ABSTRACT
Color polymorphisms have been traditionally attributed to apostatic selection. The perception of color depends on the visual system of the observer. Theoretical models predict that differently perceived degrees of conspicuousness by two predator and prey species may cause the evolution of polymorphisms in the presence of anti-apostatic and apostatic selection. The spider Gasteracantha cancriformis (Araneidae) possesses several conspicuous color morphs. In orb-web spiders, the prey attraction hypothesis states that conspicuous colors are prey lures that increase spider foraging success via flower mimicry. Therefore, polymorphism could be maintained if each morph attracted a different prey species (multiple prey hypothesis) and each spider mimicked a different flower color (flower mimicry hypothesis). Conspicuous colors could be a warning signal to predators because of the spider's hard abdomen and spines. Multiple predators could perceive morphs differently and exert different degrees of selective pressures (multiple predator hypothesis). We explored these 3 hypotheses using reflectance data and color vision modeling to estimate the chromatic and achromatic contrast of G. cancriformis morphs as perceived by several potential prey and predator taxa. Our results revealed that individual taxa perceive the conspicuousness of morphs differently. Therefore, the multiple prey hypothesis and, in part, the multiple predator hypothesis may explain the evolution of color polymorphism in G. cancriformis, even in the presence of anti-apostatic selection. The flower mimicry hypothesis received support by color metrics, but not by color vision models. Other parameters not evaluated by color vision models could also affect the perception of morphs and influence morph survival and polymorphism stability.
ABSTRACT
Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar um relato de experiência, a partir da observação de bebês baseada no método de Esther Bick. Esse método se caracteriza como um meio pelo qual a dinâmica psíquica do bebê pode ser estudada e se caracteriza por visitas semanais regulares à casa da díade mãe-bebê, com duração de uma hora, além das anotações e supervisões subsequentes das observações realizadas. Para se tornar sujeito, o bebê precisa passar por um processo de constituição subjetiva e integração do eu, que será auxiliado pela função materna. A comunicação pelo olhar tem importante papel nessa função, pela qual o bebê poderá se diferenciar de sua mãe e do ambiente e formar a sua subjetividade. O método Bick de observação serviu não apenas para observar elementos do funcionamento do bebê, mas também como meio de acolhimento para a díade, afigurando-se assim como um conector entre teoria e prática.
This article presents an experience report based on Esther Bicks Infant Observation method. This method is a way to study psychic dynamics of babies by regular weekly visits of an hour to the home of the motherinfant dyad, subsequent annotations and supervision of the observations. In order to become a subject, a baby needs to undergo a process of subjective constitution and integration of the self, which is aided by the maternal role. Visual communication is important in this function as it helps the baby to differentiate itself from the mother and the environment and form its subjectivity. The Bick method served not only to observe aspects of the functioning of the baby, but also as a host environment for the dyad, thus being a connector between theory and practice.
Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar un relato de experiencia a partir de la observación de bebes, basada en el método de Esther Bick. Este método se constituye como un medio por el cual la dinámica psíquica del bebé puede ser estudiada y se caracteriza por visitas semanales regulares a la casa de la díada madre-hijo, con duración de una hora, además de las anotaciones y supervisiones posteriores a las observaciones realizadas. Para llegar a ser sujeto, el bebé tiene que someterse a un proceso de constitución e integración del yo, que será auxiliado por la función materna. La comunicación por la mirada juega un papel importante en esta función, por la que el bebé podrá diferenciarse de su madre y del medio ambiente para formar su subjetividad. El método Bick de observación sirvió no sólo para observar elementos de funcionamiento del bebé, sino también como un medio de acogida para la díada, configurándose, así, como un conector entre teoría y práctica.
Subject(s)
Mother-Child Relations , Nonverbal Communication , Observation , Object AttachmentABSTRACT
En la encrucijada de las teorías en antropología, comunicación, diseño industrial y nuevas tecnologías, este artículo presenta los desafíos de comunicación que se encuentran en las urgencias hospitalarias causados por las diferencias ling³ísticas y culturales entre los profesionales de la salud y los pacientes. Para sobrepasar las barreras de comunicación, se estudió la propuesta de una solución visual. Asimismo, se estudió la problemática según los conceptos de percepción, comprensión, interpretación y representación gráfica examinados de acuerdo con las teorías de la cultura visual y de la semiótica. Se analizaron 150 imágenes que ilustraban síntomas con el fn de identifcar un código iconográfco pluricultural. Los resultados permitieron desarrollar una lista de criterios de diseño y crear la aplicación: "Mi traductor de síntomas" ("My symptoms translator"), como una alternativa para superar las barreras del lenguaje oral y las diferencias culturales.(AU)
Standing at the crossroads of anthropology, communication, industrial design and new technology theories, this article describes the communication challenges posed during hospital emergencies resulting from linguistic and cultural differences between health care professionals and patients. In order to overcome communication barriers, the proposal of a visual solution was analyzed. Likewise, the problem was studied based on the concepts of perception, comprehension, interpretation and graphic representation according to visual culture and semiotics theories. One hundred and ffty images showing symptoms were analyzed in order to identify a pluricultural iconographic code. Results enabled to develop a list of design criteria and create the application: "My Symptoms Translator" as an option to overcome verbal language barriers and cultural differences.(AU)
ABSTRACT
En la encrucijada de las teorías en antropología, comunicación, diseño industrial y nuevas tecnologías, este artículo presenta los desafíos de comunicación que se encuentran en las urgencias hospitalarias causados por las diferencias lingüísticas y culturales entre los profesionales de la salud y los pacientes. Para sobrepasar las barreras de comunicación, se estudió la propuesta de una solución visual. Asimismo, se estudió la problemática según los conceptos de percepción, comprensión, interpretación y representación gráfica examinados de acuerdo con las teorías de la cultura visual y de la semiótica. Se analizaron 150 imágenes que ilustraban síntomas con el fn de identifcar un código iconográfco pluricultural. Los resultados permitieron desarrollar una lista de criterios de diseño y crear la aplicación: "Mi traductor de síntomas" ("My symptoms translator"), como una alternativa para superar las barreras del lenguaje oral y las diferencias culturales.
Standing at the crossroads of anthropology, communication, industrial design and new technology theories, this article describes the communication challenges posed during hospital emergencies resulting from linguistic and cultural differences between health care professionals and patients. In order to overcome communication barriers, the proposal of a visual solution was analyzed. Likewise, the problem was studied based on the concepts of perception, comprehension, interpretation and graphic representation according to visual culture and semiotics theories. One hundred and ffty images showing symptoms were analyzed in order to identify a pluricultural iconographic code. Results enabled to develop a list of design criteria and create the application: "My Symptoms Translator" as an option to overcome verbal language barriers and cultural differences.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Audiovisual Aids , Communication Barriers , Cultural Diversity , Delivery of Health CareABSTRACT
Proposition of visual communication, by illustrative figures and messages appealing to jokes and expressionism, as a mean to reduce the incidence of the hospital infections. The content of the messages is related to the value of the handwashing with soap and water to reach the onlookers, emphasizing the need for the physicians, nurses, students and the remaining technicians and therapists to take to the hand-washing, berfore and after the contacts with the patients, as a basic measure and a routine procedure.
Proposta de recurso de comunicação visual - através de figuras e mensagens ilustrativas - para ser aplicada com o objetivo de contribuir pedagogicamente, apelando ao chiste e ao expressionismo, para a divulgação e o estimulo da prática de lavar as mãos, rotineiramente, antes e depois do contato com os doentes, como conduta de grande importância, adotada pelo pessoal médico e paramédico, entre as medidas de prevenção e controle das infecções adquiridas por pacientes hospitalizados.
ABSTRACT
Proposition of visual communication, by illustrative figures and messages appealing to jokes and expressionism, as a mean to reduce the incidence of the hospital infections. The content of the messages is related to the value of the handwashing with soap and water to reach the onlookers, emphasizing the need for the physicians, nurses, students and the remaining technicians and therapists to take to the hand-washing, berfore and after the contacts with the patients, as a basic measure and a routine procedure.
Proposta de recurso de comunicação visual - através de figuras e mensagens ilustrativas - para ser aplicada com o objetivo de contribuir pedagogicamente, apelando ao chiste e ao expressionismo, para a divulgação e o estimulo da prática de lavar as mãos, rotineiramente, antes e depois do contato com os doentes, como conduta de grande importância, adotada pelo pessoal médico e paramédico, entre as medidas de prevenção e controle das infecções adquiridas por pacientes hospitalizados.