A survey on the challenges, limitations, and opportunities of online testing of infants and young children during the COVID-19 pandemic: using our experiences to improve future practices.

In developmental psychology, the widespread adoption of new methods for testing children does not typically occur over a matter of months. Yet, the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated social distancing requirements created a sudden need among many research groups to use a new method with which they had little or no experience: online testing. Here, we report results from a survey of 159 researchers detailing their early experiences with online testing. The survey approach allowed us to create a general picture of the challenges, limitations, and opportunities of online research, and it identified aspects of the methods that have the potential to impact interpretations of findings. We use the survey results to present considerations to improve online research practices.

Comparison of study samples recruited with virtual versus traditional recruitment methods.

BACKGROUND: Traditionally, clinical studies rely on brick-and-mortar sites to recruit participants. Newer technology-based studies have utilized non-traditional virtual methods that can potentially recruit more diverse populations and shorten recruitment timelines. This manuscript aims to quantify how sample metrics across three virtual studies compare to traditionally recruited samples, as a first step in building an empirical evidence base for the experience of participant recruitment in virtual studies. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of the literature using PubMed to identify relevant studies conducted in the United States in cognitive health, diabetes, and hypertension (which we called comparator studies) to compare to three virtual studies. For each included study, we extracted participant demographic characteristics and information on recruitment methods and timing. Two investigators independently extracted this data, compared results for consistency, and contacted comparator study authors for clarifications. Characteristics for measurement included age, sex, race/ethnicity, states represented, recruitment time, and recruitment rate. RESULTS: We identified 19 comparator studies. Virtually recruited samples were slightly younger, had more female participants, and were split on enrollment of racial minorities as compared to comparator studies. Virtually recruited samples were more diverse geographically and recruited faster. CONCLUSIONS: Virtual recruitment may enhance efficiency and enable more individuals to participate in clinical research. To our knowledge, this is the first rigorous and replicable study comparing participant demographic characteristics and recruitment metrics between virtual and traditional recruitment methodologies. Future research should compare a wider range of studies on other metrics such as overall cost of recruitment and quality of participants.

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional imaging of uterus and fallopian tubes in female infertility.

Noninvasive imaging techniques play an important role in the female infertility diagnostic algorithm. In this review article, a description of the diagnostic performance and potential clinical value of both computerized tomographic virtual hysterosalpingography (CT-VHGS) and magnetic-resonance virtual hysterosalpingography (MR-VHSG) is made, describing for both techniques, to guarantee the best possible diagnostic outcome, patient preparation and normal and principal pathologic findings. Both noninvasive diagnostic imaging modalities improve the diagnostic confidence in identification of the specific cause of female infertility. These procedures are well tolerated and can be performed without tenaculum and sedation. The combined analysis of all the imaging data offers the gynecologist a wide information spectrum, enabling a better therapeutic decision. CT-VHSG and MR-VHSG are consistent diagnostic imaging modalities for the evaluation of the female reproductive system, with an excellent diagnostic performance compared with traditional diagnostic exams and allowing a comprehensive assessment of the female reproductive system.

Histerosalpingografía virtual por TC multidetector de 64 filas: hallazgos en 2.500 pacientes / 64-Row multidetector CT virtual hysterosalpingography: findings in 2500 patients

Objective. To depict typical features of virtual hysterosalpingography (VHSG) in infertile patients. Material and methods: 2500 VHSG performed using a 64-row MDCT were evaluated. Results: Cervical abnormalities visualized corresponded to parietal irregularities (21 percent); thickened folds (9 percent); polyps (11 percent); diverticula (5 percent); cervical strictures (8 percent), and synechiae (1.5 percent). At the level of uterine cavity, polyps (44 percent); submucous myomas (8 percent); intramural and subserosal fibroids (11 percent); synechiae (10 percent); malformations (10 percent); adenomyosis (4 percent), and cesarean section scar (3 percent). Unilateral hydrosalpinx (7 percent) and bilateral hydrosalpinx (2 percent). Tubal obstruction was reported in 6 percent of cases. The average radiation dose was 0.94 mSv. Eighty-four percent of the patients reported mild pain or no postoperative discomfort. Conclusions: The virtual hysterosalpingography allowed a proper assessment of the internal genital organs, providing useful diagnostic information on infertility and other gynecological disorders. It constitutes a virtually painless, low-dose radiation technique, besides being well tolerated by patients.

Objetivo. Ilustrar los hallazgos característicos de la histerosalpingografía virtual (HSG-V) en pacientes en estudio de infertilidad. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron 2500 HSG-V efectuadas con un equipo de TCMD de 64 filas. Resultados A nivel del cuello se visualizaron irregularidades parietales (21 por ciento); pliegues engrosados (9 por ciento); pólipos (11 por ciento); divertículos (5 por ciento); estrechez (8 por ciento; y sinequias (1,5 por ciento). A nivel de la cavidad: pólipos (44 por ciento); miomas submucosos (8 por ciento); intramurales y subserosos (11 por ciento); y sinequias (10 por ciento); malformaciones (10 por ciento); adenomiosis (4 por ciento); cicatriz de cesárea (3 por ciento). Hidrosalpinx unilateral (7 por ciento) y bilateral (2 por ciento); obstrucción tubaria en el 6 por ciento de los casos. La dosis de radiación promedio fue 0.94 mSv. El 84 por ciento de los pacientes refirieron disconfort leve o ausente. Conclusiones: La HSG-Virtual permitió una adecuada evaluación de los órganos genitales internos, brindando información diagnóstica útil en infertilidad y otros desórdenes ginecológicos. Es una técnica poco dolorosa, bien tolerada por las pacientes y con baja dosis de radiación.