ABSTRACT
In motor learning, augmented feedback (AF) is the information provided by sources outside the body and encompasses visual feedback, auditory feedback, and multimodal augmented feedback. This review aims to examine the most recent evidence on these different modality types in healthy and diseased populations and athletes. The reporting of this review was guided by the standards of the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)" statement with the aim to examine the most recent evidence on these feedback types in healthy and diseased populations and athletes. The literature search for this review has been limited to electronic journals with the search engines ISI Web of Knowledge, OvidSP EMBASE, and PubMed databases. This review considers visual feedback as the cornerstone of all augmented feedback types by citing its superiority in learning complex skills by medical students and balance maintenance by older adults. The review also deciphers the role of auditory augmented feedback in encumbering already burdened visual connections in the rehabilitation of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and prosthetic limbs and further argues why the multimodal feedback model seems to be the most efficient way to offer feedback in learning motor tasks by alluding to multifaceted "skill training communication model" in the prevention of sports injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament tears. Multimodal augmented feedback seems to be the most effective and appropriate way to give feedback during motor learning in healthy and diseased populations and athletes as its stimuli are perceived faster and tend to be retained longer compared with the unimodal stimuli of auditory and visual feedback mechanisms.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi testar uma metodologia para o ensino da técnica da pedalada do ciclismo utilizando variáveis biomecánicas para desenvolver um sistema de "feedback" visual aumentado (FVA). Participaram do estudo 19 indivíduos, sem experiência no ciclismo , divididos em grupo experimental (n = 10) e controle (n = 9). Inicialmente foi realizado um pré-teste para determinar o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2máx) bem como a carga de trabalho utilizada nas sessões práticas que correspondeu a 60% do VO2máx. Em seguida foram realizadas sete sessões de prática. O grupo experimental foi submetido ao FVA e o grupo controle ao "feedback" aumentado (FA). O teste de retenção mostrou um aumento de 21 % na média do índice de efetividade (IE) do grupo experimental quando comparado ao grupo controle. Os resultados mostraram que variáveis biomecánicas são apropriadas para o desenvolvimento de FVA e podem contribuir no processo de ensino-aprendizagem da técnica da pedalada do ciclismo.
The aim of this study was to test a methodology to teach the pedaling technique of cycling using biomechanics variables to develop an augmented visual feedback system (AVF). Nineteen subjects divided in two groups (experimental = 10 and control = 9) without experience in cycling were used. A pre-test was conducted to determine the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2máx) , and to establishe the work load to be used during the learning sessions which was defined to be the load that was associated with the 60% of VO2máx . Seven practice sessions were held. The experimental group was submitted to AVF and the control group to augmented feedback (AF). After the practice sessions, the retention test showed a significant increase in the index of effectiveness (IE) for the experimental group of 21% compared to the control group. These results showed that the biomechanics variables were appropriated to the development the AVF system and can contribute in the process pedaling technique learning.
El objetivo de este estudio fue probar una metodología para enseñar la técnica de el ciclismo mediante la utilización de variables biomecánicas para desarrollar un sistema de feedback visual aumentado (FVA). Fue aplicado en 19 personas sin experiencia en el ciclismo, divididos en dos grupos (experimental = 10 y control = 9). Inicialmente se realizó un pre-test para determinar el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max) y la carga de trabajo utilizada en las sesiones de práctica que correspondía al 60% del VO2máx. El grupo experimental fue sometido a la FVA y el control a la feedback aumentado (FA). El ensayo de retención mostró un aumento del 21% en la media del índice de eficacia (IE) en el grupo experimental en comparación con el grupo control. Los resultados mostraron que las variables biomecánicas son apropiadas para el desarrollo de la FVA y puede contribuir al proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje del ciclismo.
