The styloid process and the formation of sigmoid sinus diverticulum: is there a link?

INTRODUCTION: Sigmoid sinus diverticulum has been considered the most common cause of pulsatile tinnitus; the mechanism underlying sigmoid sinus diverticulum formation is unclear. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have assessed whether the formation of sigmoid sinus diverticulum is related to compression of the internal jugular vein by the styloid process. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the relationship between the styloid process and the formation of sigmoid sinus diverticulum. METHODS: The medical records of nine patients diagnosed with venous pulsatile tinnitus caused by sigmoid sinus diverticulum were reviewed between April 2009 and May 2019. All patients underwent high-resolution computed tomography of the temporal bones, computed tomography venogram of the head and neck, magnetic resonance venography, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. The length and medial angulation of the styloid process were measured, and compression of the internal jugular vein was recorded. RESULTS: The study population consisted of nine female right-sided pulsatile tinnitus patients with a mean age of 53.8±4.6 years. The mean lengths of the styloid process were 3.9±0.6cm on the right side and 4.1±0.7cm on the left side. The mean medial angulation of the styloid process was significantly smaller on the right side than the left side (65.3°±1.2° vs. 67.8°±1.7°, p<0.05). In addition, computed tomography venogram of the head and neck demonstrated the left internal jugular vein was compressed by the styloid process in eight of the nine patients. CONCLUSION: The formation of sigmoid sinus diverticulum with venous pulsatile tinnitus may be related to compression of the contralateral internal jugular vein by the styloid process. However, accumulation of data in additional cases is required to verify this suggestion.

Estudo da técnica de venografia dos dígitos de vacas / Study of Venography technique in digits of cows

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a técnica de venografia retrógrada podal em vacas, comparando os acessos da veia digital dorsal comum III com a digital comum II ou IV, nos membros torácicos e pélvicos, mediante a administração de dois diferentes volumes de contraste. Foram utilizados 53 membros torácicos e pélvicos de 14 vacas, com o torniquete de borracha posicionado a 5cm proximal aosparadígitos. Administraram-se 10mL do diatrizoato de meglumina em 24 membros (grupo 1), sendo 13 na veia digital dorsal comum III pelo acesso 1 (A1) e 11 na digital II ou IV no acesso 2 (A2). No grupo 2, administraram-se 20mL em 29 membros, sendo 15 pelo A1 e 19 pelo A2. Após a administração do contraste, as radiografias foram repetidas a cada 20 segundos até 120 segundos. O grau de preenchimento vascular foi maior no grupo 2, não diferindo entre membros e acessos venosos. Conclui-se que a administração de 20mL de contraste apresentou melhor preenchimento vascular e radiopacidade, não havendo diferença entre 20 e 120 segundos após a administração do contraste na qualidade radiográfica, independentemente do acesso venoso.(AU)

The aim of this study was to describe the technique of retrograde venography foot in cows, comparing the approaches of the dorsal common digital vein III with the digital commons II or IV, thoracic and pelvic by administering two different volumes of contrast members. Fifty three fore and hindlimbs of 14 cows were used, a rubber tourniquet was placed at 5cm above accessory digit. Diatrizoatemeglumine was administered at 10mL to 24 members (group 1), 13 dorsal common digital vein III for access 1 (A1), and 11 digital II or IV access 2 (A2). In group 2 20mL was administered to 29 members, 15 by 19 in A1 and A2. After contrast administration, the radiographs were repeated every 20 seconds until 120 seconds. The degree of vascular filling was greater in group 2, independent of venous access, member or moment. There was no significant difference in the degree of radiopacity of radiographic images when compared to the venous access, time and a member of both groups. We conclude that administration of 20mL of contrast showed better vascular filling and radiopacity, with no difference between 20 and 120 seconds after contrast administration in independent radiographic quality venous access.(AU)

Estudo da técnica de venografia dos dígitos de vacas / Study of Venography technique in digits of cows

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a técnica de venografia retrógrada podal em vacas, comparando os acessos da veia digital dorsal comum III com a digital comum II ou IV, nos membros torácicos e pélvicos, mediante a administração de dois diferentes volumes de contraste. Foram utilizados 53 membros torácicos e pélvicos de 14 vacas, com o torniquete de borracha posicionado a 5cm proximal aosparadígitos. Administraram-se 10mL do diatrizoato de meglumina em 24 membros (grupo 1), sendo 13 na veia digital dorsal comum III pelo acesso 1 (A1) e 11 na digital II ou IV no acesso 2 (A2). No grupo 2, administraram-se 20mL em 29 membros, sendo 15 pelo A1 e 19 pelo A2. Após a administração do contraste, as radiografias foram repetidas a cada 20 segundos até 120 segundos. O grau de preenchimento vascular foi maior no grupo 2, não diferindo entre membros e acessos venosos. Conclui-se que a administração de 20mL de contraste apresentou melhor preenchimento vascular e radiopacidade, não havendo diferença entre 20 e 120 segundos após a administração do contraste na qualidade radiográfica, independentemente do acesso venoso.(AU)

The aim of this study was to describe the technique of retrograde venography foot in cows, comparing the approaches of the dorsal common digital vein III with the digital commons II or IV, thoracic and pelvic by administering two different volumes of contrast members. Fifty three fore and hindlimbs of 14 cows were used, a rubber tourniquet was placed at 5cm above accessory digit. Diatrizoatemeglumine was administered at 10mL to 24 members (group 1), 13 dorsal common digital vein III for access 1 (A1), and 11 digital II or IV access 2 (A2). In group 2 20mL was administered to 29 members, 15 by 19 in A1 and A2. After contrast administration, the radiographs were repeated every 20 seconds until 120 seconds. The degree of vascular filling was greater in group 2, independent of venous access, member or moment. There was no significant difference in the degree of radiopacity of radiographic images when compared to the venous access, time and a member of both groups. We conclude that administration of 20mL of contrast showed better vascular filling and radiopacity, with no difference between 20 and 120 seconds after contrast administration in independent radiographic quality venous access.(AU)

DIGITAL CONTRAST VENOGRAPHY IN VIVO OF THE FORELIMB AND HINDLIMB IN HEALTHY SHEEP AND GOAT

Abstract The venographic examination allows diagnosing and treating foot diseases. It can be the basis of studies about the administration of medication in the hoof region. The aim of the study was to describe the venographic pattern in the distal region of the forelimb and hindlimbs of healthy sheep and goats, as well as to compare vascularization between them. Ten clinically healthy sheep and goats, five male and five female of different breeds, aged 2 to 4 years and weighing 45 to 63 kg were used. The forelimbs and hindlimbs were subjected to contrast venography of the distal region. The venograms were taken in a digital X -ray machine and analyzed in the EcoView® software. The veins of the metacarpus and metatarsus; and the proximal, middle and distal phalanges of the forelimbs and hindlimbs of sheep and goats were identified 25-30 seconds after contrast injection. The technique error observed during the venography was the contrast perivascular extravasation. The venograms showed the vascularization in the distal region of forelimbs and hindlimbs and the communication of vessels between them. The better radiographic view to evaluate the vessels was the lateral projection. The normal venous pattern of the distal region of forelimbs and hindlimbs of sheep and goats could be observed by venography.

Resumo O exame venográfico permite diagnosticar e tratar afecções da região podal. Pode ser base de estudos sobre a administração de medicação na região do casco. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever o padrão venográfico na região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos de ovinos e caprinos saudáveis, bem como comparar a vascularização entre eles. Foram utilizados 10 ovinos e caprinos clinicamente saudáveis, cinco machos e cinco fêmeas de raças diferentes, com idade entre 2 a 4 anos e pesando 45 a 63 kg. Os membros torácicos e pélvicos foram submetidos à venografia contrastada da região distal. Os venogramas foram coletados por um aparelho radiográfico digital e analisados no software EcoView®. As veias da região do metacarpo e metatarso; as falanges proximal, medial e distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos dos ovinos e caprinos foram identificadas 25-30 segundos após a injeção do contraste. O erro de técnica observado durante a venografia foi o extravasamento perivascular do contraste. Os venogramas revelaram a vascularização na região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos e a comunicação dos vasos entre eles. A projeção lateral foi a melhor projeção radiográfica para avaliar os vasos no venograma. O padrão venoso normal da região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos de ovinos e caprinos pode ser observado pela venografia.

Digital contrast venography in vivo of the forelimb and hindlimb in healthy sheep and goat / Venografia digital contrastada in vivo de membro torácico e pélvico de ovinos e caprinos hígidos

The venographic examination allows diagnosing and treating foot diseases. It can be the basis of studies about the administration of medication in the hoof region. The aim of the study was to describe the venographic pattern in the distal region of the forelimb and hindlimbs of healthy sheep and goats, as well as to compare vascularization between them. Ten clinically healthy sheep and goats, five male and five female of different breeds, aged 2 to 4 years and weighing 45 to 63 kg were used. The forelimbs and hindlimbs were subjected to contrast venography of the distal region. The venograms were taken in a digital X –ray machine and analyzed in the EcoView® software. The veins of the metacarpus and metatarsus; and the proximal, middle and distal phalanges of the forelimbs and hindlimbs of sheep and goats were identified 25–30 seconds after contrast injection. The technique error observed during the venography was the contrast perivascular extravasation. The venograms showed the vascularization in the distal region of forelimbs and hindlimbs and the communication of vessels between them. The better radiographic view to evaluate the vessels was the lateral projection. The normal venous pattern of the distal region of forelimbs and hindlimbs of sheep and goats could be observed by venography.(AU0

O exame venográfico permite diagnosticar e tratar afecções da região podal. Pode ser base de estudos sobre a administração de medicação na região do casco. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever o padrão venográfico na região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos de ovinos e caprinos saudáveis, bem como comparar a vascularização entre eles. Foram utilizados 10 ovinos e caprinos clinicamente saudáveis, cinco machos e cinco fêmeas de raças diferentes, com idade entre 2 a 4 anos e pesando 45 a 63 kg. Os membros torácicos e pélvicos foram submetidos à venografia contrastada da região distal. Os venogramas foram coletados por um aparelho radiográfico digital e analisados no software EcoView®. As veias da região do metacarpo e metatarso; as falanges proximal, medial e distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos dos ovinos e caprinos foram identificadas 25-30 segundos após a injeção do contraste. O erro de técnica observado durante a venografia foi o extravasamento perivascular do contraste. Os venogramas revelaram a vascularização na região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos e a comunicação dos vasos entre eles. A projeção lateral foi a melhor projeção radiográfica para avaliar os vasos no venograma. O padrão venoso normal da região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos de ovinos e caprinos pode ser observado pela venografia.(AU)

Digital contrast venography in vivo of the forelimb and hindlimb in healthy sheep and goat / Venografia digital contrastada in vivo de membro torácico e pélvico de ovinos e caprinos hígidos

The venographic examination allows diagnosing and treating foot diseases. It can be the basis of studies about the administration of medication in the hoof region. The aim of the study was to describe the venographic pattern in the distal region of the forelimb and hindlimbs of healthy sheep and goats, as well as to compare vascularization between them. Ten clinically healthy sheep and goats, five male and five female of different breeds, aged 2 to 4 years and weighing 45 to 63 kg were used. The forelimbs and hindlimbs were subjected to contrast venography of the distal region. The venograms were taken in a digital X –ray machine and analyzed in the EcoView® software. The veins of the metacarpus and metatarsus; and the proximal, middle and distal phalanges of the forelimbs and hindlimbs of sheep and goats were identified 25–30 seconds after contrast injection. The technique error observed during the venography was the contrast perivascular extravasation. The venograms showed the vascularization in the distal region of forelimbs and hindlimbs and the communication of vessels between them. The better radiographic view to evaluate the vessels was the lateral projection. The normal venous pattern of the distal region of forelimbs and hindlimbs of sheep and goats could be observed by venography.

O exame venográfico permite diagnosticar e tratar afecções da região podal. Pode ser base de estudos sobre a administração de medicação na região do casco. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever o padrão venográfico na região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos de ovinos e caprinos saudáveis, bem como comparar a vascularização entre eles. Foram utilizados 10 ovinos e caprinos clinicamente saudáveis, cinco machos e cinco fêmeas de raças diferentes, com idade entre 2 a 4 anos e pesando 45 a 63 kg. Os membros torácicos e pélvicos foram submetidos à venografia contrastada da região distal. Os venogramas foram coletados por um aparelho radiográfico digital e analisados no software EcoView®. As veias da região do metacarpo e metatarso; as falanges proximal, medial e distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos dos ovinos e caprinos foram identificadas 25-30 segundos após a injeção do contraste. O erro de técnica observado durante a venografia foi o extravasamento perivascular do contraste. Os venogramas revelaram a vascularização na região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos e a comunicação dos vasos entre eles. A projeção lateral foi a melhor projeção radiográfica para avaliar os vasos no venograma. O padrão venoso normal da região distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos de ovinos e caprinos pode ser observado pela venografia.

Digital venography in ruminants--a review.

Digital venography is a contrast angiography technique used to study digital vascularity. The technique is simple to be carried out and can be performed under field conditions using a standard radiographic unit. The venogram examination is used to complement conventional radiographic examinations in animals affected by foot diseases. Discrepancy in the contrast vascular pattern may be observed before the clinical signs of the foot disease. Digital venography studies in ruminants are in smaller number than those in horses. The herein presented review discusses digital venography techniques used in ruminants as well as the differences and similarities between ruminants (cattle, sheep and goat) and horses.

Técnica venográfica contrastada in vivo dos dígitos de ovinos e caprinos / Contrast venography technique in vivo of the digits of sheep and goat

Foram utilizados 10 membros torácicos e pélvicos de ovinos e caprinos hígidos, de raça e sexo variados, com idade entre dois e quatro anos e peso corpóreo médio de 53kg. A porção distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos foi submetida à técnica venográfica contrastada e à contagem vascular venosa da mesma região, em ambas as espécies. Não foram observadas diferenças numéricas em relação às veias entre machos e fêmeas, nem entre os membros direito e esquerdo da mesma espécie. Os ovinos possuem maior número de veias em relação aos caprinos. A técnica venográfica distal anterógrada de ambos os membros em ovinos e caprinos se mostrou aplicável revelando a vasculatura distal e podal, a comunicação entre os vasos venosos e a quantidade dos vasos presentes na região(AU)

Ten forelimbs and hindlimbs of healthy sheep and goats, of varied breeds and gender with ages ranging between two and four years and an average body weight of 53kg were used in the study. The forelimbs and hindlimbs underwent a contrasted venography of the distal region. No numerical differences were observed in relation to veins between males and females and between the left and right members of the same species. Sheep had more veins than goats. The antiretrograde venography technique of both limbs in sheep and goats was proved to be applicable, showing the vasculazation of the distal region of the foot, the communication between the vessels and the quantity of vessels(AU)

Técnica venográfica contrastada in vivo dos dígitos de ovinos e caprinos / Contrast venography technique in vivo of the digits of sheep and goat

Foram utilizados 10 membros torácicos e pélvicos de ovinos e caprinos hígidos, de raça e sexo variados, com idade entre dois e quatro anos e peso corpóreo médio de 53kg. A porção distal dos membros torácicos e pélvicos foi submetida à técnica venográfica contrastada e à contagem vascular venosa da mesma região, em ambas as espécies. Não foram observadas diferenças numéricas em relação às veias entre machos e fêmeas, nem entre os membros direito e esquerdo da mesma espécie. Os ovinos possuem maior número de veias em relação aos caprinos. A técnica venográfica distal anterógrada de ambos os membros em ovinos e caprinos se mostrou aplicável revelando a vasculatura distal e podal, a comunicação entre os vasos venosos e a quantidade dos vasos presentes na região.

Ten forelimbs and hindlimbs of healthy sheep and goats, of varied breeds and gender with ages ranging between two and four years and an average body weight of 53kg were used in the study. The forelimbs and hindlimbs underwent a contrasted venography of the distal region. No numerical differences were observed in relation to veins between males and females and between the left and right members of the same species. Sheep had more veins than goats. The antiretrograde venography technique of both limbs in sheep and goats was proved to be applicable, showing the vasculazation of the distal region of the foot, the communication between the vessels and the quantity of vessels.