Factores del estrabismo incomitante para mejorar el pronóstico de los casos / Factors of incomitant strabismus to improve the prognosis of cases / Fatores no estrabismo incomitante para melhorar o prognóstico dos casos

El estrabismo es una alteración de la visión binocular, es decir, la pérdida de paralelismo de los ejes visuales. Las personas que padecen estrabismo presentan disminución de la profundidad visual y percepción de dimensionalidad. Se estima que este padecimiento ocular, afecta alrededor del 2 al 4 % de la población infantil. La clasificación de los estrabismos y su misma definición han sido parte de un debate mundial durante años. La edad de aparición, el ángulo de desviación, el ojo desviado, y la magnitud del ángulo en distancia de enfoque tambien; sin embargo, siempre debe confirmarse con exámenes más exhaustivos luego de un primer diagnóstico realizado por un profesional de la salud visual. Objetivo. Identificar las características de los estrabismos incomitantes, formas de diagnóstico, clasificación y factores para poder manejarlos específicamente y mejorar el pronóstico del caso. Metodología. Se realizó una síntesis de la información disponible de literatura sobre el estrabismo incomitante a través de un análisis bibliográfico donde se empleó descriptores de búsqueda para lo cual se revisaron las bases de datos: Google académico y Proquest Prisma. Se realizó el análisis de referencias desde el año 2010 al 2020 y como resultado se obtuvieron 34 referencias que describen una clasificación de estrabismos, tipo de diagnóstico y tratamiento. Conclusión. Se considera fundamental aumentar la conciencia pública sobre el tema del diagnóstico temprano de afectaciones oculares para generar medidas de prevención que busquen atenuar la ocurrencia de esta alteración. Delimitar el tipo de estrabismo incomitante podría evitar consecuencias irreparables para el paciente.

Strabismus is an alteration of binocular vision, that is, the loss of parallelism of the visual axes. People suffering from strabismus have decreased visual depth and dimensionality perception. It is estimated that this ocular condition affects about 2 to 4% of the child population. The classification of strabismus and its very definition have been part of a worldwide debate for years. The age of onset, the angle of deviation, the deviating eye, and the magnitude of the angle in focusing distance as well; however, it should always be confirmed with more exhaustive examinations after a first diagnosis by an eye care professional. Objective. To identify the characteristics of incomitant strabismus, ways of diagnosis, classification and factors to be able to manage them specifically and improve the prognosis of the case. Methodology. A synthesis of the information available in the literature on incomitant strabismus was made through a bibliographic analysis using search descriptors for which the following databases were reviewed: Google Scholar and Proquest Prisma. The analysis of references from 2010 to 2020 was carried out and as a result 34 references were obtained describing a classification of strabismus, type of diagnosis and treatment. Conclusion. It is considered essential to increase public awareness on the issue of early diagnosis of ocular disorders in order to generate preventive measures that seek to mitigate the occurrence of this disorder. Delimiting the type of incomitant strabismus could avoid irreparable consequences for the patient.

O estrabismo é um distúrbio da visão binocular, ou seja, a perda do paralelismo dos eixos visuais. As pessoas que sofrem de estrabismo têm uma percepção de profundidade e dimensionalidade visual reduzida. Estima-se que essa condição ocular afete cerca de 2 a 4% da população infantil. A classificação do estrabismo e sua própria definição têm sido parte de um debate mundial há anos. A idade de início, o ângulo de desvio, o olho desviado e a magnitude do ângulo na distância de focalização também; no entanto, devem sempre ser confirmados por exames adicionais após um primeiro diagnóstico feito por um oftalmologista. Objetivo. Identificar as características do estrabismo incomitante, as formas de diagnóstico, a classificação e os fatores para poder tratá-los especificamente e melhorar o prognóstico do caso. Metodologia. Foi feita uma síntese das informações disponíveis na literatura sobre estrabismo incomitante por meio de uma análise bibliográfica usando descritores de pesquisa para os quais foram revisados os seguintes bancos de dados: Google Scholar e Proquest Prisma. A análise das referências de 2010 a 2020 foi realizada e, como resultado, foram obtidas 34 referências que descrevem a classificação do estrabismo, o tipo de diagnóstico e o tratamento. Conclusões. Considera-se essencial aumentar a conscientização pública sobre a questão do diagnóstico precoce de distúrbios oculares para gerar medidas preventivas que busquem mitigar a ocorrência desse distúrbio. Delimitar o tipo de estrabismo incomitante poderia evitar consequências irreparáveis para o paciente.

Detección precoz de la ambliopía en Atención Primaria / Early detection of amblyopia in Primary Care

Introducción: la detección precoz de alteraciones visuales en la infancia tiene importancia ya que pueden causar problemas en el desarrollo visual, el rendimiento escolar o, incluso, suponer un riesgo vital como el retinoblastoma. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre las actividades diagnósticas que puede realizar el pediatra de Atención Primaria (PAP) para mejorar el cribaje de la ambliopía, e identificar la edad más adecuada para este cribado. Material y métodos: se ha realizado una búsqueda bibliográfica de textos científicos en inglés y español publicados en los últimos 20 años en bases de datos como PubMed y Google Académico. Algunas de las palabras clave fueron: “amblyopia”, “vision screening”, “pediatric”, “retinoscopy” y “photoscreener”. Resultados: se encontraron 376 resultados, seleccionándose 29 artículos y dos libros que incluían métodos diagnósticos de ambliopía realizados por el PAP (Bruckner, Hirschberg, Cover test, estereopsis y agudeza visual) y otros más avanzados (retinoscopia, autorrefractómetros, fotorrefractómetros y potenciales evocados). Los programas de cribado y derivación al oftalmólogo realizados por el PAP están basados en métodos tradicionales, siendo en general poco objetivos y heterogéneos. Conclusiones: los resultados encontrados no definen la edad óptima para el cribado, ni la prueba o combinación de pruebas más adecuadas para evitar derivaciones innecesarias o que una alteración pase inadvertida. Sin embargo, este cribado puede realizarse sencilla y rápidamente a partir de los 6 meses de vida mediante métodos avanzados como fotorrefractometría. Aumentar los recursos disponibles del PAP y conocer su aplicabilidad real y sus beneficios clínicos puede precisar posteriores investigaciones (AU)

Introduction: early detection of visual alterations in childhood has special relevance since it can cause problems in visual development, school performance, or even pose a vital risk such as retinoblastoma. The aim of this study was to conduct a traditional review about the diagnostic procedures that can be performed by the Primary Care Pediatrician (PCP) to improve the screening of amblyopia and to identify the most appropriate age for this screening.Material and methods: a bibliographic search of scientific texts in English and Spanish published in the last 20 years in databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar has been carried out. Some of the key words were: “amblyopia”, “vision screening”, “pediatric”, “retinoscopy” and “photoscreener”.Results: 376 results were found. 29 articles and 2 books were selected covering diagnostic methods of amblyopia performed by the PCP (Bruckner, Hirschberg, Cover test, stereopsis and visual acuity assessment) and others more advanced (retinoscopy, autorefractometry, photorefractometry and evoked potentials). The screening and ophthalmologist referral programs performed by the PCP are based on traditional methods and are generally not very objective and heterogeneous.Conclusions: the evidence does not allow to define the optimal age to amblyopia screening or which test or combination of tests could be the most appropriate to avoid unnecessary referrals or unnoticed alterations. However, this screening can be performed easily and quickly from the age of 6 months using diagnostic methods such as photorefractometry. Increasing the available resources in PCP clinic and knowing its applicability and clinical benefits may require further research. (AU)

Clinical evaluation of vision therapy system 4 combined with traditional comprehensive training for ametropic amblyopia / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective:To assess the effectiveness of Vision Therapy System 4 (VTS4) combined with traditional comprehensive training for ametropic amblyopia.Methods:A non-randomized controlled clinical study was performed.A total of 168 children aged 4-10 years with ametropic amblyopia were enrolled in The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2018 to March 2021.The children were assigned to conventional comprehensive training combined with Vision Therapy System 4 group (conventional+ VTS4 group) and conventional group according to the preference of their guardian.Patients in conventional+ VTS4 group (84 children) received conventional comprehensive training combined VTS4 and patients in conventional group (84 children) were treated with conventional comprehensive training only, and the intervention was continuously used for over a year.Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of the patients converted to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (LogMAR) units was examined by international standard visual acuity chart before and after therapy.Spherical equivalent of the patients was detected by optometry under cycloplegic conditions and skiascopy.Binocular and fusion vision was examined with a synoptiscope.The stereopsis was evaluated using Titmus Stereogram.The ocular axial length (AL) and mean keratometry (Km) were measured with the IOLMaster 500.The basic cure rate, BCVA, reconstruction rate of stereopsis, △SE, △AL and △Km following training were compared to evaluate the effectiveness and myopic shift between two groups.The patients in conventional+ VTS4 group were divided into 4-5 years old group and 6-10 years old group, with 42 cases in each group, and the basic cure rate, BCVA, reconstruction rate of stereopsis were compared to evaluate the therapeutic effect between the two groups.The basic cure was defined as acuity improved to ≥0.9, with reduced myopic diopter and stable therapy outcome over 6 months.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by an Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (No.2021-KY-0891-002). Written informed consent was obtained from guardians prior to any medical examination.Results:The basic cure rate of conventional+ VTS4 group was 58.33%(49/84), which was significantly higher than 40.48%(34/84) of conventional group ( χ2=5.358, P=0.021). The BCVA in the conventional+ VTS4 group was better than that in conventional group, showing a statistically significant difference ( Z=-2.537, P=0.011). The recovery rates of binocular vision, fusion vision and stereo vision were 87.93%(51/58), 78.33%(47/60) and 70.77%(46/65) in conventional+ VTS4 group, which were higher than 65.57%(40/61), 57.81%(37/64) and 52.86%(37/70) in conventional group, respectively, with significant differences between them ( χ2=8.259, 5.968, 4.566; all at P<0.05). No significant difference was found in △SE, △AL, and △Km between conventional group and conventional+ VTS4 group (all at P>0.05). The basic cure rate was 69.05%(29/42) in the children aged 4-5 years group, which was higher than 47.62%(20/42) in 6-10 years group, respectively, showing a significant difference ( χ2=3.967, P=0.046). Both BCVA and the stereo vision recovery rate in the 4-5 years old group were better than those in the 6-10 years old group ( Z=-2.046, P=0.041; χ2=4.624, P=0.032). Conclusions:A combination therapy of VTS4 and conventional comprehensive training can improve the visual acuity and reconstruct the fusion and stereopsis of children with ametropic amblyopia, without causing additional myopic drift.

Frequency of undetected binocular vision anomalies among ophthalmology trainees.

PURPOSE: The use of ophthalmic instruments requires increased effort on the accommodation and vergence system. This study aimed to understand the prevalence of binocular vision anomalies among ophthalmology trainees attending a surgical training program at a tertiary eye care center. METHODS: This prospective cohort study was carried out between April and November 2017 at a tertiary eye care center in South India. All the ophthalmology trainees inducted for the training programs at the institution underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic and binocular vision assessment. Subjects with previous diagnosis of binocular vision dysfunction and vision therapy were excluded. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age of the subjects was 29 (3) among which 48 were females. Out of the total 75 subjects, 66 had prior surgical experience [range: 1 to 17 years]. Thirty-eight subjects were asymptomatic and 37 were symptomatic. The most common asthenopic symptom was the presence of headache. Forty-one (55%) out of the 75 had a diagnosis of a non-strabismic binocular vision dysfunction. The range of phoria at distance was orthophoria to 14 Prism Diopter (PD) exophoria (mean +/- SD: -1 +/- 3), and at near 4PD esophoria to 25PD exophoria (mean +/- SD: -4 +/- 5). Based on standard diagnostic criteria, 15 subjects (20%) had convergence insufficiency, 14 (19%) had accommodative infacility, 9 (12%) had intermittent divergent squint (IDS), while 3 subjects (4%) had convergence excess. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the high frequency of binocular vision dysfunctions among ophthalmology trainees joining a tertiary eye care center.

Binocular vision problems associated with refractive surgery and the use of risk screening / 中华实验眼科杂志

Although binocular vision problems do not appear to be one of the common complications of refractive surgery, the available evidence suggests that these problems can occur after refractive surgery, and preoperative binocular vision status may predict the risk of postoperative binocular vision anomalies.Furthermore, because ophthalmologists usually do not clearly recognize binocular vision, or they do not pay enough attention to it, the existing literature may underestimate the actual prevalence of binocular vision problems after refractive surgery.This paper discusses the existing literature on refractive surgery-related binocular vision anomalies and recommends a screening protocol and risk stratification.It also discusses the expected results of binocular vision testing, the diagnostic criteria for common binocular vision problems, and strategies for treating these anomalies before and after refractive surgery.

Binocular vision problems associated with refractive surgery and the use of risk screening / 中华实验眼科杂志

Although binocular vision problems do not appear to be one of the common complications of refractive surgery,the available evidence suggests that these problems can occur after refractive surgery,and preoperative binocular vision status may predict the risk of postoperative binocular vision anomalies.Furthermore,because ophthalmologists usually do not clearly recognize binocular vision,or they do not pay enough attention to it,the existing literature may underestimate the actual prevalence of binocular vision problems after refractive surgery.This paper discusses the existing literature on refractive surgery-related binocular vision anomalies and recommends a screening protocol and risk stratification.It also discusses the expected results of binocular vision testing,the diagnostic criteria for common binocular vision problems,and strategies for treating these anomalies before and after refractive surgery.

DO ORTHOPTIC EXERCISES HAVE ANY INFLUENCE ON CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS DIAGNOSED WITH CONVERGENCE INSUFFICIENCY AND ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER?

The aim was to determine whether improvement of near point of convergence (NPC) and binocular vision after orthoptic exercises had any impact on children and adolescents diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and convergence insufficiency (CI). In this clinical trial, 50 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years diagnosed with ADHD and CI received orthoptic therapy that included home-based exercises (pencil push-ups and stereograms) and office-based therapy on synoptophore. Binocular vision and NPC were measured before, during and after therapy. Study subjects showed significant improvement (p<0.05) in NPC and binocular vision after orthoptic exercises. We found statistically significant correlation between stereovision improvement (Lang I) and near point of convergence, suggesting that improvement of binocular function is possible in children with ADHD and CI. Our results showed that NPC enhancement improved stereovision in patients with ADHD. Since progress of binocular function has positive effect on near work and diminishes visual symptoms in children and adolescents with ADHD and CI, it might be reasonable to suppose that orthoptic therapy helps these children improve concentration as well. Further studies are needed to determine whether it might have positive impact on attention.

[The impact of resection of skull base tumor via an endoscopic endonasal approach on the visual function of vision impaired patients and the analysis of factors affecting their visual recovery].

Objective: To evaluate the visual outcomes of patients with visual impairment after resecting skull base tumor via an endoscopic endonasal approach, and to analyze the factors affecting visual recovery. Methods: One hundred and fifty-three patients with skull base tumor who suffered from preoperative visual impairment from Skull Base Surgery Center of Xuanwu Hospital were operated through an endoscopic endonasal approach. Both preoperative and postoperative visual function outcomes as well as factors that might have affected their visual recovery were analyzed retrospectively by Chi square test and Logistic regression analysis. Results: Complete resection was achieved in 85.6% of the patients using this technique. The rate of postoperative visual recovery in the female group (86.1%) was higher than that in the male group (73.9%), the benign group (90.2%) higher than the malignant group (20.0%), the group without optic atrophy (97.1%) higher than the one with (51.2%), and the acute group (96.6%) higher than the chronic group (80.0%). Significant differences were found between the abovementioned groups (χ(2) value was 5.849, 87.860, 79.757, 4.745, respectively, all P<0.05). The degree of optic atrophy and the property of tumors were significantly associated with visual improvement after treatment (Wold χ(2) value was 18.597 and 35.623, all P<0.001). Conclusions: Our results indicate that endoscopic endonasal surgery shows its ability both to resect skull base tumors and to improve visual function in the majority of patients. The timing of treatment for patients suffered from preoperative visual impairment should be selected in early stage before optic atrophy occurs.

[Research Progress of the Effects of Monocular Visual Impairment on Binocular Vision].

Binocular vision refers to a progress of analysing and integrating the binocular visual signals into a whole and three-dimensional sensory perception by higher nerve centre. In this process, the interac- tion between the two eyes results in the changes of output signal, which is called binocular interaction. Through a series of subjective and objective experiments, it can be concluded that binocular interaction can be divided into three types： facilitation, summation and suppression, and the forms of binocular interaction in different visual states are different. In general, the visual signal is processed by binocular interaction, so that there are some differences between binocular vision and monocular vision. The extent of the difference can be affected by the damage of monocular vision and then affects the binocular vision. Thus, it is necessary for forensic scientists to further study the effects of the monocular visual impairment on visual function. Based on relevant data, this paper reviews the mechanism of the monocular visual impairment in binocular vision, the research methods and the application prospect in forensic science.

Visual and binocular status in elementary school children with a reading problem.

PURPOSE: This descriptive study provides a summary of the binocular anomalies seen in elementary school children identified with reading problems. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of all children identified with reading problems and seen by the University of Waterloo, Optometry Clinic, from September 2012 to June 2013. RESULTS: Files of 121 children (mean age 8.6 years, range 6-14 years) were reviewed. No significant refractive error was found in 81% of children. Five and 8 children were identified as strabismic at distance and near respectively. Phoria test revealed 90% and 65% of patients had normal distance and near phoria. Near point of convergencia (NPC) was <5cm in 68% of children, and 77% had stereoacuity of ≤40seconds of arc. More than 50% of the children had normal fusional vergence ranges except for near positive fusional vergencce (base out) break (46%). Tests for accommodation showed 91% of children were normal for binocular facility, and approximately 70% of children had an expected accuracy of accommodation. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that some children with an identified reading problem also present with abnormal binocular test results compared to published normal values. Further investigation should be performed to investigate the relationship between binocular vision function and reading performance.

Efficacy of vision therapy in children with learning disability and associated binocular vision anomalies.

PURPOSE: To report the frequency of binocular vision (BV) anomalies in children with specific learning disorders (SLD) and to assess the efficacy of vision therapy (VT) in children with a non-strabismic binocular vision anomaly (NSBVA). METHODS: The study was carried out at a centre for learning disability (LD). Comprehensive eye examination and binocular vision assessment was carried out for 94 children (mean (SD) age: 15 (2.2) years) diagnosed with specific learning disorder. BV assessment was done for children with best corrected visual acuity of ≥6/9 - N6, cooperative for examination and free from any ocular pathology. For children with a diagnosis of NSBVA (n=46), 24 children were randomized to VT and no intervention was provided to the other 22 children who served as experimental controls. At the end of 10 sessions of vision therapy, BV assessment was performed for both the intervention and non-intervention groups. RESULTS: Binocular vision anomalies were found in 59 children (62.8%) among which 22% (n=13) had strabismic binocular vision anomalies (SBVA) and 78% (n=46) had a NSBVA. Accommodative infacility (AIF) was the commonest of the NSBVA and found in 67%, followed by convergence insufficiency (CI) in 25%. Post-vision therapy, the intervention group showed significant improvement in all the BV parameters (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p<0.05) except negative fusional vergence. CONCLUSION: Children with specific learning disorders have a high frequency of binocular vision disorders and vision therapy plays a significant role in improving the BV parameters. Children with SLD should be screened for BV anomalies as it could potentially be an added hindrance to the reading difficulty in this special population.

The impact of resection of skull base tumor via an endoscopic endonasal approach on the visual function of vision impaired patients and the analysis of factors affecting their visual recovery / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the visual outcomes of patients with visual impairment after resecting skull base tumor via an endoscopic endonasal approach, and to analyze the factors affecting visual recovery.@*Methods@#One hundred and fifty-three patients with skull base tumor who suffered from preoperative visual impairment from Skull Base Surgery Center of Xuanwu Hospital were operated through an endoscopic endonasal approach. Both preoperative and postoperative visual function outcomes as well as factors that might have affected their visual recovery were analyzed retrospectively by Chi square test and Logistic regression analysis.@*Results@#Complete resection was achieved in 85.6% of the patients using this technique. The rate of postoperative visual recovery in the female group (86.1%) was higher than that in the male group (73.9%), the benign group (90.2%) higher than the malignant group (20.0%), the group without optic atrophy (97.1%) higher than the one with (51.2%), and the acute group (96.6%) higher than the chronic group (80.0%). Significant differences were found between the abovementioned groups (χ2 value was 5.849, 87.860, 79.757, 4.745, respectively, all P<0.05). The degree of optic atrophy and the property of tumors were significantly associated with visual improvement after treatment (Wold χ2 value was 18.597 and 35.623, all P<0.001).@*Conclusions@#Our results indicate that endoscopic endonasal surgery shows its ability both to resect skull base tumors and to improve visual function in the majority of patients. The timing of treatment for patients suffered from preoperative visual impairment should be selected in early stage before optic atrophy occurs.

Sintomas visuais e insuficiência de convergência em docentes universitários / Visual symptoms and convergence insufficiency in university teachers

Resumo Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência de desconforto visual e insuficiência de convergência (IC) em docentes universitários. Métodos: Tratar-se de um estudo transversal, com 60 docentes de ambos os sexos, tendo sido utilizado o questionário Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey, validado para a população brasileira. Resultados: Dos docentes entrevistados 55,0% eram do sexo feminino. 48,3% responderam dedicar menos que duas horas por dia à leitura, sendo que 40,0% dos entrevistados disseram que fazem pausas de 30 minutos à uma hora durante a leitura e 63,3% afirmaram passar entre 2 a 5 horas por dia em frente ao computador. Em relação à investigação sobre as doenças do sistema visual, 25,0% relataram apresentar miopia, sendo que 55,0% dos indivíduos usam óculos e destes 41,7% o usam com frequência. Quanto à investigação da prevalência de insuficiência de convergência, obteve-se frequência de (1,8) %. Conclusão: Constatou-se que a maioria dos entrevistados se apresentou com desconforto visual e uma pequena porcentagem foram acometidos pela IC.

Abstract Objective: To investigate the prevalence of visual discomfort and convergence failure in professors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done, consisting of 60 teachers of both sexes, of the Centro Universitário FAG, which used the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey, validated for the Brazilian population. Results: Of those surveyed 55.0% are female. 48.3% respondents spend less than two hours a day reading, with 40.0% of respondents said they do 30-minute breaks for one hour during reading and 63.3% said they spend between 2-5 hours a day in front of the computer. With regard to research on diseases of the visual system, 25.0% reported having myopia, with 55.0% of individuals use these glasses and 41.7% use it frequently. The research of the prevalence of convergence insufficiency, gave an average of 12.4(1.8) %. Conclusion: It was found that most respondents presented with visual discomfort and small percentages were affected by CI.

[Advances in research of divergence insufficiency].

Divergence insufficiency is acquired esotropia at distance fixation with symptomatic uncrossed diplopia but fusion at near. It can be divided into two forms: primary isolated form and secondary form associated with neurologic abnormalities, also called divergence palsy. The clinical features of divergence insufficiency include small esotropia only at distance but orthotropia or small esophoria at near, comitant deviation at lateral gaze, reduced divergence fusion, full abduction and normal saccadic velocities in abduction. Primary divergence insufficiency is a benign condition predominantly occurring in adults older than 50 years. Recently, studies on the etiology of age-related distance esotropia, also called sagging eye syndrome, have demonstrated that the degenerative changes of orbital tissue could induce the inferior displacement of the inferior rectus pulley, different from the neurological etiology in abducens nerve palsy and secondary divergence insufficiency. The treatment goal is to relieve diplopia. Both prism and regular surgeries including medial rectus recession and lateral rectus resection are effective. Some unusual surgeries have been applied in divergence insufficiency, but further investigations with large samples are needed. The recent research advances in the etiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of divergence insufficiency are reviewed in this article. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2017, 53: 552-556).

[Could binocular treatment be a substitute for patching].

Amblyopia is a common eye disease with a high prevalence in clinical practice of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus. The primary treatment strategy for amblyopia is precise correction of refractive errors and patching of the dominant eye. The application of patching has a history of more than 200 years, and now is still the most effective method for treatment of amblyopia. Similar to the principle of traditional patching, atropine penalization has been testified that it can be used as an initial treatment for amblyopia with similar therapeutic effects as patching. In the past decade, binocular treatment has been proposed as a strategy for the treatment of amblyopia. Successively, different kinds of binocular treatment methods were reported by the researchers. This article systematically reviews all these methods reported in the recent years and their therapeutic effects. Most results about the therapeutic effect of binocular treatment are from the designers of the studies themselves, but in recent 2 years the results from monocenter or multicenter randomized controlled clinical trials to compare the therapeutic effects of binocular treatment and patching were reported. We hope to help colleagues have a comprehensive and objective understanding of the research progress on binocular treatment for amblyopia and thus keep a cool head on the question of whether binocular treatment could be a substitute for patching. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2017, 53: 885-889).

[Clinical features and surgical outcomes of acute acquired comitant esotropia].

Objective: To investigate the clinical features and surgical outcomes of patients with acute acquired concomitant esotropia (AACE) type Ⅱ(AACE-Ⅱ) and type Ⅲ (AACE-Ⅲ). Methods: Retrospective case series analysis. Medical records of consecutive patients who underwent strabismus surgery for AACE-Ⅱ and AACE-Ⅲ in Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University between January 2011 and June 2016 with a minimum follow-up time of 3 months were collected. Each patient underwent a complete ophthalmological and orthoptic examination to exclude esotropia resulting from other reasons, and a systemic assessment to exclude AACE related to intracranial and systemic diseases. Surgical procedures were determined according to the esodeviations measured at distance and near and the different dominant eye of patients. A successful surgical alignment was defined as the distant and near deviation in the primary gaze within 8 prism diopters (PD) of orthophoria and no diplopia. Results: Twenty-nine patients were enrolled in this study, including 17 males and 12 females. The mean age of the patients was 22.14±15.13 years (range, 5-63 years). The median corrected visual acuity (LogMAR) of patients with AACE-Ⅱwas 0 (range, 0.22 to 0), and that of patients with AACE-Ⅲ was 0 (range, 0.10 to 0). The median esodeviation of patients with AACE-Ⅱ at distance was 35 PD (range, 10 to 55 PD), and that at near was 35 PD (range, 20 to 60 PD). The median esodeviation of patients with AACE-Ⅲ at distance was 30 PD (range, 12 to 50 PD), and that at near was 30 PD (range, 6 to 50 PD). When tested with the red filter test preoperatively, all the patients had an uncrossed horizontal diplopia with the same distance in left and right lateral fixations. With a mean follow-up time of 12.0±12.6 months, of all the 29 patients, 24 patients (83%) achieved successful surgical alignment after one surgery, and 5 patients (17%) were undercorrected or had recurrence, in whom 4 were successfully aligned after repeated surgery (performed at a mean of 3.5 months after the first surgery) and 1 was treated with the Fresnel press-on prism. At the last follow-up, of all the 28 patients successfully aligned, 20 (71%) regained bifoveal fusion, 8 (29%) regained peripheral fusion, 17 (61%) regained normal stereopsis (stereoacuity ≤60"), and 11 regained a certain degree of stereopsis (stereoacuity 80"-400"). The constituent ratio of biocular central fusion and peripheral fusion in patients with AACE-Ⅱ had no significant difference from patients with AACE-Ⅲ (χ(2)=0.235, P>0.05), and the constituent ratio of central stereopsis, macular stereopsis, and peripheral stereopsis in patients with AACE-Ⅱ had no significant difference from patients with AACE-Ⅲ (χ(2)=0.762, P>0.05). Conclusions: All patients exhibited the typical features of AACE, which included an acute onset of diplopia and comitant esotropia, a wide range of onset age of the patients, normal corrected visual acuity and ocular movements, a mean moderate level of esodeviation with a wide range, and a good binocular potential. According to the esodeviations measured at distance and near and the different dominant eye of patients, good oculomotor alignment and perceptual outcomes may be obtained in patients with AACE-Ⅱand AACE-Ⅲ. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2017, 53: 908-916).

Visual fatigue while watching 3D stimuli from different positions.

PURPOSE: When observers focus their stereoscopic visual system for a long time (e.g., watching a 3D movie) they may experience visual discomfort or asthenopia. We tested two types of models for predicting visual fatigue in a task in which subjects were instructed to discriminate between 3D characters. One model was based on viewing distance (focal distance, vergence distance) and another in visual direction (oculomotor imbalance). METHOD: A 3D test was designed to assess binocular visual fatigue while looking at 3D stimuli located in different visual directions and viewed from two distances from the screen. The observers were tested under three conditions: (a) normal vision; (b) wearing a lens (-2 diop.); (c) wearing a base-out prism (2▿) over each eye. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated (as Signal Detection Theory parameters: SDT). RESULTS: An ANOVA and SDT analyses revealed that impaired visual performance were directly related to short distance and larger deviation in visual direction, particularly when the stimuli were located nearer and at more than 24° to the centre of the screen in dextroversion and beyond. CONCLUSION: This results support a mixed model, combining a model based on the visual angle (related to viewing distance) and another based on the oculomotor imbalance (related to visual direction). This mixed model could help to predict the distribution of seats in the cinema room ranging from those that produce greater visual comfort to those that produce more visual discomfort. Also could be a first step to pre-diagnosis of binocular vision disorders.

Sensorial status in patients with pure accomodative esotropia. / Binocularidad en pacientes con endotropía totalmente acomodativa.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sensorial status in patients with pure accommodative esotropia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ambispective study, patients with pure accommodative esotropia that were found in orthotropy when using its correction glasses were included. RESULTS: 67 patients were included, mean age was 3.68±1.28 years, the near and far ocular deviation was 19±8.8 PD and 18.71±10.61 PD respectively. The visual acuity in the right eye was 0.183 ±0.11 logMAR, in the left eye was 0.188±0.12 logMAR. The average spherical equivalent was +5.50 diopters, for the right eye was +5.46 ±1.61 diopters and for the left eye +5.71 v±1.6 diopters. The average AC/A ratio was 5.19±0.92 Δ/1. 90% of the patients had a grade of near stereopsis: 42% had stereopsis equal or better to 70 arc seconds and 81% had stereopsis equal or better to 400 arc seconds, having an average of 205 arc seconds. 85% of the patients had some grade of far stereopsis: 16% had stereopsis equal or better to 70 arc seconds and 66% had a stereopsis equal or better to 400 arc seconds, having an average of 334.9 arc seconds. There was not statistically significant correlation between the grade of deviation and the stereopsis when using its correction. CONCLUSIONS: This study has detected that the sensorial status is compromised even with adequate and appropriate treatment, nevertheless, there is a low frequency of amblyopia.