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1.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 31(39): 51702-51718, 2024 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39120816

ABSTRACT

In this study, the generation of domestic waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and waste printed circuit board (WPCB) were estimated, from 2015 to 2030. Based on the number of EEE put on the Brazilian market, the possession rate in the Brazilian households and obsolescence amounts of five EEE types were estimated using time series. The results show that, between 2015 and 2030, the quantity of WEEE generated per year will increase from 131.87 kt to 195.22 kt. In this period, WPCB generation will stay around 10% of WEEE generation. Additionally, this study shows that the urban mining potential of the materials recoverable from WPCB can be an important revenue source, with environmental benefits deriving from energy savings and a reduction in CO2 emissions. The results of this study provide a quantitative basis that may help decision makers develop strategic policies for WEEE management, considering material circularity.


Subject(s)
Electronic Waste , Metals , Brazil , Recycling
2.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 31(27): 39690-39703, 2024 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38829502

ABSTRACT

Printed circuit boards, which make up part of waste from electrical and electronic equipment, contain elements that can be economically reused, such as copper, silver, gold, and nickel, as well as metals that are harmful to the environment and health, such as lead, mercury, and cadmium. Thus, through recycling this scrap, materials that would otherwise be discarded can be reinserted as secondary raw materials to produce new consumer goods through urban mining. In this context, the synthesis of nanoparticles shows promise as it allows the reinsertion of these materials in the manufacture of new products. Therefore, this study used obsolete computer motherboards as a secondary material to obtain copper to produce nanoparticles of this metal. From a solution based on the leach liquor of this scrap, a purification route using solvent extraction was defined and applied to the real leach liquor. Applying the hydroxyoxime extractant at a dilution of 20% (v/v) in kerosene, A/O of 1/1, 298 K, and 0.25 h of contact during extraction, and stripping in H2SO4 (2 M), 298 K, 0.25 h, W/O ratio of 3/1, and two theoretical countercurrent stages, a solution containing more than 95% of the copper in the leach liquor could be obtained with less than 1% of contaminants. From this purified liquor, nanoparticles containing copper and metallic copper oxides and hydroxides were produced, with an average size of 84 nm, at pH 11, 3 h of hot stirring, volume of 0.015 L of ascorbic acid (0.50 M) and 0.015 L of precursor solution (0.03 M Cu), and temperature (343 K).


Subject(s)
Copper , Solvents , Copper/chemistry , Solvents/chemistry , Recycling , Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry , Electronic Waste , Nanoparticles/chemistry
3.
Sensors (Basel) ; 23(22)2023 Nov 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38005434

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to apply simulation and genetic algorithms for the economic and environmental optimization of the reverse network (manufacturers, waste managers, and recyclers in Sao Paulo, Brazil) of waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) to promote the circular economy. For the economic evaluation, the reduction in fuel, drivers, insurance, depreciation, maintenance, and charges was considered. For the environmental evaluation, the impact of abiotic, biotic, water, land, air, and greenhouse gases was measured. It was concluded that the optimized structure of the WEEE reverse chains for Sao Paulo, Brazil provided a reduction in the number of collections, thus making the most of cubage. It also generated economic and environmental gains, contributing to the strategic actions of the circular economy. Therefore, the proposed approach is replicable in organizational practice, which is mainly required to meet the 2030 agenda of reducing the carbon footprint generated by transport in large cities. Thus, this study can guide companies in structuring the reverse WEEE chains in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and other states and countries for economic and environmental optimization, which is an aspect of great relevance considering the exponential generation of WEEE.

4.
Heliyon ; 9(11): e21348, 2023 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38027605

ABSTRACT

Electronic waste recycling is a strategy that contributes to implement a circular economy model which include reuse, component and raw material recovery and minimum final deposition. Given the importance of reincorporating the components of electronic devices into the productive chain and a correct recovery for some hazardous metals such as lead contained in such residues. This study is focused on the effect of maximum available content (MAC) of metal, sulfuric acid initial concentration, agitation velocity, and oxidising agent on the recovery of copper, lead and iron from electronic waste through acid leaching. A solid-state characterization before and after treatment and electrochemical analysis was carried out to analyse MCA effects and surface chemistry. It was found that sub-millimetric particles show a better available extraction percentage in case of copper and iron, being opposite for lead. Presence of hydrogen peroxide enhance the extraction efficiency, however, this cause iron and lead precipitation, therefore it is inefficient for metals recovery as well as for reagent consumption. The presence of calcium salts reacts producing gypsum, which reduces the extraction yield of copper at particle size below 250 µm.

5.
Waste Manag Res ; 41(11): 1661-1673, 2023 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37300404

ABSTRACT

The current increase in the use of photovoltaic (PV) energy demands the search for solutions to recycle end-of-life modules. This study evaluated the use of a mechanical pre-treatment in the thermal recycling of c-Si crystalline PV modules, which were submitted to recycling routes to separate and concentrate the materials of interest. The first route was constituted by only thermal treatment, and the second route was constituted by a mechanical pre-treatment to remove the polymers from the backsheet, and subsequent thermal treatment. The exclusively thermal route was performed at 500°C, varying dwell times between 30 and 120 minutes in the furnace. In this route, the best results were obtained in 90 minutes, with a maximum degradation of 68% of the polymeric mass. In route 2, a micro-grinder rotary tool was used to remove the polymers from the backsheet and, subsequently, thermal treatment performed at 500°C, with dwell times in the furnace ranging between 5 and 30 minutes. The mechanical pre-treatment removed about 10.32 ± 0.92% of the mass of the laminate PV module. By this route, only 20 minutes of thermal treatment were needed for the total decomposition of the polymers, that is, a reduction of 78% in the oven time. With route 2, it was possible to obtain a concentrate with 30 times more silver than the PV laminate and 40 times more than a high-concentration ore. Furthermore, with route 2 it was possible to reduce the environmental impact of heat treatment and energy consumption.


Subject(s)
Polymers , Recycling , Recycling/methods , Environment
6.
Waste Manag Res ; 41(10): 1539-1548, 2023 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37078423

ABSTRACT

The rise of consumption patterns of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and the generation of waste EEE (WEEE) has been strongly increasing globally. Recycling rates (RRs) are one of the main indicators for monitoring the progress towards a circular economy and establishing recovery and treatment schemes. For this reason, this study discusses the setting of recycling targets for WEEE in Ecuador, using mobile phones as a case study. Firstly, the generation of mobile phone waste from 2012 to 2018 is estimated based on literature review. The most appropriate model for estimating WEEE generation is selected according to the applicable market conditions, input requirements and available data. Then, the composition of a mobile phone is determined through an extensive literature review. Based on these results, the materials' environmental impact and potential economic value are approximated using the ReCiPe Endpoint (H, A) method and the prices of virgin materials, respectively. The estimation shows that in Ecuador an average of 2 million devices are discarded every year, which represents an interesting source of resources but currently does not have appropriate management. Ecuador has implemented regulatory frameworks in favour of the integral management of these wastes. However, mass-based collection targets still appear to be the only available measure. Therefore, national results on electronics recycling do not allow adequate monitoring of progress towards a circular economy and largely neglect environmental aspects and economic potential.


Subject(s)
Cell Phone , Electronic Waste , Waste Management , Waste Management/methods , Electronic Waste/analysis , Ecuador , Electronics , Recycling
7.
Waste Manag Res ; 41(4): 760-780, 2023 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36413067

ABSTRACT

In addition to the difficulties involved in the management of conventional solid waste, the management of waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is significantly more complex due to its unusual chemical composition and fast generation. Both developed and developing countries have been looking for solutions to deal with the problems caused by the growing flow of WEEE, especially regarding sustainable solutions based on reducing resource exploitation by the recovery of materials from this type of waste. In this context, this work presents a quali-quantitative and comprehensive literature review of the publications on the management of WEEE, from the perspective of a circular economy. The results showed that the first publications on the topic appear in 2006, with a significant increase from 2015, the year when the Circular Economy Action Plan was instituted in the European Community. The most prominent authors have been giving emphasis to researches on recycling, reuse and technologies for the recovery of materials/energy from WEEE. Nevertheless, few studies have been found focusing on the prevention/reduction in WEEE generation, priority actions of the WEEE management hierarchy. The works analysed show that the current management of WEEE, despite considering the circularity of materials, prioritizes the development of technological solutions of the end-of-pipe type, greatly represented by the recovery of materials, instead of preventing the generation, which may be detrimental to long-term sustainability. The work ends with the presentation of a SWOT-TOWS (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis conducted to define the main strategies for the improvement of WEEE management from a circular economy perspective.


Subject(s)
Electronic Waste , Waste Management , Electronic Waste/analysis , Waste Management/methods , European Union , Solid Waste/analysis , Recycling , Electronics
8.
Materials (Basel) ; 15(7)2022 Mar 22.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35407686

ABSTRACT

The present work is related to the treatment of crushed waste of printed circuit boards (WPCBs) from electrical and electronic devices (WEEE), carrying out the recovery of copper in solution. In the first stage, the studied material was characterized by AAS, SEM-EDS, and XRD. The results revealed significantly high amounts of copper (744.42 mg/g), compared with the rest of the metals present in the sample, mainly iron and zinc. In the second stage of the work, alkali dynamic leaching experiments were carried out in the S2O3−2− O2 medium, evaluating important kinetic variables in order to verify the controlling step of the system and adjust the data to a kinetic model. According to the results obtained from the various experimental tests executed, it was found that in the studied system of S2O3−2− O2, the leaching of copper was preferably adjusted to the model of spherical particles with a shrinking core finding a mixed chemical−diffusive control, with values of Ea = 25.78 kJ/mol and n = 0.22 (for the leaching reagent), indicating that the reaction was controlled by the oxygen transport to the solid−liquid interface and also by the chemical reaction in the surface of particles, obtaining up to 99.82% copper in solution.

9.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35132386

ABSTRACT

In this work, BEAM robotics is proposed to enhance the STEM knowledge and skills of engineering students in the electrical, electronic, and mechanical domains. To evaluate the proposal, a course is designed and implemented based on a curriculum with objectives and learning activities centered on the design, construction, and operation of the BEAM robots. In addition, the connection between this proposal and computational thinking is explored. Students learn to recognize each part of robots and how they are related, abstract useful information from an electronic scheme and concretize it in a machine by systematizing their behavior. In addition, thanks to an evaluation of the behavior of the robot, identify the faults and apply the solution, as in the debugging process carried out in software programming. It should be added that BEAM robotics has a sustainable and low-cost aspect, which is used in learning activities where Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is recycled, and students are taught to value and integrate these parts into the design of the robots. A pre and post survey and a respective statistical analysis and evaluation of curricular activities are presented as evidence of the improvement observed in students' STEM knowledge and skills. In general, the results show that this new teaching tool can promote the STEM curriculum in engineering students and motivate implementation, as a new educational robot, at other academic levels such as secondary and pre-secondary education.

10.
Environ Technol ; 43(12): 1870-1881, 2022 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33241733

ABSTRACT

LED lamps already conquered the market of general lighting and are expected to generate a substantial stream of e-waste in the coming years. The challenge of recycling LED lamps have emerged, and it is essential to address both environmental and economic aspects to achieve a circular economy. LED lamps contain precious and critical metals, which can be found in electrical components and in the LED itself, making them a prospective waste for recycling initiatives. However, data about the concentration and distribution of these metals in the LED lamp's components are still scarce and uncertain. This work aims to characterise the various components of different brands of LED lamps to provide novel data on the precious and critical metals' amounts. Gold and silver were found in all brands of lamp, and we highlight the occurrence of gold in all analysed components, in concentrations between 0.01% and 0.07%, which is relevant to the economic viability of future recycling routes (gold and silver can contribute with USD 4340.00 per ton of LED lamps). The critical metals gallium, yttrium, and cerium were found in LEDs, while cobalt, barium, gallium, antimony, and manganese were found in printed circuit boards (PCBs). Additionally, the elements lead, cadmium, and arsenic were characterised due to their association with environmental and human toxicity.


Subject(s)
Electronic Waste , Gallium , Electronic Waste/analysis , Gallium/analysis , Gold/analysis , Humans , Prospective Studies , Recycling , Silver
11.
Materials (Basel) ; 14(23)2021 Nov 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34885483

ABSTRACT

Environmental pollution today is a latent risk for humanity, here the need to recycle waste of all kinds. This work is related to the kinetic study of the leaching of gold and copper contained in waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and silver contained in mining wastes (MW), using the O2-thiosemicarbazide system. The results obtained show that this non-toxic leaching system is adequate for the leaching of said metals. Reaction orders were found ranging from 0 (Cu), 0.93 (Ag), and 2.01 (Au) for the effect of the reagent concentration and maximum recoveries of 77.7% (Cu), 95.8% (Au), and 60% (Ag) were obtained. Likewise, the activation energies found show that the leaching of WEEE is controlled by diffusion (Cu Ea = 9.06 and Au Ea = 18.25 kJ/Kmol), while the leaching of MW (Ea = 45.55 kJ/Kmol) is controlled by the chemical reaction. For the case of stirring rate, it was found a low effect and only particles from WEEE and MW must be suspended in solution to proceed with the leaching. The pH has effect only at values above 8, and finally, for the case of MW, the O2 partial pressure has a market effect, going the Ag leaching from 33% at 0.2 atm up to 60% at a 1 atm.

12.
Materials (Basel) ; 14(20)2021 Oct 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34683820

ABSTRACT

The production of electronic waste due to technological development, economic growth and increasing population has been rising fast, pushing for solutions before the environmental pressure achieves unprecedented levels. Recently, it was observed that many extractive metallurgy alternatives had been considered to recover value from this type of waste. Regarding pyrometallurgy, little is known about the low-temperature processing applied before fragmentation and subsequent component separation. Therefore, the present manuscript studies such alternative based on scanning electron microscopy characterization. The sample used in the study was supplied by a local recycling center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The mass loss was constant at around 30% for temperatures higher than 300 °C. Based on this fact, the waste material was then submitted to low-temperature processing at 350 °C followed by attrition disassembling, size classification, and magnetic concentration steps. In the end, this first report of the project shows that 15% of the sample was recovered with metallic components with high economic value, such as Cu, Ni, and Au, indicating that such methods could be an interesting alternative to be explored in the future for the development of alternative electronic waste extraction routes.

13.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34501885

ABSTRACT

Exposures to the toxic element mercury (Hg) are exceptionally high among recycling workers globally. Recycling is a growing sector in Colombia, yet workers who directly handle e-waste are often unaware of the risks of exposure to mercury from post-consumer lighting products (e.g., fluorescent lamps). This qualitative study aimed to understand how recycling workers perceive their own risks from mercury exposure and how they find information about these risks, through interviews (n = 35) at the three largest formal recycling facilities in Colombia. Workers' risk perception was generally disconnected from their likely actual exposure to mercury, instead often seen juxtaposed to co-workers who worked more directly with hazardous waste. Recycling workers, who were predominantly men from lower-income socioeconomic backgrounds, had limited knowledge of health risks due to mercury exposure and were more likely to receive health-related information from informal sources. Over a third of interviewees had searched online for information about occupational health risks of mercury, but these searches were perceived as unsatisfactory due to information being difficult to find, not available in Spanish, or related to mercury exposure via seafood or mining rather than recycling. Workers expressed (over)confidence in personal protective equipment and concern about frequent employee turnover. This study points to weaknesses in environmental health literacy and public health communication around toxic exposures to mercury in the workplace. Stronger regulation and enforcement are needed to prevent toxic exposures and promote worker health equity.


Subject(s)
Electronic Waste , Mercury , Occupational Exposure , Colombia , Humans , Male , Mercury/analysis , Occupational Exposure/analysis , Perception
14.
Data Brief ; 32: 106236, 2020 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32923546

ABSTRACT

Economic and technological development advances exponentially, and the implementation of new technologies in the health sector has become a source of waste for electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Electrical and electronic equipment must be replaced periodically, either due to a technological update or to improve medical treatments, which ultimately leads to the generation of this type of waste. This work aimed to conduct exploratory research on the current situation of the handling of this type of waste in Barranquilla, Colombia, considering the limited information related to the management of biomedical WEEE in the city. Sixty health care institutions (HCIs), including hospitals and clinics, odontological centres and ophthalmological centres, participated favourably in the surveys concerning the management of WEEE. Through this work, it was possible to establish a working staff level of knowledge on WEEE disposal and the framework for the management and temporary collection of this waste. Therefore, the data are useful for proposing strategies for the integral management of electrical and electronic waste in both small and large populations.

15.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 26(17): 17135-17151, 2019 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31001771

ABSTRACT

A bibliometric analysis was performed to assess historical and recent research trends regarding e-waste studies from 1998 to 2018. Documents related to e-waste were identified from the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science© (WoS) database, and a total of 3311 academic articles was retrieved. The analysis was performed from four main aspects: (1) publication activity by year, by WoS category, and by geographic distribution; (2) journals; (3) most-cited papers; and (4) top 10 countries and author keyword analysis. The number of publications concerning e-waste issues has increased substantially over the last 20 years, especially in the environmental science category, and more than a third of the publications were produced in China (1181 records). Waste Management and Environmental Science & Technology were the most sought-after journals for disseminating the results. Studies related to "e-waste flow analysis," "recycling," "recovery of precious metals," and "risk assessment of recycling areas" have been the most common for several years. The analysis of keywords suggested that there are many topics on electronic waste and that each country has presented a different focus of research. Overall, the bibliometric analysis proved to be an efficient tool with which to monitor historical and current research trends and to evaluate the sheer volume of currently existing scientific literature on e-waste topics.


Subject(s)
Electronic Waste , Waste Management , Bibliometrics , China , Databases, Factual , Publications , Recycling , Research/trends
16.
Waste Manag ; 85: 374-384, 2019 Feb 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30803592

ABSTRACT

Estimating the generation of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in municipalities is relevant for the adequate planning of take-back systems. However, current WEEE estimation studies have focused primarily at the country level, and relied mostly on secondary data from literature, especially when adopting discrete average lifespans for each type of appliance. This paper aims at developing and applying a WEEE estimation method in a Brazilian city, by obtaining primary data that reflects the differences in WEEE generation among the various social and economic profiles in the city. A survey with a stratified sample was carried out to collect representative data from each city Zone. Results show that lifespan distributions are most desirable for WEEE estimation studies than discrete averages, and that the lifespan profiles in the city are considerably different than previous values adopted in other Brazilian studies. Results also show significant variations of lifespan profiles for different types of WEEE among the different Zones of the city, which reflect the social and economic differences.


Subject(s)
Electronic Waste , Brazil , Cities , Electronics , Recycling
17.
rev. udca actual. divulg. cient ; 21(1): 243-252, ene.-jun. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1094725

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN El avance tecnológico ha traído consigo la generación de residuos de celulares y tabletas. Esta tendencia seguirá en aumento, dado el fácil acceso a estos dispositivos. En el siguiente estudio, se relaciona la incidencia del nivel de escolaridad, sobre las actitudes y las percepciones, que se tienen sobre el manejo de los residuos provenientes de celulares y de tabletas, con el fin de ahondar en esta problemática y aportar insumos para la creación de estrategias y de políticas encaminadas al desarrollo sustentable. Para esto, se aplicó una encuesta a 450 personas que habitan en la ciudad de Florencia - Caquetá, Colombia. Se realizó un test de independencia, que permitió decidir si el nivel de escolaridad incide sobre las actitudes y las percepciones. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que no existe tal dependencia con las actitudes, pero sí con las percepciones, lo que demuestra la inconsistencia del ser humano entre lo que piensa y cómo actúa. Un hallazgo relevante en el presente estudio es que, en su gran mayoría, estos dispositivos o sus partes, después de un tiempo, terminan en la basura, junto con los residuos convencionales.


SUMMARY The technological advance has brought with it the generation of cell and tablet waste. This trend will continue to increase, given the easy access to these devices. In the following study, the incidence of schooling level is related to attitudes and perceptions about the handling of cell and tablet waste, in order to deepen this problem and provide inputs for the creation of strategies and policies aimed at sustainable development. For this, a survey was applied to 450 people living in the city of Florencia Caquetá Colombia. An independence test was carried out, which allowed to decide if the level of schooling affects attitudes and perceptions. The results obtained indicated that there is no such dependence on attitudes, but with perceptions, this shows the human being's lack of balance between what he thinks and how he acts. A relevant finding in the present study, is that the vast majority of these devices or their parts, after a while end up in the trash, along with conventional waste.

18.
J Environ Manage ; 217: 381-390, 2018 Jul 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29626841

ABSTRACT

The aim of this work is to develop compatibilization strategies for High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS)/ Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) blends from WEEE in order to add value to these recycled plastics by improving their mechanical performance. Results from a screening study of HIPS/ABS blends compatibilization by the addition of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) are presented. Two different weight proportion of HIPS/ABS physical blends were analyzed, 80/20 and 20/80, with three different concentration of SBR: 2, 10 and 20 wt%. Compatibilization efficiency was analyzed from an accurate thermal and mechanical analysis, by comparing each physical blend and corresponding compatibilized blends with SBR. Results were discussed relating glass transition changes with mechanical performance, both aspects were interpreted in terms of blend morphology. Phase and fillers dispersion and distribution as well as SBR amount and its interaction with each phase were accurate analyzed. Compatibilization of HIPS/ABS blends from WEEE with the addition of SBR is effective in blends with HIPS as main component. With the addition of 2 wt% of SBR, strength and toughness have notably increased respect to the corresponding physical blend, 244% and 186% respectively. From this screening study is possible to infer that SBR is a sustainable and efficient compatibilizer of HIPS rich blends allowing to obtain a final blend that can be used as a replacement material of separated resins from WEEE.


Subject(s)
Butadienes , Elastomers , Electronic Waste , Styrenes , Acrylonitrile , Polystyrenes
19.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; Eng. sanit. ambient;22(4): 625-635, jul.-ago. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-891555

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Resíduo de equipamento eletroeletrônico (REEE) é um termo utilizado para abranger diversos equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos que não possuem mais valor para seus proprietários. Este trabalho propôs avaliar a geração de REEEs em uma instituição de ensino superior particular localizada no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para este trabalho foram utilizados dados de equipamentos eletroeletrônicos (EEEs) disponíveis no sistema de informações da universidade, o qual totalizava 51.066 itens, englobando aproximadamente 17 anos de dados. Verificou-se que o principal REEE gerado pela instituição são equipamentos de informática e telecomunicações (48,2%), seguido pelos grandes eletrodomésticos (14,4%), instrumentos de monitoramento (13,3%), ferramentas elétricas e eletrônicas (10,9%) e equipamentos de consumo (9,8%). Foram contabilizados 414 diferentes tipos de EEEs na instituição; porém, observa-se que, com exceção dos instrumentos de monitoramento, os 2 principais EEEs de cada categoria contabilizam sozinhos mais de 50% de suas respectivas categorias. Identificou-se que a maior parte dos REEEs (29,3%) da instituição são gerados no bloco administrativo da universidade, seguido pelas salas de informática (17,3%). Esses dois setores se caracterizam por utilizarem EEEs de rápida obsolescência, enquanto áreas como as Ciências Biológicas e, parcialmente, as Ciências Exatas, devido ao elevado número de equipamentos analíticos utilizados, possuem EEEs com um ciclo de vida maior, reduzindo assim a geração desses resíduos. Todas essas características resultam em uma grande complexidade na gestão de REEEs em unidades de ensino superior, em especial devido à grande variedade encontrada, sendo muitos deles de difícil reciclagem.


ABSTRACT Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is an expression used to refer to several pieces of equipment that are no longer valuable for their owners. This study evaluated the WEEE generation in a private higher education institution, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In this study, we used data from electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) available in the university information system, which amounted 51.066 items during 17 years. The main WEEE generated by the institution was Information technology (IT) and telecommunications equipment (48.2%), followed by large household appliances (14.4%), monitoring and control instruments (13.3%), electrical and electronic tools (10.9%) and consumer equipment (9.8%). Over 414 EEE classes were identified in the institution, although, except for monitoring and control instruments, the 2 main EEEs in each class correspond to at least 50% of its categories. In addition, it was noticed that the majority of WEEE was generated by the university administration (29.3%), followed by the computer classrooms (17.3%). These two areas feature low life EEEs, while other areas like Biology and Exact Sciences, due to the high number of analytics equipment used, have EEEs with longer life cycle, resulting in smaller waste generation. All these characteristics result in a great complexity in WEEE management in higher education institutions, mostly due to the considerable diversity, increasing the recycling complexity.

20.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int ; 24(24): 19703-19713, 2017 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28685328

ABSTRACT

The accelerated growth trajectory of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is a matter of concern for governments worldwide. In developing countries, the problem is more complex because municipal waste management is still a challenge for municipalities. Fernando de Noronha Island, an environmentally protected area, has a transfer station for solid waste before it is sent to the final destination abroad, which is different waste management model to most urban areas. In order to check the specifics of management of WEEE, this study aimed to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the generation of this type of waste on the main island of Fernando de Noronha, taking into consideration aspects related to consumption habits and handling of waste. During the in situ research, a questionnaire was applied to a sample of 83 households. The results provide a picture of the generation of WEEE for a period of 1 year, when a production of 1.3 tons of WEEE was estimated. Relationships between education level and monthly income and between education level and number of plasma/LCD TVs and washing machines were confirmed. Another important result is that only two socioeconomic variables (monthly income and education level) are related to two recycling behavior variables. In addition, the population and government treat WEEE as ordinary waste, ignoring its contaminant potential. Despite the existence of relevant legislation concerning the treatment and disposal of WEEE, additional efforts will be required by the government in order to properly manage this type of waste on the island.


Subject(s)
Electronic Waste/analysis , Recycling/methods , Refuse Disposal/methods , Brazil , Cities , Developing Countries , Household Articles , Humans , Islands , Social Behavior , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires
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