The Production, Assessment, and Utility of 3D-Printed Video Laryngoscopes in Eastern India: A Low-Cost Alternative to Conventional Video Laryngoscopes.

Introduction Recognizing the limitations of traditional direct laryngoscopes, particularly in difficult airway situations, video laryngoscopy has emerged as a potentially safer and more effective alternative. This study evaluated the utility of two 3D-printed video laryngoscopes: a standard geometry video laryngoscope (SGVL), resembling the traditional Macintosh blade, and a hyper-angulated video laryngoscope (HAVL) with a more curved design. Their performance was compared to a standard Macintosh direct laryngoscope across various intubation parameters. By leveraging the cost-effectiveness of 3D printing with polylactic acid, the study aimed to assess the potential of this technology to improve airway management across diverse clinical settings and varying levels of physician expertise. Methods This prospective randomized crossover study compared the effectiveness of 3D-printed video laryngoscopes (VL) and a standard direct laryngoscope in intubation. After obtaining IRB approval, physicians from various specialties across multiple centers participated. Participants received training on SGVL, HAVL, and DL intubation using an instructional video and hands-on practice. The training was standardized for all participants. The primary outcome measures were time to successful intubation, number of attempts, and time to visualize vocal cords. Participants were randomized to use all three laryngoscopes on a manikin, with a maximum of two attempts per scope. A 30-minute break separated each laryngoscope evaluation. Successful intubation was defined as the single insertion of each laryngoscope and bougie, followed by endotracheal tube placement and confirmation of lung inflation. Results Ninety-eight doctors, mostly from the EM team (73.5%) and ICU team (23.4%). Teams consist of consultants, residents, and medical officers of the concerned departments. Forty-eight of the participants (49%) were novice operators (<25 intubations). Successful first-attempt intubation in those with <1 year of experience with intubation (n=33) was highest for SGVL (97%) compared to DL (82%) and HAVL (67%). Participants who learned intubation through self-directed learning exhibited a higher acceptance of VL and achieved 100% success on their first attempt. Among those who followed modules or workshops, 97% had successful first-attempt intubation with VL. The average time taken to visualize the vocal cords was lower in SGVL compared to DL (5.6 vs. 7.5 seconds) (p<0.001). The HAVL also had a lower average time compared to the DL (7.1 vs. 7.5 secs) (p<0.001). However, the time taken to intubate using DL (24.2 ±8.7 sec) was similar to SGVL (28.1 ±13 sec). Lastly, the intubation time using HAVL was the longest (49.6 ±35.5 sec). The time to intubate with DL and SGVL had Spearman's rho of 0.64 (p<0.001), and DL and HAVL had 0.59 (p<0.001). Conclusions The ease of use and its cost-effective nature make 3D-printed VLs beneficial in situations where traditional VLs may not be available, especially in simulation and training.

Comparison of Macintosh Laryngoscope, King Vision®, VividTrac®, AirAngel Blade®, and a Custom-Made 3D-Printed Video Laryngoscope for Difficult and Normal Airways in Mannequins by Novices-A Non-Inferiority Trial.

Background: Endotracheal intubation (ETI) is a cornerstone of airway management. The gold standard device for ETI is still the direct laryngoscope (DL). However, video laryngoscopes (VLs) are now also widely available and have several proven advantages. The VL technique has been included in the major airway management guidelines. During the COVID-19 pandemic, supply chain disruption has raised demand for 3D-printed medical equipment, including 3D-printed VLs. However, studies on performance are only sparsely available; thus, we aimed to compare 3D-printed VLs to the DL and other VLs made with conventional manufacturing technology. Methods: Forty-eight medical students were recruited to serve as novice users. Following brief, standardized training, students executed ETI with the DL, the King Vision® (KV), the VividTrac® (VT), the AirAngel Blade® (AAB), and a custom-made 3D-printed VL (3DVL) on the Laerdal® airway management trainer in normal and difficult airway scenarios. We evaluated the time to and proportion of successful intubation, the best view of the glottis, esophageal intubation, dental trauma, and user satisfaction. Results: The KV and VT are proved to be superior (p < 0.05) to the DL in both scenarios. The 3DVL's performance was similar (p > 0.05) or significantly better than that of the DL and mainly non-inferior (p > 0.05) compared to the KV and VT in both scenarios. Regardless of the scenario, the AAB proved to be inferior (p < 0.05) even to the DL in the majority of the variables. The differences between the devices were more pronounced in the difficult airway scenario. The user satisfaction scores were in concordance with the aforementioned performance of the scopes. Conclusions: Based upon our results, we cannot recommend the AAB over the DL, KV, or VT. However, as the 3DVL showed, 3D printing indeed can provide useful or even superior VLs, but prior to clinical use, meticulous evaluation might be recommended.

A comparative evaluation of fibreoptic bronchoscopy versus C-MAC® D-BLADE-guided videolaryngoscopy for nasotracheal intubation under general anesthesia in oropharyngeal carcinoma surgery patients.

PURPOSE: Nasotracheal intubation (NTI) is required for surgery in oropharyngeal (OP) carcinoma patients, but it may be challenging because of distorted anatomy, mucosal congestion, and increased risk of bleeding. Flexible bronchoscopy (FB)-guided NTI is preferred in these cases but has limitations. In this randomized controlled study, we sought to compare C-MAC® D-BLADE-guided videolaryngoscopy (VL) (Karl Storz SE & Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Germany) with FB for NTI under general anesthesia in patients with OP carcinomas. METHODS: We randomized a total of 100 patients with OP carcinoma and El-Ganzouri's risk index (EGRI) < 7 to undergo NTI under general anesthesia with FB (n = 50) or C-MAC D-BLADE-guided VL (n = 50). The primary outcome was the total intubation time. We also recorded the time to glottis view, nasal intubation difficulty scale (NIDS) score, best percentage of glottis opening score, and complications. RESULTS: The median [interquartile range (IQR)] total intubation time was shorter with VL than with FB (total intubation time, 38 [26-43] sec vs 60 [52-65] sec; difference, -20 sec [95% confidence interval (CI), -27 to -11]; P < 0.001). Similarly, the median [IQR] time to glottis view was shorter with VL compared to FB (8 [6-9] sec vs 22 [14-25] sec; difference, -13 sec [95% CI, -17 to -10]; P < 0.001). The median NIDS score was higher with VL (difference, 2 [95% CI, 2 to 3]; P < 0.001). The incidences of airway trauma (two cases with FB vs seven with VL; P = 0.30) and postoperative sore throat (ten cases in both groups; P = 0.56) were similar. CONCLUSION: Compared to FB, C-MAC D-BLADE-based VL reduced the total time for nasal intubation oropharyngeal carcinoma patients, potentially representing an acceptable alternative in selected cases. TRIAL REGISTRATION: CTRI.nic.in (2018/11/0162830); first submitted 8 November 2018.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: L'intubation nasotrachéale est nécessaire pour la chirurgie chez la patientèle atteinte de carcinome oropharyngé, mais elle peut être difficile en raison d'une anatomie déformée, d'une congestion des muqueuses et d'un risque accru de saignement. Dans ces cas, il est préférable d'utiliser une intubation nasotrachéale guidée par bronchoscopie flexible (BF), mais cette modalité a ses limites. Dans cette étude randomisée contrôlée, nous avons cherché à comparer la vidéolaryngoscopie guidée par lame D-BLADE C-MAC® (VL) (Karl Storz SE & Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Allemagne) à la BF pour réaliser l'intubation nasotrachéale sous anesthésie générale chez les patient·es ayant un carcinome oropharyngé. MéTHODE: Au total, nous avons randomisé 100 personnes atteintes d'un carcinome oropharyngé et présentant un indice de risque d'El-Ganzouri (EGRI) < 7 à bénéficier d'une intubation nasotrachéale sous anesthésie générale par BF (n = 50) ou par VL guidée par lame D-BLADE C-MAC (n = 50). Le critère d'évaluation principal était le temps d'intubation total. Nous avons également enregistré le temps écoulé jusqu'à la visualisation de la glotte, le score sur l'échelle de difficulté de l'intubation nasale (NIDS), le meilleur pourcentage de score d'ouverture de la glotte et les complications. RéSULTATS: La durée totale d'intubation médiane [écart interquartile (ÉIQ)] était plus courte avec la VL qu'avec la BF (durée totale d'intubation, 38 [26­43] sec vs 60 [52 à 65] secondes; différence, −20 sec [intervalle de confiance (IC) à 95 %, −27 à −11]; P < 0,001). De même, le temps médian [ÉIQ] jusqu'à la visualisation de la glotte était plus court avec la VL qu'avec la BF (8 [6­9] sec vs 22 [14 à 25] secondes; différence, −13 sec [IC 95 %, −17 à −10]; P < 0,001). Le score médian sur l'échelle NIDS était plus élevé avec la VL (différence, 2 [IC 95 %, 2 à 3]; P < 0,001). L'incidence des traumatismes des voies aériennes (deux cas avec la BF vs sept avec la VL; P = 0,30) et le mal de gorge postopératoire (dix cas dans les deux groupes; P = 0,56) étaient similaires. CONCLUSION: Par rapport à la BF, la VL guidée par lame D-BLADE C-MAC a réduit le temps total d'intubation nasale pour les personnes atteintes d'un carcinome oropharyngé, ce qui représente potentiellement une alternative acceptable dans certains cas. ENREGISTREMENT DE L'éTUDE: CTRI.nic.in (2018/11/0162830); première soumission le 8 novembre 2018.

Video-stylet vs. channeled hyperangulated videolaryngoscope: Efficacy in simulated Ludwig's angina randomized cadaver trial.

INTRODUCTION: Ludwig's angina (LA) is a life-threatening infection that can affect the floor of the mouth and neck, potentially causing serious airway obstruction. In such cases, rescue airway management and oxygenation can be challenging due to swelling of the mouth floor, trismus, and limited mouth opening. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of the Trachway video-stylet (VS) and Pentax AWS hyperangulated videolaryngoscope with channel (HAVL-C) compared to the standard geometric video-laryngoscope (SGVL, Macintosh 3, Trachway) in simulating Ludwig's angina with cadavers. METHODS: Three fresh frozen cadavers were prepared with varying degrees of difficulty to simulate the airway conditions of patients with LA, including mouth floor swelling, restricted mouth opening, and trismus. Fifty-five second-year resident physicians from various specialties participated in the study and received training in airway management using SGVL, VS, and HAVL-C devices. Participants were randomly assigned to intubate simulated LA with cadavers using the three devices in a random order, and intubation times and success rates were recorded. Participants also rated the difficulty of intubation using a visual analogue scale (VAS) score. The primary outcome assessed the first-pass intubation success or failure, while the secondary outcomes measured the intubation time and subjective difficulty using a visual analogue scale with different laryngoscopes. RESULTS: The success rates for intubation within 90 s were 40% for SGVL, 82% for VS, and 76% for HAVL-C. VS and HAVL-C had significantly higher success rates than SGVL, with hazard ratios of 3.4 and 2.7, and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of 2.0-5.7 and 1.6-4.6, p < 0.001, respectively. The odds ratios of successful intubation for VS and HAVL-C were 8.1 and 6.3, respectively, with a 95% CI of 3.7-17.8 and 2.4-16.7, p < 0.001, compared to SGVL. The VAS score was significantly correlated with intubation success rate and time. CONCLUSIONS: In cases of LA, the use of VS and HAVL-C is preferable over SGVL. These findings suggest that using VS and HAVL-C can improve intubation success rates and reduce intubation time in patients with LA.

Comparison of the success rate of tracheal intubation between stylet and bougie with a hyperangulated videolaryngoscope: a randomised controlled trial.

Hyperangulated videolaryngoscopes are known to increase the success rate of tracheal intubation in the setting of difficult airway management when used with a stylet or bougie. However, there is controversy over which adjunct is more useful. This randomised study aimed to compare first attempt tracheal intubation success rate between a stylet and bougie when using a hyperangulated videolaryngoscope. We recruited patients aged > 20 years who were scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia and required tracheal intubation. We only included patients with factors predicting difficult tracheal intubation based on pre-anaesthesia airway evaluation. Tracheal intubation was attempted using a Glidescope® with either a stylet or bougie as an adjunct according to group assignment. Primary outcome was the success rate of the first tracheal intubation attempt, and secondary outcomes were success of second and third attempts; tracheal intubation time; and occurrence of sore throat, dysphagia or hoarseness. A total of 166 patients were included. The success rate of the first tracheal intubation attempt was significantly higher in patients allocated to the bougie group compared with those allocated to the stylet group (81/83 (98%) vs. 73/83 (88%), respectively; p = 0.032). The number of patients who needed two attempts was significantly lower in those allocated to the bougie group compared with those allocated to the stylet group (1/83 (1%) vs. 9/83 (11%), respectively; p = 0.018). Each group had one patient (1%) where tracheal intubation was achieved after a third attempt. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of sore throat, dysphagia and hoarseness between the two groups. When difficult tracheal intubation is anticipated and a hyperangulated videolaryngoscope is used, the success rate of the first attempt is higher when a bougie is used compared with a stylet.

Comparison of the Efficacy of Macintosh Laryngoscope Versus Airtraq Videolaryngoscope for Visualization of Laryngeal Structures at the End of Thyroidectomy: A Randomized Control Study.

To compare the efficacy of conventional Macintosh laryngoscope with Airtraq videolaryngoscope for visualization of laryngeal structures to rule out recurrent laryngeal nerve injury at the end of thyroidectomy. This randomized double-blind control study was conducted following IEC-Human approval, prospective CTRI registration and written informed consent from participants. Patients of either sex, aged 18-65 years, ASA grade I/II, scheduled for thyroidectomy under GA were included. Group DL underwent direct laryngoscopy using Macintosh blade whereas group VL underwent laryngoscopy using Airtraq® videolaryngoscope. CL(Cormack-Lehane) grade of laryngeal view, time taken to achieve optimal view, haemodynamic parameters, Patient reactivity score(PRS) and complications were noted. Unpaired t-test, chi-square test were used. A total of 73 patients were included for study with 38 in group DL and 35 in group VL. The grade of laryngeal view was found to be significantly better with Airtraq® VL compared to Macintosh laryngoscope without the application of BURP (p < 0.05). In the DL group, 34.2% (n = 13) had a CL grade I, 36.8% (n = 14) had CL grade 2A, 13.2% had CL grade 2B (n = 5) and 15.8% (n = 6) had CL Grade 3 at the end of thyroidectomy. On the contrary, in the VL Group, 71.5% (n = 25) of the participants had a CL Grade I; whereas, 20% (n = 7) had a CL Grade 2A, 5.7% (n = 2) had CL grade 2B and 2.8% (n = 1) of participants had CL grade 3. The mean "time taken to achieve optimal view' was comparable between the two groups (DL = 39.16 ± 105.53 s vs. VL = 38.89 ± 20.69 s) (p = 0.988).The haemodynamic parameters, Patient reactivity score and complications were comparable between the two groups. The performance of Airtraq® videolaryngoscope, a channelled VL is better than conventional Macintosh laryngoscope in terms of the optimal glottic view obtained to rule out recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy at the end of thyroidectomy.

Flexible Bronchoscopy Combined With Videolaryngoscope For Tracheal Intubation In A Child With Hunter Syndrome: A Case Report.

Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type II) has the highest reported prevalence of difficult tracheal intubation among the seven known types of mucopolysaccharidoses. Despite improved difficult airway guidelines and equipment, conventional approaches may fail in some cases. A 10-year-old child with Hunter syndrome, was scheduled for multiple dental extractions. On the first visit, failed intubation was declared as per Difficult Airway Society guidelines in the surgical day-care suite of our institute and the procedure was postponed. The case was then planned to be handled in the main operating room with additional preparation and input from the paediatric otolaryngologist for possible tracheostomy, paediatric intensive care for postoperative need for ventilation, and difficult airway resource faculty for an unconventional approach-videolaryngoscope combined with fibreoptic bronchoscope-which resulted in safe administration of anaesthesia. This case illustrates the importance of meticulous planning in the management of previously failed airway.

A comparative study of the C-MAC D-blade videolaryngoscope and McCoy laryngoscope for oro-tracheal intubation with manual in-line stabilization of neck in patients undergoing cervical spine surgery.

Background and Aims: Airway management in cervical spine injury patients requires manual in-line stabilization (MILS) of the neck to avoid exacerbation of cord injury, which impedes visualization of glottis during laryngoscopy. Specially designed blades such as McCoy and C-MAC D-blades can improve laryngoscopic view in such patients. This study was performed to compare the efficacy of C-MAC D-blades and the McCoy laryngoscope for oro-tracheal intubation using MILS in patients undergoing cervical spine surgery. Material and Methods: This randomized, prospective study was performed in 60 adult patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists grade I-III, either sex, 18 to 60 years of age undergoing elective cervical spine surgery. Patients were randomly categorized into two groups, group D and group M. Intubation was performed using a C-MAC D-blade videolaryngoscope in group D and a McCoy laryngoscope in group M using MILS. The intubation difficulty scale (IDS) score, laryngoscopy and intubation times, percentage of glottic opening (POGO) score, Cormack Lehane (CL) grading with and without external laryngeal pressure (ELP), need for bougie or change of blade or operator, and change in hemodynamics following intubation were recorded. Results: Group D showed lower mean IDS scores than group M (P value < 0.0001). There were statistically significant differences found in duration of laryngoscopy (group D < group M), CL grading without ELP (group D: CL-1,2a >CL-2b, 3; group M: CL-1,2a group M), need for ELP and lifting force (group D < group M), and hemodynamic responses after intubation (group D < group M). Conclusion: A C-MAC D-blade videolaryngoscope provides better and rapid visualization of glottis with less intubation difficulties than a McCoy laryngoscope during intubation using MILS in patients with cervical spine injury.

GlideScope versus C-MAC D-blade videolaryngoscope for double-lumen tube intubation in patients with anticipated difficult airways: A multi-center, prospective, randomized, controlled trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Videolaryngoscopes are widely used to visualize difficult airways. Our aim was to compare the GlideScope and C-MAC D-blade videolaryngoscopes for double-lumen tube (DLT) intubation in patients with difficult airways. DESIGN: A multi-center, prospective, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Three comprehensive tertiary, high-volume hospitals from 5 December 2020 to 4 November 2021. PATIENTS: We included 348 adult patients with anticipated difficult airways who underwent elective thoracic surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized into two groups: GlideScope and C-MAC D-blade. Following anesthesia induction, DLT intubation was performed using different videolaryngoscopes. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was the first-pass success rate of DLT intubation. All other results were recorded as secondary outcomes. MAIN RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the first-pass success rate of DLT intubation between the GlideScope and C-MAC D-blade (86.21% and 89.66%, respectively; P = 0.323). However, compared with the GlideScope, the C-MAC D-blade provided a lower Cormack-Lehane grade (P < 0.001), lower rates of external laryngeal pressure (48 vs. 15, P < 0.001), and postprocedure sore throat (26 vs. 8, P < 0.001). The numerical rating score for difficulty of videolaryngoscope insertion into the oral cavity, delivery to the glottis, and intubation into the main bronchus were significantly lower when using the C-MAC D-blade (P < 0.001). Moreover, the duration of DLT intubation was shorter in the C-MAC D-blade group (81 s [70-97 s] vs. 95 s [78-115 s], P < 0.001). In each group, two patients underwent fiberoptic intubation after three attempts with a videolaryngoscope failed. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with difficult airways, the GlideScope and C-MAC D-blade provided a similar success rate on the first DLT intubation attempt; however, the C-MAC D-blade offers a better glottic view, easier and faster intubation, and lower incidence of sore throat.

Airway Management of a Patient With Penetrating Maxillofacial Trauma Caused by Chainsaw Kickback: A Case Report.

Anesthesiologists rarely experience airway management in patients with maxillofacial injuries caused by a chainsaw. A 36-year-old male was referred to our hospital because of maxillofacial injuries caused by chainsaw kickback. There were deep lacerations of the right eyelid, medial canthus, cheek, and jaw with venous bleeding. The laceration of the cheek reached the oral cavity and looked like a "second mouth." The patient was taken to the operating room for urgent laceration repair under general anesthesia. Despite a poor laryngeal view, awake orotracheal intubation with a videolaryngoscope was successful on the second attempt without complications. Oxygenation was optimized by supplemental oxygen administration via a suction catheter inserted from the "second mouth" throughout the airway management. The present case highlights the importance of airway management strategies according to the nature of the trauma in patients with penetrating maxillofacial trauma caused by a chainsaw.

Comparison of McGrath Videolaryngoscope versus Macintosh Laryngoscope in Tracheal Intubation: An Updated Systematic Review.

(1) Background: In the last few years, many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have compared direct Macintosh laryngoscopy with McGrath videolaryngoscopy in order to assess the potential benefits of the latter; the results were sometimes controversial. (2) Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search to identify our articles according to inclusion and exclusion criteria: to be included, each study had to be a prospective randomized trial or comparison between the McGrath videolaryngoscope and the Macintosh laryngoscope in an adult population. We did not include manikin trials or studies involving double-lumen tubes. (3) Results: 10 studies met the inclusion criteria necessary. In total, 655 patients were intubated with the McGrath and 629 with the Macintosh. In total, 1268 of 1284 patients were successfully intubated, showing equivalent results for the two devices: 648 of 655 patients with the McGrath videolaryngoscope and 620 of 629 patients with the Macintosh laryngoscope. No differences were noted in terms of hemodynamic changes or the incidence of adverse events. (4) Conclusions: We can assert that the McGrath videolaryngoscope and Macintosh laryngoscope, even if with equivalent tracheal intubation results, supplement each other.

Clinically Preferred Videolaryngoscopes in Airway Management: An Updated Systematic Review.

Videolaryngoscopes (VLs) have emerged as a safety net offering several advantages over direct laryngoscopy (DL). The aim of this study is to expand on our previous study conducted in 2016, to deduce which VL is most preferred by clinicians and to highlight any changes that may have occurred over the past 7 years. An extensive systematic literature review was performed on Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Database of Controlled Studies for articles published between September 2016 and January 2023. This review highlighted similar results to our study in 2016, with the CMAC being the most preferred for non-channelled laryngoscopes, closely followed by the GlideScope. For channelled videolaryngoscopes, the Pentax AWS was the most clinically preferred. This review also highlighted that there are minimal studies that compare the most-used VLs, and thus we suggest that future studies directly compare the most-used and -preferred VLs as well as the specific nature of blades to attain more useful results.

Utility of the Awake Video Laryngoscopy Assisted Fibreoptic Intubation Technique in Maxillofacial Gunshot Injury - A Case Report.

Rationale: Maxillofacial gunshot injury leads to significant soft tissue and bone defects, which compromise airway patency, thus posing a challenge for the anaesthesiologist. The utility of the videolaryngoscopy-assisted fibreoptic intubation (VAFI) technique in maxillofacial gunshot injury has not yet been described in the literature. Patient Concerns: We report the case of a young male presenting with extensive maxillofacial wounds with fractures of the bilateral maxilla, mandible and floor of orbit secondary to self-inflicted gunshot injury. Diagnosis: Major peri-operative concerns included anticipated difficult airway, control of potential haemorrhage and airway oedema. Treatment: A flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope used in combination with a video laryngoscope was used to successfully secure the airway. Outcome: He was extubated on the same day and discharged after two weeks. Take-Away Lessons: The current case highlights the safe and effective use of the videolaryngoscopy-assisted fibreoptic intubation technique in maxillofacial gunshot injury.

McGrath® versus Macintosh laryngoscopes on hemodynamic response to intubation in elderly patients: a randomized clinical trial.

Introduction: laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation induce catecholaminergic release. Our study aimed to evaluate the hemodynamic impact of orotracheal intubation by McGrath® compared to the Macintosh laryngoscope in the elderly. Methods: we conducted a prospective randomized clinical trial that included elderly patients proposed for a scheduled surgery under general anesthesia with orotracheal intubation and divided into 2 groups: patients who were intubated using the McGrath® (group V) and patients who were intubated using the Macintosh direct laryngoscope (group M). Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), were recorded before induction of anesthesia (baseline), and at 1 min, 3 min, and 5 min after intubation. Our outcomes were the increase of SBP (∆ SBP), MAP (∆ MAP), and HR (∆ HR) between the two groups, during the 5 minutes following the start of the orotracheal intubation, intubation time and the incidence of its related complications. Results: sixty patients were included and randomized into 2 groups of 30. The average age of our sample was 70±6 years with a sex ratio of 1.22. Most of the patients were operated on for orthopedic, urologic, or abdominal surgery. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of demographic characteristics and the duration of anesthesia (p> 0.05). The intubation time was significantly increased in group M (p≤0.001). There was a significant difference in SBP, MAP, and HR values at 1 min after orotracheal intubation compared with the baseline values in Group V(P<0,05) and Group M (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the first minute after tracheal intubation in terms of SBP (151±42 vs 134.5±26 mmHg, p=0.012), MAP (114±4 vs 102±17 mmHg, p=0.015), DBP (89±32 vs 84±16 mmHg, p=0.01), and HR (99.5±10 vs 94.5±2 b/min, p=0.008) when group M was compared to group V. The ∆SBP was significantly different between group M (∆SBP = 36.2±23.5mmHg) and group V (∆SBP= 30.77±21.6mmHg) (p = 0.005). There were 4 ventricular arrhythmias in group M versus zero in group V (p <0.0001). The postoperative sore throat was significantly decreased in group M vs V (p=0.036). Conclusion: the McGrath® videolaryngoscope decreased the hemodynamic fluctuations due to endotracheal intubation in elderly patients.

Airway Management: The Current Role of Videolaryngoscopy.

Airway management is usually an uncomplicated and safe intervention; however, when problems arise with the primary airway technique, the clinical situation can rapidly deteriorate, resulting in significant patient harm. Videolaryngoscopy has been shown to improve patient outcomes when compared with direct laryngoscopy, including improved first-pass success at tracheal intubation, reduced difficult laryngeal views, reduced oxygen desaturation, reduced airway trauma, and improved recognition of oesophageal intubation. The shared view that videolaryngoscopy affords may also facilitate superior teaching, training, and multidisciplinary team performance. As such, its recommended role in airway management has evolved from occasional use as a rescue device (when direct laryngoscopy fails) to a first-intention technique that should be incorporated into routine clinical practice, and this is reflected in recently updated guidelines from a number of international airway societies. However, currently, overall videolaryngoscopy usage is not commensurate with its now widespread availability. A number of factors exist that may be preventing its full adoption, including perceived financial costs, inadequacy of education and training, challenges in achieving deliverable decontamination processes, concerns over sustainability, fears over "de-skilling" at direct laryngoscopy, and perceived limitations of videolaryngoscopes. This article reviews the most up-to-date evidence supporting videolaryngoscopy, explores its current scope of utilisation (including specialist techniques), the potential barriers preventing its full adoption, and areas for future advancement and research.

TAScope-guided rapid sequence intubation of a case of retrognathia with a history of failed intubation.

A 72-year-old female with symptomatic cholelithiasis was posted for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. She had been previously posted for the same surgery at a different center, but the surgery was not performed due to failed intubation. On airway examination, reduced thyromental distance, prominent incisors, and retrognathia were observed. We planned and executed rapid sequence intubation under videolaryngoscope guidance using The Anaesthetist Society Scope, and the surgery proceeded uneventfully. At the end of the surgery, she was extubated over a bougie, observed, and shifted out without complications.

The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on videolaryngoscopy: a cross-sectional before-and-after survey.

BACKGROUND: Guidelines and consensus statements recommend the use of videola-ryngoscopes (VLs) in airway management of patients with COVID-19. However, there is a lack of knowledge about which types of videolaryngoscopes are used, differences of use between countries, and how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced their use. The primary aim of this before-and-after cross-sectional survey study was to assess the frequency of the use of videolaryngoscopy in the operation theatres in different countries. Also, the preferred characteristics of videolaryngoscopes were assessed. METHODS: With Ethics Committee approval, a questionnaire was distributed among anaes-thesiologists through the European Airway Management Society's network in 2019 before and in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Responses to the questions were analysed and presented as descriptive statistics. RESULTS: We reached out to 791 anaesthesiologists; 155 (19.5%) returned the first questionnaire, and 91 (11.5%) returned the second survey. Videolaryngoscopes were used in 24.1% of cases before COVID-19 and in 43.1% after the pandemic ( P < 0.001). We revealed that the availability of videolaryngoscopes increased to 100% in all centres during the pandemic. Routine use of videolaryngoscopes in all cases increased from 12.5% to 38.9%. The type of videolaryngoscope and the blade preference did not change during this period ( P = 1.000). CONCLUSIONS: This survey reflects that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased the availability and use of videolaryngoscopes in operating theatres, and that more anaesthesiologists now use them routinely in all cases. The preferred type of VL or blade did not change during the pandemic.

Ease of Intubation with McGrath Videolaryngoscope and Incidence of Adverse Events During Tracheal Intubation in COVID-19 Patients: A Prospective Observational Study.

Background: Tracheal intubation in critically ill patients remains high-risk despite advances in equipment, technique, and clinical guidelines. Many patients with COVID-19 were in respiratory distress and required intubation that is considered an aerosol-generating procedure (AGP). The transition to videolaryngoscopy as a routine first line option throughout anesthetic and ICU practice has been reported. We evaluated the ease of intubation, success rate, use of accessory maneuvers and adverse outcomes during and 24 hours after intubation with the McGrath videolaryngoscope. Methods: This was a prospective, observational single center study conducted at non-operating room locations that included all adults (>18 years old) with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection and were intubated by McGrath videolaryngoscope. The anesthesiologist performed tracheal intubation were requested to fill online data collection form. A co-investigator was responsible to coordinate daily with assigned consultants for COVID intubation and follow up of patients at 24 hours after intubation. Results: A total of 105 patients were included in our study. Patients were predominantly male (n=78; 74.3%), their COVID status was either confirmed (n=97, 92.4%) or suspected (n=8, 7.6%). Most were intubated in the COVID ward (n=59, 56.2%) or COVID ICU (n=23, 21.9%). The overall success rate of intubation with McGrath in the first attempt was 82.9%. The glottic view was either full (n=85, 80.95%), partial (n=16, 15.24%) or none (n=4, 3.81%). During intubation, hypoxemia occurred in 18.1% and hypotension in 16.2% patients. Within 24 hours of intubation, pneumothorax occurred in 1.9%, cardiac arrest and return of spontaneous circulation in 6.7% and mortality in 13.3% of patients. Conclusion: These results illustrate the ease and utility of the McGrath videolaryngoscope for tracheal intubation in COVID-19 patients. Its disposable blade is of significant value in protectin during tracheal intubation.