicas percebem, se apropriam e praticam. Em um país como a Colômbia, em termos de pós-conflito, os valores para a cultura da paz ganham relevância, pois uma paz duradoura e estrutural não depende apenas do governo e dos grupos guerrilheiros, de fato a Comissão Nacional de Conciliação-A CNN (2013) estabelece como reconciliação mínima entre outras a "Geração de uma cultura de paz". Objetivo. Realizar uma análise com a comunidade acadêmica de uma escola pública do Vale do Aburrá, que vivenciaram diversos tipos de violência, para conhecer os valores que promovem para a paz e não violência, para entender sua dinâmica em contraste com o quadro institucional e seu impacto na formação e na convivência escolar. Materiais e métodos. esta pesquisa propõe a abordagem metodológica sociocrítica a partir da qual o fenômeno da formação será estudado em sua dimensão axiológica a partir do sistema de valores universais definidos por entidades multilaterais como as Nações Unidas e a UNESCO e que hoje promove para o governo nacional, o ministério nacional da educação e as instituições educacionais, em contraste com a imaginação que as comunidades acadêmicas têm a esse respeito em relação à cultura de paz e não-violência. Resultados. Entre os problemas mais frequentes que a comunidade acadêmica identifica dentro da EI estão abuso físico e verbal, bullying, brigas, drogas e discriminação; e no ambiente, ou seja, fora da Instituição, também identificam crime, intolerância, discriminação, violência de gênero, falta de amor e falta de comunicação, todas essas formas de violência que os jovens identificam com clareza, que por sua vez se replicam no Ambiente institucional. Conclusões. a análise e os valores compartilhados se estabelecem como um bem comum, sua importância, seus conflitos e a forma como são resolvidos no seio da comunidade acadêmica.

Object recognition is enabled by an experience-dependent appraisal of visual features in the brain's value system.

This paper addresses perceptual synthesis by comparing responses evoked by visual stimuli before and after they are recognized, depending on prior exposure. Using magnetoencephalography, we analyzed distributed patterns of neuronal activity - evoked by Mooney figures - before and after they were recognized as meaningful objects. Recognition induced changes were first seen at 100-120 â€‹ms, for both faces and tools. These early effects - in right inferior and middle occipital regions - were characterized by an increase in power in the absence of any changes in spatial patterns of activity. Within a later 210-230 â€‹ms window, a quite different type of recognition effect appeared. Regions of the brain's value system (insula, entorhinal cortex and cingulate of the right hemisphere for faces and right orbitofrontal cortex for tools) evinced a reorganization of their neuronal activity without an overall power increase in the region. Finally, we found that during the perception of disambiguated face stimuli, a face-specific response in the right fusiform gyrus emerged at 240-290 â€‹ms, with a much greater latency than the well-known N170m component, and, crucially, followed the recognition effect in the value system regions. These results can clarify one of the most intriguing issues of perceptual synthesis, namely, how a limited set of high-level predictions, which is required to reduce the uncertainty when resolving the ill-posed inverse problem of perception, can be available before category-specific processing in visual cortex. We suggest that a subset of local spatial features serves as partial cues for a fast re-activation of object-specific appraisal by the value system. The ensuing top-down feedback from value system to visual cortex, in particular, the fusiform gyrus enables high levels of processing to form category-specific predictions. This descending influence of the value system was more prominent for faces than for tools, the fact that reflects different dependence of these categories on value-related information.

A Spiritual Well-Being Model for the Healing Arts.

This article presents a theoretical model based on a synthesis of psychological (the word psyche means soul) theories regarding components of the human spirit, human spirituality, and the development of spiritual well-being, with a focus on the relationship between stress and human spirituality. These components include an insightful relationship with both oneself and others, a strong personal value system, and a meaningful purpose in one's life. Additional aspects include a model for spiritual growth (seasons of the soul) and various aspects of one's life experience that hinder or promote greater spiritual growth. Based on this model, holistic nurses may integrate these concepts into their world view of holistic healing and include the health of the human spirit as a greater part of the holistic wellness paradigm.

Anti-, Non-, and Dis-: the linguistics of negative meanings about youtube.

The aim of this research paper is to reveal and explore the negative concepts, i.e. anti-values, verbalized in the professionally compiled media texts on the topic of YouTube as they shape the idea of what YouTube is and how it functions. The authors identify anti-values in the newspaper and magazine articles, reveal linguistic means through which they are implemented, as well as define their relationship with the context. The authors attempt to rationalize the use of anti-values in the texts about YouTube and provide a commentary on both linguistic and extra-linguistic features of these entities. Anti-values reflect concepts, phenomena, ideas or notions that are deemed unacceptable or undesirable in some cases universally, and in some specifically by the users of the platform or those affected by it. The research findings can be used in both axiological and socio-linguistic studies conducted for pragmatic, scientific or educational purposes.

Shaping values with "YouTube freedoms": linguistic representation and axiological charge of the popular science IT-discourse.

Drawing on the studies of linguistics, axiology and discourse analysis, this paper contributes to the linguistic framework of value-based communication studies by establishing the algorithm of shaping values in popular science IT discourse via the set of linguo-axiological methods. The authors' aims include establishing dominating communicative strategies employed by the authors of the texts; identifying language structures and lexical means responsible for the both explicit and implicit formation and verbalization of certain values represented in the texts about YouTube; organizing the identified values into a system as presented by the authors of the texts. The paper uncovers dominant YouTube text characteristics, focusing on the instrumental role of values this type of discourse represents, and implements a complex methodological set (CDA and linguo-axiological analysis) in order to outline three basic communicative strategies that the authors of the texts employ: the information strategy; the instruction strategy; the evaluation strategy. The conducted research reveals that the texts of mass media about YouTube contain the following values, classified by the authors into three axiological groups: relevance (approval, authenticity, entertainment, fame, influence, popularity); relationship (accessibility, connection, feedback, relatability); profession (career, competitiveness, money, promotion, time). The results of the study include theoretical conclusions about how the modern-day discourse of information technology (IT-discourse) reflects both fundamental and profession-specific human values, thus shaping the way addressees perceive the industry through language. These findings make it possible to form a new type of IT-discourse text architecture, which would take into account the pragmatic-axiological charge necessary to shape and divert the set of addressees' values.

Enhancing the Value Chain to Increase Customer Satisfaction and Build Successful Breast Imaging Practices.

The US health care industry is increasingly shifting to a value seeking mindset. The breast imaging value chain elucidates how breast imaging radiologists generate and deliver value to their customers, who include both patients and referring health care providers. The breast imaging value chain can be used by radiologists to improve operational effectiveness and to plan new value creation strategically. The overarching goals are increased customer satisfaction and successful practices.

Communication about Death and Confidence Levels concerning Death-Related Issues among Koreans

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the current status of communication about death and confidence levels concerning death-related issues among Korean adults.METHODS: A survey was conducted to ascertain the frequency of death related communication, factors promoting and impeding such communication, and confidence levels concerning death-related issues. Data of 112 participants who completed the survey were analyzed using descriptive statistics, a chi square test, and multiple logistic regression.RESULTS: More than half of the participants (52.7%–84.0%) appeared to have infrequent (never/at least one) conversations about death or death-related issues. Owing to socio-cultural aspects, death-related communication was considered a taboo or an unpleasant topic of conversation. Additionally, indifference toward death inhibited people from communicating; however, personal experiences of death or morbidity and favorable social contexts promoted communication. Overall, the confidence levels concerning death-related issues was low. Only 17.9%–32.2% of the participants were confident/very confident about their preferences concerning death-related issues. The more people talked about death, the more likely they were to develop a confident attitude toward death-related issues (odds ratio, 3.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.37–8.69).CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that communication about death is being withheld among Koreans, and this could possibly lower their level of confidence regarding death-related issues. To achieve death with dignity, a ‘death culture’ needs to be promoted alongside legislation and infrastructure.

Value analysis of protection system for varieties of Chinese materia medica / 中草药

The value system of the protection system for varieties of Chinese materia medica (CMM) has the characteristics of times and development, which is adjusted with the growth of CMM industry. In the early stage of the system, improving the quality of CMM and promoting the allocation of CMM resources and implement the right to health are the main aims of the system. In the background that the aims have almost come to true, and the system has the potential to develop as a special protection system for intellectual property right of CMM, we may make “to protect the interests of related obligee and encourage the inheritance and innovation of CMM” and “to promote the variety development and improve the quality of the varieties, increase the social welfare of the public” as the new and main purposes, which will lay a theoretical foundation for the design of intellectual property protection mechanism of the protection system for varieties of CMM.

Value systems among adolescents: Novel method for assessing level of ego-development.

Children's value systems develop through youth and influence attitudes and actions. But there is a lack of appropriate measures for children and adolescents. The objective of this study was to construct and validate a questionnaire that reveals distinct value systems among adolescents, and to evaluate the identified value systems' relationship to degree of ego-development and moral development. A quantitative study in a Swedish School with ages 12 through 16 (grades 6 to 9) was performed (N = 204). A set of pattern recognition statistical analyses has been used to identify different profiles of values systems and demonstrate that these systems can be arranged in a hierarchical order similar to other development. Results revealed three value systems in this sample. The identified value systems reflect different degrees of moral and ego-development among children in the study. Three distinct value systems were identified: the first (n = 9) and the second value systems (n = 35) correspond to pre-conventional stages, and the third value system (n = 155) corresponds to early conventional stages of ego development. Ego development scoring of test statements to assess stages. The value system was significantly related to moral development in the personal interest and the maintaining norms schemas of the Defining Issues Test (DIT). However, many students did not complete the entire DIT, so those results should be looked at with caution. It appears that this new test (Test for Adolescent Value Systems - TAVS) does relate to an established ego development rating scale.

Many faces of dogmatism: Prejudice as a way of protecting certainty against value violators among dogmatic believers and atheists.

In this article, we suggest that dogmatic beliefs, manifested as strong beliefs that there is no God (i.e., dogmatic atheism) as well as strong beliefs in God (i.e., religious orthodoxy), can serve as a cognitive response to uncertainty. Moreover, we claim that people who dogmatically do not believe in religion and those who dogmatically believe in religion are equally prone to intolerance and prejudice towards groups that violate their important values. That is because prejudice towards these groups may be an efficient strategy to protect the certainty that strong beliefs provide. We tested these assumptions in two studies. In Study 1 and Study 2, we demonstrated that dogmatic beliefs mediate the relationship between intolerance to uncertainty and both, religious orthodoxy and dogmatic atheism. In addition, in Study 2 we showed that both the religiously orthodox and dogmatic atheists become prejudiced towards groups that violate their values and that these effects are especially strong under experimentally induced uncertainty. In this study, we focused on atheists and homosexuals as groups that pose a threat to Christian's religious worldviews, and Catholics and pro-life supporters as groups that pose a threat to the values of atheists. The results are discussed in relation to past research on dogmatism and religion, as well as with reference to what this means for the study of prejudice.

Humanoids Learning to Walk: A Natural CPG-Actor-Critic Architecture.

The identification of learning mechanisms for locomotion has been the subject of much research for some time but many challenges remain. Dynamic systems theory (DST) offers a novel approach to humanoid learning through environmental interaction. Reinforcement learning (RL) has offered a promising method to adaptively link the dynamic system to the environment it interacts with via a reward-based value system. In this paper, we propose a model that integrates the above perspectives and applies it to the case of a humanoid (NAO) robot learning to walk the ability of which emerges from its value-based interaction with the environment. In the model, a simplified central pattern generator (CPG) architecture inspired by neuroscientific research and DST is integrated with an actor-critic approach to RL (cpg-actor-critic). In the cpg-actor-critic architecture, least-square-temporal-difference based learning converges to the optimal solution quickly by using natural gradient learning and balancing exploration and exploitation. Futhermore, rather than using a traditional (designer-specified) reward it uses a dynamic value function as a stability indicator that adapts to the environment. The results obtained are analyzed using a novel DST-based embodied cognition approach. Learning to walk, from this perspective, is a process of integrating levels of sensorimotor activity and value.

Differences in the Ethical Value System of Social Work between China and Western Societies and the Medical Social Work / 中国医学伦理学

Different cultural backgrounds between China and western societies determine the differences of their ethical value systems,which are both oriented by group interests and individual health interests.As the society develops,the new type medical service system enrolls various issues including social psychological service,embodying the characteristics and ethical values of medical social work.Therefore,it is necessary to fully make clear and take use of the differences of Chinese and western cultures in the practice of medical social work,apply ethical values in the construction of social welfare system building,and meanwhile guide the development of community social work.

Realistic Value of Discussing on Core Value of Medical Students / 中国医学伦理学

Medical Students of modern society are undergoing the change of idea of value.Core value is the core of value system.Therefore,the writer discussing on "Core Value of Medical Students" is to build a harmonious socialist society and to make a rapid development for the medical cause.It is also a unshirkable task of teachers in higher education institutions.