[Upper blepharoplasty, a plea for a high and longer scar]. / Blépharoplasties supérieures, pour une cicatrice haute et longue.

The review of 42 cases of upper blepharoplasties operated since 2020 has confirmed the validity of our technique of significant resection of skin in the upper eyelid, leaving 10 to 12mm of skin above the eyelashes, and remaining approximately 8 to 10mm above the eyebrow line; we named the design of this surgery under the name of an Italian elegant sports car, because of the particular curves of this car in the rear part, which rises a little upwards, like the external segments of the skin resection that we recommend in the practice of an upper blepharoplasty; a hindsight of almost 35 years showed that this procedure had great value due to the durability of the result; nevertheless it is appropriate to discuss this surgical orientation in a context where Asian surgeons rather recommend short scars and a much lower situation than that which we practice in our European patients.

Social issues relating to Vladimir Bekhterev's concept of reflexology: a hitherto underestimated aspect of his work.

This article investigates the diversity of social and political assertions in the work of Vladimir M Bekhterev. Its findings reveal that he drew social and political conclusions based on his doctrine of reflexology. Moreover, he propagated the use of statistical investigations by scientific and governmental institutions to estimate the social and healthcare needs of the population. These conclusions accord with Bekhterev's desire for a transformation of society that would bring continued progress to people's social and living conditions. Additionally, the findings of this research work also support the idea that Bekhterev should be regarded as an important protagonist of neuroethics, a relatively recent field of research.

Flora of Vladimir Oblast, Russia: an updated grid dataset (1867-2020).

BACKGROUND: The dataset covers wild tracheophytes (native species, naturalised aliens and casuals) of Vladimir Oblast, Russia. It includes only one occurrence per species per grid square, thereby recently confirmed earlier records are not duplicated. Georeferences are based on the WGS84 grid scheme with 342 squares with areas ranging from 94.7 km2 in the northernmost part to 98.2 km2 on the southern boundary (5' lat. × 10' long.). Each occurrence is linked to the corresponding grid square centroid, therefore actual coordinates, habitat details and voucher information are unavailable. In late 2011, the earlier version of the dataset was used for the production of grid maps in the standard "Flora of Vladimir Oblast: checklist and atlas". Additional records, obtained during field excursions of 2012 and 2013, were fully included in the "Flora of Vladimir Oblast: grid data analysis". The stable version of the dataset with 123,054 grid records (as of 1867-2013) was published in GBIF in 2017. NEW INFORMATION: Data obtained in the field during 2014-2020, as well as those extracted from recently published sources, were digitised, structured and finally published in GBIF in April 2021. The last update added 7,000 new grid records. Currently, "Flora of Vladimir Oblast, Russia: an updated grid dataset (1867-2020)" contains 130,054 unique occurrences of 1,465 vascular plant taxa (species, hybrids, species aggregates) from Vladimir Oblast and tiny parts of the adjacent areas. The average number of grid records has grown over the seven years from 363 to 380 species. The grid occurrences are largely based on the field studies by the author, performed during 1999-2020 (121,737 records), as well as on data extracted from the relevant literature, unpublished sources, herbarium collections and citizen science projects (8,317 records). The taxonomic backbone of the occurrence grid dataset follows the accompanying checklist dataset to ensure correct cross-linking of the names. As of April 2021, the dataset on the Vladimir Oblast flora represents the fourth largest dataset on vascular plants of Russia published in GBIF.

[The initial period of functioning of the Medical Faculty of the Imperial University of the Saint Vladimir and teaching of medical police].

The article considers the circumstances of the beginning of teaching medical police at St.Vladimir Imperial University in Kiev that was investigated for the first time. It was established that the medical police were taught as one of academic disciplines at the Department of State Medicine Studies. It found out that the given Department began its activities in 1843 when it was organized and headed by professor Ivan Fedorovich Leonov (1809-1854). The adjunct assistant professor Ch.Ya. von Hübbenet and associate professor A. I. Slobodzinsky worked at this Department in 1847-1850 and in 1851-1856 correspondingly. In 1852, the Charter and Staff of the St. Vladimir University provided setting apart medical jurisprudence from medical police subject and teaching it as an independent faculty discipline. It is demonstrated that hereinafter the given practice didn't become widespread in the Universities of the Russian Empire. In 1853, the Department of State Medicine Studies in Kiev was headed by F. F. Mering (1822-1887).

Western European influence on the development of Russian neurology and psychiatry, part 1: Western European tours of early Russian neurologists and psychiatrists.

Beginning in the 1860s, two major centers of neurology and psychiatry arose in Russia: Imperial Moscow University (IMU) and Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg (IMSA). Both centers were strongly influenced by Leading Western European schools and specialists, through the clinical and research training regimes of both Russian universities, strongly influenced these centers of learning. In this study, we elaborate the Western European training of the first Russian specialists in the fields of neurology and neuropsychiatry from IMU and IMSA during the period from the late 1850s to 1900. Although prior studies emphasized the influence of French mentors and institutions, the Western European tours of early Russian specialists often included multiple destinations in Germany, France, and Austria. The most commonly visited cities (in descending order) were Paris, Berlin, Leipsig, and Vienna. The most commonly visited training centers (in descending order) were Hoôpital Salpêtriêre (Paris), Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (Berlin), Charité (Berlin), Universität Leipzig, First Psychiatric Clinic (Vienna), and Hôpital Sainte-Anne (Paris). The most commonly visited mentors, in descending order, were Charcot (Paris), Flechsig (Leipzig), Westphal (Berlin), Meynert (Vienna), and Magnan (Paris). Training of Russian specialists in Western Europe facilitated the emergence and development of the neurological and psychiatric schools in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Production Hydrobiology in the USSR Under the Pressure of Lysenkoism: Vladimir I. Zhadin's Forgotten Theory of Biological Productivity (1940).

The present study analyzes specific traits of Lysenkoism dogmas as they were reflected in Soviet hydrobiology. As a case study, I use the now-forgotten productivity theory of bodies of water developed in 1940 by the Soviet hydrobiologist Vladimir I. Zhadin (1896-1974). Zhadin's views on production relied on his observations of changes in the communities of riverine faunas caused by the construction of water reservoirs. The theory is of particular interest because it attempts to address the unresolved problems of that period. Some of these unsettled problems provided the foundation for the ideological debates during the dialectization period in Soviet biology of the early 1920s to mid-1930s and were influenced by Lysenkoism. Zhadin's theory thus serves as a suitable model for identifying cognitive and ideological components in science and for the analysis of the influence of ideology on science. The analysis of Zhadin's works shows that an attempt to separate ideologically imposed perceptions and the author's own scientific views presents a challenging task. This can be explained by a highly efficient behavioral pattern of "protective coloration" employed by the scientist and by Zhadin's sincere acceptance of some Lysenkoist ideas. Furthermore, I argue that the system of Lysenkoist dogmas concerning the association between an organism and its environment are in fact entirely sensible scientific principles which were taken to an extreme. The results of the study suggest a need for more careful and deeper evaluation of scientific works published during the period of the personality cult in the USSR. The "Lysenko affair" in branches of biology other than genetics is more complicated and needs further examination.

Beyond Ideology: Epistemological Foundations of Vladimir Fock's approach to Quantum Theory.

Vladimir Fock was a Soviet theoretical physicist who, from the 1930s, worked to prove that modern physics was compatible with the Marxist philosophy of dialectical materialism. In 1957, he went to Copenhagen, and a dispute over the interpretation of quantum mechanics began with Niels Bohr. Fock later claimed that he had found points of convergence with his Danish colleague, most of them concerning issues of wording and recognition of the reality of the world independently of our mind. It led to a specific narrative among historians of physics on Fock and his interpretation of quantum mechanics: The Soviet physicist is often described as a member of the Copenhagen school that contributed to the rapprochement of the Soviet philosophy of physics with the ideas of complementarity in stripping away the positivism in its formulation. Our contribution aims to show that this ideological dimension was only one aspect of reality. Returning to the foundations of Fock's epistemology of physics, we argue that he relied on the principles of antireductionism and scientific realism to develop an interpretation of the theory that sought to overcome Bohr's approach and that the differences between the two men cannot be reduced to mere questions of formulation.

[F. G. Yanovsky, the Classic of National Medicine].

In Russia, the elite of therapy took shape in the first decades of XX century. Feofil Gavrilovich Yanovsky, professor of the St. Vladimir Kiev University was one of elite leaders. F. G. Yanovsky, being a classic of national clinical medicine, was renowned for mastery of diagnostics. In particular, it is considered that he was one of first among physicians in Russia who set up an antemortem diagnosis of lung infarction (1902). F. G. Yanovsky was a broad-scoped therapist that is confirmed by his research studies in bacteriology and acute infections, diagnostic, treatment and prevention of tuberculosis, functional diagnostic and treatment of kidney diseases, pathology of digestive organs and blood circulation system, development of techniques of immediate examination of patient and curative preventive application of resort factors. Together with V. P. Obraztsov he was at the head of the third, after the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy and the Moscow University, Scientific Center of National therapy organized in the St. Vladimir Kiev University. F. G. Yanovsky was the first Soviet clinicians elected as academician of the All-Ukrainian Academy of Science. He established prominent and brilliant clinical school, including such his followers as academicians V. N. Ivanov (Kiev), V. Kh. Vasilenko and B. E. Votchal (Moscow). The exceptional popularity of F. G. Yanovsky was conditioned by especially attractive moral cast of mind of this physician. Ht was Judge of Honor of the Kiev Society of Physicians and he was ready in any time of day and night without a hitch and gratis to treat all needed persons. When F. G. Yanovsky passed away, tenth of thousands of Kiev citizen pay their last tribute to him. All was covered by white lilies and burial service was implemented according Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant and Judaic ceremonies. In Russia, such funeral was not the first one but it became the last one: no more physicians were buried in such a way.

Luc Montagnier: sus investigaciones, la relación con la homeopatía y su contrastación con los estudios de los físicos Poponin, Garaiev, Leikin y Popp / Luc Montagnier: his research, the relationship with homeopathy and its contrast with the studies of physicists Poponin, Garaiev, Leikin and Popp

En la búsqueda de una solución al problema del VIH, el profesor Luc Montagnier exploró la posibilidad de un co-factor utilizando las herramientas del doctor Jacques Benveniste y su equipo de trabajo; descubrió entonces que el líquido de los cultivos de Mycoplasma pirum contenía señales electromagnéticas (SEM) capaces de dar origen nuevamente a dichos microorganismos, en caso de que se depositaran linfocitos sanos en ese líquido. Posteriormente demostró que los virus y bacterias patógenas emiten SEM de 20 y 100 nm, respectivamente. Consiguió llevar a cabo una transducción del ADN enviando su señal electromagnética por internet a Italia y logrando su recuperación en un laboratorio de biología molecular. Emitió la hipótesis de la existencia de infecciones frías, responsables de, al parecer, muchas enfermedades no consideradas hasta la fecha como infecciosas, lo que representa un aporte valiosísimo a la Homeopatía pues concuerda con los señalamientos de Samuel Hahnemann sobre las enfermedades crónicas. Todo esto se sustenta en la existencia de nanoestructuras de agua, las cuales permiten que se conserven las SEM en su interior. Con base en estos descubrimientos experimentales, Montagnier ha señalado el peligro que representa vivir en un ambiente saturado de SEM y el aumento de personas electrosensibles. Así, ha establecido nuevos paradigmas y ha planteado si seremos capaces de adaptarnos a estos cambios tan rápidos. Estas propuestas se complementan y contrastan con los descubrimientos de físicos como Sergey Leikin, quien asegura que el ADN inicia no como una molécula, sino como una onda; Fritz-Albert Popp, descubridor del papel de los fotones en los procesos biológicos y quien asegura que estas subpartículas son esenciales para la salud y el funcionamiento del ADN, y Vladimir Poponin, quien descubrió el efecto fantasma del ADN, que no es otra cosa que su capacidad organizativa aún cuando las moléculas de ADN ya no están presentes.

The musical centers of the brain: Vladimir E. Larionov (1857-1929) and the functional neuroanatomy of auditory perception.

In 1899 a landmark paper entitled "On the musical centers of the brain" was published in Pflügers Archiv, based on work carried out in the Anatomo-Physiological Laboratory of the Neuropsychiatric Clinic of Vladimir M. Bekhterev (1857-1927) in St. Petersburg, Imperial Russia. The author of that paper was Vladimir E. Larionov (1857-1929), a military doctor and devoted brain scientist, who pursued the problem of the localization of function in the canine and human auditory cortex. His data detailed the existence of tonotopy in the temporal lobe and further demonstrated centrifugal auditory pathways emanating from the auditory cortex and directed to the opposite hemisphere and lower brain centers. Larionov's discoveries have been largely considered as findings of the Bekhterev school. Perhaps this is why there are limited resources on Larionov, especially keeping in mind his military medical career and the fact that after 1917 he just seems to have practiced otorhinolaryngology in Odessa. Larionov died two years after Bekhterev's mysterious death of 1927. The present study highlights the pioneering contributions of Larionov to auditory neuroscience, trusting that the life and work of Vladimir Efimovich will finally, and deservedly, emerge from the shadow of his celebrated master, Vladimir Mikhailovich.