Warm-Up Strategies and Effects on Performance in Racing Horses and Sport Horses Competing in Olympic Disciplines.

Warm-up is a standard component of exercise preparation, intended to lower the risk of injury and improve performance. Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines per discipline are missing. This scoping review aimed to describe the physiological effects and strategies of active warm-up in horses according to different equestrian disciplines. The search strategies identified 479 papers for review. After application of selection criteria, 23 articles published from 1996 to January 2024 were included of which 12 discussed the effects of warm-up on physiological parameters and 11 discussed warm-up strategies in different disciplines. As shown in humans, warm-up enhanced aerobic capacity and increased blood and muscle temperatures, independently from its intensity. Riders emphasized the importance of warm-up to prepare horses for physical work and to increase their reactiveness to aids. A canter or trot was the preferred gait in elite or non-elite dressage horses, respectively, while the walk was in show jumping horses. Warm-up duration and intensity increased with increasing competitive level, but a longer and/or more intensive warm-up did not affect the final score. Dressage riders warmed up their horses for a longer time compared to show jumping riders. Future studies should objectively establish the most profitable warm-up strategies per equestrian discipline and level.

Warm-up exercises reduce music conservatoire students' pain intensity when controlling for mood, sleep and physical activity: A pilot study.

Introduction: Playing-related musculoskeletal pain is highly prevalent among classical music students, affecting them physically and psychologically. Unlike athletes or dancers, musicians' pain often goes untreated due to stigma and lack of specialised healthcare. While warm-up exercises are common practice in sports and dance, there is a lack of empirical research regarding physical warm-ups for musicians' pain. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 2-week daily warm-up exercise intervention on conservatoire students' pain intensity, interference and psychological distress, at day 0 and after 2 weeks. Methods: Two groups were considered: an exercise (n = 9) and a waitlist control (n = 7) group. Data were collected using online Qualtrics surveys at three different stages. Results: 2 × 2 mixed ANOVAs indicated no significant effects on any of the outcome variables. However, when controlling for sleep, anxiety, depression and physical activity, the analyses revealed a significantly greater decrease in pain intensity in the exercise group compared to the control. In addition, bivariate correlations indicated that pain interference, anxiety and depression delta scores were significantly correlated for the exercise but not the control group. Anxiety and pain intensity delta scores were significantly correlated in both groups. Conclusions: These findings suggest that daily warm-up exercises have the potential to reduce musicians' pain intensity but only if certain variables are factored in. This pilot study highlights the multifactorial nature of musicians' pain and unveils the role that mood, sleep and physical activity level may have when assessing the efficacy of interventions based on warm-up exercises.

Effects of stretching in a pilates program on musculoskeletal fitness: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The scientific literature questions the impact of stretching exercises performed immediately before muscle strengthening exercises on different components of musculoskeletal physical fitness. Pilates is a physical exercise modality that typically uses stretching exercises preceding muscle-strengthening exercises. However, no studies have investigated the effects of stretching in a Pilates program on components of musculoskeletal fitness. The aim of the present study was to verify the effects of stretching in a Pilates exercise program on flexibility, strength, vertical jump height and muscular endurance. METHODS: Thirty-two sedentary young women were randomized into two groups: traditional Pilates (TP), who performed flexibility and muscle strengthening exercises (n = 16), and nontraditional Pilates (NTP), who only performed muscle-strengthening exercises (n = 16). Sessions took place 3 times a week for 8 weeks. The following tests were performed pre- and postintervention: 10-RM knee extensors, vertical jump, handgrip, 1-min sit-ups, Sorensen and sit-and-reach. The occurrence of adverse events was recorded throughout the intervention and compared between groups using odds ratio (OR). To compare the results of motor tests between groups, ANCOVA or Mann‒Whitney U test was used for parametric and nonparametric data, respectively. The data were analyzed by intention-to-treat. RESULTS: After intervention, the TP was superior to NTP for the sit-and-reach test, with a large effect size (d = 0.87; p = 0.035), with no differences between groups for the other tests. Intragroup comparisons showed significant differences (p < 0.05) for TP and NTP for improvement in 10-RM knee extensors and vertical jump measurements, while only TP showed significant intragroup improvement (p < 0.05) for the sit-and-reach test. A greater chance of experiencing pain or other discomfort as a result of exercise was shown by NTP (OR = 4.20, CI95% 0.69 to 25.26). CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrated that stretching exercises performed at the beginning of sessions in a Pilates program did not impair or enhance the development of strength, vertical jump height and muscular endurance in young women. However, only the Pilates program with stretching improved flexibility and reduced the chances of adverse events such as musculoskeletal pain and other discomfort resulting from the exercise protocol. CLINICALTRIALS: GOV: NCT05538520, prospectively registered on September 16, 2022.

Effects of percussion massage therapy, dynamic stretching, and static stretching on physical performance and balance.

BACKGROUND: Percussion massage therapy is a popular approach in sport medicine for physical therapists, but few researchers have investigated the comparison with other intervention methods. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the comparison of the effects of dynamic stretching, static stretching and percussive massage therapy on balance and physical performance in individuals. METHODS: The participants who were 18-25 years of age, able to perform performance tests, did not have any orthopedic surgery, did not have problems during running and sudden turning, and did not have a professional sports history were included in the study. Participants were assigned randomly to three groups as dynamic stretching (DS) (n= 16), static stretching (SS) (n= 16) and percussive massage therapy (PMT) (n= 16) groups. Horizontal jumping test, T drill test and balance measurements on a single leg with open and closed eyes of all participants were recorded before and after applications. RESULTS: When the values of the pre and post-treatment of all groups in the study were compared, significant improvements were observed in the t-test, horizontal jumping test and right/left foot balance with eyes open in DS group (p< 0.05). Significant improvements were observed in all values in the PMT group (p< 0.05). In the comparison of the differences between the groups, PMT group values were more significant than the SS group in all parameters. CONCLUSION: Percussive massage therapy would be an alternative that can be used to increase the performance and balance of individuals before exercise.

Acute and Prolonged Effects of 300 sec of Static, Dynamic, and Combined Stretching on Flexibility and Muscle Force.

Static stretching (SS), dynamic stretching (DS), and combined stretching (CS; i.e., DS+SS) are commonly performed as warm-up exercises. However, the stretching method with the greatest effect on flexibility and performance remains unclear. This randomized crossover trial examined acute and prolonged effects of SS, DS, and CS on range of motion (ROM), peak passive torque (PPT), passive stiffness, and isometric and concentric muscle forces. Twenty healthy young men performed 300 sec of active SS, DS, or CS (150-sec SS followed by 150-sec DS and 150-sec DS followed by 150-sec SS) of the right knee flexors on four separate days, in random order. Subsequently, we measured ROM, PPT, and passive stiffness during passive knee extension. We also measured maximum voluntary isometric and concentric knee flexion forces and surface electromyographic activities during force measurements immediately before, immediately after, and 20 and 60 min after stretching. All stretching methods significantly increased ROM and PPT, while significantly decreasing isometric knee flexion force (all p < 0.05). These changes lasted 60 min after all stretching methods; the increases in ROM and PPT and the decreases in isometric muscle force were similar. All stretching methods also significantly decreased passive stiffness immediately after stretching (all p < 0.05). Decreases in passive stiffness tended to be longer after CS than after SS or DS. Concentric muscle force was decreased after SS and CS (all p < 0.05). On the other hand, concentric muscle force was unchanged after DS, while the decreases in surface electromyographic activities during concentric force measurements after all stretching methods were similar. Our results suggest that 300 sec of SS, DS, and CS have different acute and prolonged effects on flexibility and muscle force.

Effects of High-Intensity Warm-Up on 5000-Meter Performance Time in Trained Long-Distance Runners.

Warm-up protocols with high intensities before continuous running provide potential benefits for middle-distance runners. Nevertheless, the effect of high-intensity warm-ups on long-distance runners remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of a high-intensity warm-up protocol on 5000 m performance in trained runners. Thirteen male runners (34 ± 10 years, 62 ± 6 kg, 62.7 ± 5.5 ml/kg/min) performed two 5000 m time trials, preceded by two different warm-ups. One high-intensity warm up (HIWU: 1x 500 m (70% of the running intensity) + 3x 250 m (100% of the running intensity) and one low-intensity warm up (LIWU: 1x 500 m (70% of the running intensity) + 3x 250 m (70% of the running intensity)), where the running intensities were calculated using the results obtained in the Cooper test. Physiological and metabolic responses, and endurance running performance parameters, were evaluated by the Counter Movement Jump (CMJ), running rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate concentration (BLa), and performance running. Total time for the 5000 m was lower using HIWU when compared to LIWU (1141.4 ± 110.4 s vs. 1147.8 ± 111.0 s; p = 0.03; Hedges' g = 0.66). The HIWU warm-up led to an improvement in pacing strategy during the time trial. After warm-up protocols, the performance on the CMJ was improved only when applying HIWU (p = 0.008). Post warm-up BLa was significantly higher for HIWU vs. LIWU (3.5 ± 1.0 mmol·L-1 vs. 2.3 ± 1.0 mmol·L-1; p = 0.02), with similar behavior for the RPE (p = 0.002), internal load of the session (p = 0.03). The study showed that a high-intensity warm-up protocol can improve performance in the 5000 m in trained endurance runners.

Movement retraining programme in young soccer and rugby football players: A feasibility and proof of concept study.

INTRODUCTION: Movement screening to identify abnormal movement patterns can inform development of effective interventions. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a movement screening tool in combination with a tailored movement control retraining programme in young soccer and rugby football players. A secondary objective was to investigate changes in movement control patterns post-intervention, to provide proof of concept (PoC) for movement retraining. METHODS: 52 male amateur players, including 34 soccer players (mean age 15 ± 2 years) and 18 rugby players (mean age 15 ± 1 years) participated. They were screened for movement control ability using a shortened version of the Hip and Lower Limb Movement Screening (Short-HLLMS) and completed an eight-week movement control retraining programme. Evaluation of feasibility included consent from players invited, adherence, attendance at the exercise sessions, drop-out and adverse events. Short-HLLMS total score and The Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) were analysed to provide PoC for retraining movement control. RESULTS: feasibility outcomes were favourable. Significant statistical changes occurred post-intervention in the Short-HLLMS total score (paired-samples t-test) and in three HAGOS subscales (symptoms, physical function in daily living and in sport and recreation) (Wilcoxon-Signed Rank Test) in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Feasibility of using the Short-HLLMS in combination with a movement control retraining programme in soccer and rugby players was promising. The data provided PoC for the potential application of a shortened version of the HLLMS to evaluate changes in movement control and to inform targeted motor control programmes.

Effects of a warm-up intervention at the workplace on pain, heart rate, work performance and psychological perception among vineyard workers.

OBJECTIVES: Warm-up sessions before physical activity are widely used in sports to help prevent injury and improve performance. Nowadays, companies assume that the effects observed in a sport context can be transferred to the workplace, particularly among workers exposed to biomechanical strain. Yet research on the use of warm-up interventions at the workplace is rather scarce and, when available, leads to conflicting results due to the low quality of the studies. To the best of our knowledge, there are no published studies to date assessing the effects of warm-up sessions among vineyard workers. The present study was designed to investigate if and how a single supervised warm-up session could be effective on perceived pain intensity, heart rate, work performance, and psychological perceptions among vineyard workers. METHODS: A total of 31 vineyard workers completed a randomized crossover study at the workplace. They were observed in real work settings, i.e. during the pruning activity. Each participant performed the activity under two conditions: 1) with a warm-up session beforehand (WU) and 2) without any warm-up (NWU). Heart rate (HR) was assessed continuously before and during the warm-up, and during the first hour of pruning. Perceived pain intensity over fifteen anatomical locations was assessed before (T0) and immediately after (T1) warm-up, and after the first hour of work (T2). Readiness to work was assessed at T1. Work performance was assessed in terms of the number of completed tasks (number of pruned vines). Perceived work quality and perceived work ability were assessed at T2. RESULTS: Perceived pain intensity over the lumbopelvic region was significantly higher at T2 than at T0, and at T2 than at T1, in both WU and NWU. Perceived pain intensity was not significantly different at T2 in WU and NWU. HR at T1 was significantly higher in WU than in NWU. Work performance, readiness to work, and perceived work ability were significantly higher in WU than in NWU. CONCLUSION: This study showed that offering vineyard workers a supervised warm-up session at the workplace can lead to promising results where work performance and psychological perception are concerned.

Warm-up optimization in amateur male soccer players: A comparison of small-sided games and traditional warm-up routines on physical fitness qualities.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of small-sided soccer games (SSSGs) and traditional warm-up (TWU) routines on physical fitness qualities in soccer players. Following a between-subject, randomized design, amateur-level soccer players were assigned to a SSSG warm-up (n = 10; age: 19.3 ± 2.8 years) or TWU group (n = 10; age: 19.3 ± 2.4 years). Players completed multiple trials of 10-m and 30-m linear sprints, change-of-direction speed (CODS) tests, and countermovement jumps (CMJ) prior to and following the warm-up routine. Separate mixed ANOVAs were performed to assess group effects (SSSG vs. TWU), time effects within each group (pre- vs. post-warm-up), and their interaction for each physical fitness quality. No significant interaction effects were observed for any dependent variable. Significant improvements were evident between baseline and follow-up measurements for 10-m sprint time (p = 0.002, Hedges' g effect size [g] = 0.59) and CMJ variables (height: p = 0.016, g = 0.20; power: p = 0.003, g = 0.19; force: p = 0.002, g = 0.14) in the TWU group and for CODS performance time (p = 0.012, g = 0.51) and CMJ variables (height: p < 0.001, g = 0.46; power: p = 0.002, g = 0.35; force: p = 0.001, g = 0.27) in the SSSG warm-up group. Both SSSG and TWU protocols improved selected physical fitness qualities with SSSG more effective at improving CODS and CMJ performance, and TWU more effective at improving linear speed. Soccer coaches may choose between SSSG or traditional warm-up activities according to player needs and preferences; however, the superior effects of SSSG suggest it might offer greater benefits than TWU in preparing players for optimal physical output.

Effects of warm-up exercises with interval training on fitness of gymnasts / Efeitos dos exercícios de aquecimento com treinamento intervalado na aptidão física de ginastas / Efectos de los ejercicios de calentamiento con entrenamiento de intervalos en la aptitud física de gimnastas

ABSTRACT Introduction: Competitive gymnastics training is extremely debated in the Chinese scientific community. It is only when coaches choose proper physical training methods, they can fundamentally improve gymnasts' physical fitness. Objective: Analyze the effect of warm-up exercises on gymnasts' physical fitness. At the same time, this paper analyzes the factors that influence the indicators of gymnasts' physical fitness. Methods: This paper selects several gymnasts as research objects. The gymnasts perform physical training with interval training warm-up for two months. Data of gymnasts' physical constitution and the indicators related to their function are tracked and tested. Morphological indicators include height, circumference and body composition; functional indicators include multiple physiological and biochemical indicators (blood and urine analysis). Results: Gymnasts increased urea and creatine kinase concentrations after warm-up physical training. However, there was no statistical difference (P>0.05). The primary functional status of the athletes was stable. The results showed a normal resting heart rate and a reduction of blood pressure in the elite athletes. Conclusion: Gymnasts using interval training can maintain high intensity levels for prolonged periods. The indicators of physical fitness were above average. However, players' fitness to complete the movement set needs to be improved. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O treinamento de ginástica competitiva é extremamente debatido na comunidade científica chinesa. Somente quando os treinadores escolhem métodos adequados de treinamento físico, eles podem melhorar fundamentalmente a condição física dos ginastas. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito de exercícios para aquecimento sobre a aptidão física dos ginastas. Ao mesmo tempo, este trabalho analisa os fatores que influenciam os indicadores da aptidão física dos ginastas. Métodos: Este trabalho seleciona vários ginastas como objetos de pesquisa. Os ginastas realizam treinamento físico com aquecimento por treinamento intervalado durante dois meses. Dados de constituição física dos ginastas e os indicadores relacionados à sua função são rastreados e testados. Os indicadores morfológicos incluem altura, circunferência e composição corporal; os indicadores funcionais incluem múltiplos indicadores fisiológicos e bioquímicos (análise de sangue e urina). Resultados: Os ginastas aumentaram a concentração de ureia e creatinaquinase após o treinamento físico de aquecimento. Entretanto, não houve diferença estatística (P>0,05). O estado funcional primário dos atletas demonstrou-se estável. Os resultados mostraram um ritmo cardíaco em repouso normal e uma redução da pressão sanguínea nos atletas de elite. Conclusão: Ginastas que utilizam treinamento intervalado podem manter níveis de alta intensidade por períodos prolongados. Os indicadores de aptidão física foram acima da média. Entretanto, a aptidão física dos jogadores para completar o conjunto de movimentos precisa ser aprimorada. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El entrenamiento de la gimnasia de competición es muy debatido en la comunidad científica china. Sólo cuando los entrenadores eligen métodos de entrenamiento físico adecuados, pueden mejorar fundamentalmente la forma física de los gimnastas. Objetivo: Analizar el efecto de los ejercicios de calentamiento en la condición física de los gimnastas. Al mismo tiempo, este documento analiza los factores que influyen en los indicadores de la aptitud física de los gimnastas. Métodos: Este trabajo selecciona a varios gimnastas como objeto de investigación. Los atletas realizan un entrenamiento físico con calentamiento por medio de un entrenamiento por intervalos durante dos meses. Se hace un seguimiento de los datos, de la constitución física de los gimnastas y de los indicadores relacionados con su función. Los indicadores morfológicos incluyen la altura, la circunferencia y la composición corporal; los indicadores funcionales incluyen múltiples indicadores fisiológicos y bioquímicos (análisis de sangre y orina). Resultados: Los gimnastas aumentaron las concentraciones de urea y creatina quinasa después del entrenamiento físico de calentamiento. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias estadísticas (P>0,05). El estado funcional primario de los atletas era estable. Los resultados mostraron una frecuencia cardíaca en reposo normal y una reducción de la presión arterial en los atletas de élite. Conclusión: Los gimnastas que utilizan el entrenamiento por intervalos pueden mantener niveles de intensidad elevados durante períodos prolongados. Los indicadores de aptitud física estaban por encima de la media. Sin embargo, es necesario mejorar la aptitud de los jugadores para completar el conjunto de movimientos. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Analysis of the warm-up to improve physical conditioning of table tennis players / Análise do aquecimento para melhorar o condicionamento físico dos tenistas de mesa / Análisis del calentamiento para mejorar la condición física de los jugadores de tenis de mesa

ABSTRACT Introduction: The development of table tennis and its rule changes increased the importance of physical training with the decline of ball speed and rotation, highlighting the importance of strong quality in the game. Objective: To study the effect of the muscular warm-up phase on improving physical conditioning in table tennis players. Methods: We randomly selected 20 high school table tennis players aged between 14 and 16 years as experimental objects through the analysis of pre-test data, combined with the characteristics of the group, where a physical training plan was generated. Results: After 12 weeks of training, the measured values were analyzed and compared, and it was found that this program can effectively improve the functional movement level of male table tennis players in high school students; the total test score was significantly improved (P<0.01), and the rate of increase was 22%. Conclusion: Muscle warm-up prior to physical training is important in improving athletic ability, enhancing athletic performance, and preventing sports injuries. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: O desenvolvimento do tênis de mesa e suas mudanças de regras aumentaram a importância do treinamento físico com o declínio da velocidade e rotação da bola, destacando-se a importância da qualidade da força no jogo. Objetivo: Estudar o efeito da fase de aquecimento muscular na melhoria do condicionamento físico nos tenistas de mesa. Métodos: Selecionou-se aleatoriamente como voluntários 20 mesatenistas do ensino médio com idades entre 14 e 16 anos como objetos experimentais, através da análise dos dados pré-teste, combinados com as características do grupo, onde foi gerado um plano de treinamento físico. Resultados: Após 12 semanas de treinamento, os valores medidos foram analisados e comparados, e verificou-se que este programa pode melhorar efetivamente o nível de movimento funcional dos tenistas de mesa masculinos em estudantes do ensino médio, a pontuação total do teste foi significativamente melhorada (P<0,01), e a taxa de aumento foi de 22%. Conclusão: O aquecimento muscular prévio ao treinamento físico é um fator importante para melhorar a capacidade atlética, melhorar o desempenho atlético e evitar lesões esportivas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El desarrollo del tenis de mesa y sus cambios de reglas aumentaron la importancia del entrenamiento físico con la disminución de la velocidad y la rotación de la pelota, destacando la importancia de la calidad de la fuerza en el juego. Objetivo: Estudiar el efecto de la fase de calentamiento muscular en la mejora de la condición física de los jugadores de tenis de mesa. Métodos: Seleccionamos aleatoriamente como voluntarios a 20 jugadores de tenis de mesa de secundaria con edades comprendidas entre los 14 y los 16 años como objetos experimentales, a través del análisis de los datos del pre-test, combinados con las características del grupo, donde se generó un plan de entrenamiento físico. Resultados: Después de 12 semanas de entrenamiento, se analizaron y compararon los valores medidos, y se descubrió que este programa puede mejorar eficazmente el nivel de movimiento funcional de los jugadores de tenis de mesa masculinos en estudiantes de secundaria, la puntuación total de la prueba mejoró significativamente (P<0,01), y la tasa de aumento fue del 22%. Conclusión: El calentamiento muscular previo al entrenamiento físico es un factor importante para mejorar la capacidad atlética, aumentar el rendimiento deportivo y prevenir las lesiones deportivas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Day-to-day Variation of The Heart Rate, Heart Rate Variability, and Energy Expenditure During FIFA 11+ and Dynamic Warm-up Exercises.

There seems to be a scarcity in literature investigating day-to-day warm-up (WU) variations. We investigated day-to-day variation of psychophysiological responses during Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 11+ and dynamic warm-up (DWU) exercises. Twenty-one male collegiate soccer players were randomly assigned to the FIFA 11+ (n = 10) or DWU group (n = 11). Each group performed the assigned WU protocol on three different occasions with a 48-h interval in between. The inter-day variation of the heart rate (HR), time distribution of HR zones, heart rate variability (HRV), estimated energy expenditure (EE), blood lactate (BL) concentration, and the Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. A two-way repeated measures of analysis of variance was used to compare the differences in chosen variables [group (2) × day (3)]. The coefficient of variation was used to determine the dispersion of the variables over the sessions. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with a two-way random model and a single measure (ICC2,1) was used to determine inter-day reliability. There were no significant differences in time spent at particular HR zones and EE in both groups. The FIFA 11+ exercises showed high reliability of exercise duration, average HR (HRaverage), minimal HR (HRmin), peak HR (HRpeak), and post-exercise RPE. In the DWU group, high reliability was found only in HRaverage, HRpeak, and post-exercise RPE. The FIFA 11+ exercises showed similar EE, exercise HR patterns, BL, and RPE compared to the DWU. The FIFA 11+ program is an intense WU protocol with a characteristically low variation of day-to-day exercise HR and RPE responses.

Can Straw Phonation Be Considered As Vocal Warm Up Among Speech Language Pathologists?

OBJECTIVE: Straw phonation exercises have been proved to be effective in improving voice quality among persons with voice pathology. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of straw phonation as a warm-up exercise on maximum phonation duration, acoustic, and perceptual parameters of voice among Speech Language Pathologists. STUDY DESIGN: The study adopted a pretest-posttest design. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Twenty-five females with the mean age range of 20.87 ± 1.15 years participated in the study and completed a series of straw phonation exercises for three cycles. Maximum phonation duration, acoustic, and self-perceptual measures were assessed before and after the straw phonation exercises. F0, jitter, shimmer, nose to harmonic ratio, intensity, F1, F2, F3, F4, Maximum phonation duration, and the post self-perceptual measures were analyzed. RESULTS: The results indicated a significant improvement in the F0, intensity, F1, F2, F4, Maximum phonation duration, and self-perceptual measures. CONCLUSION: Straw phonation exercises provides an easy and effective warm up technique to improve the voice quality among Speech Language Pathologists and can be considered before conducting therapy sessions.

Calentamiento neuromuscular en la prevención de lesiones en deportistas caucanos / Neuromuscular Warm-up for Injury Prevention in Caucan Athletes

RESUMEN La lesión deportiva trae consigo deterioro de la salud física y mental del atleta, gastos económicos y perdida de los entrenamientos y competencias, que juegan un papel fundamental en el éxito deportivo. Los programas de prevención de lesiones se vienen implementando como una herramienta eficaz en el cuidado de la salud y la optimización del rendimiento deportivo. Objetivo: Comparar el comportamiento de la lesión en atletas posterior a un programa de calentamiento neuromuscular de prevención de lesiones. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental, de tipo comparativo, con 80 deportistas, en los deportes de actividades subacuáticas, bádminton, judo, halterofilia, patinaje, triatlón y taekwondo del departamento del Cauca, aplicando un programa preventivo de calentamiento neuromuscular estructurado en el cual se comparaba en la misma muestra de sujetos un antes y un después; para la vigilancia de la lesión se utilizó una ficha de seguimiento del comportamiento de la lesión. Resultados: Antes de la aplicación del programa de prevención de lesiones, el 55 % de los deportistas presentaron lesión, siendo de mayor frecuencia las tendinopatía y los esguinces, y la rodilla fue la articulación más afectada, mientras que luego de la aplicación del programa de prevención aparecieron lesiones en el 34 % (36/80) de los deportistas; clínicamente se encontró que los deportes de combate, de tiempo y marca presentaron una reducción de lesión del 25,8 y 2,8 %, respectivamente posintervención, en cambio, los deportes de pelotas y raqueta aumentaron incidencia de lesión en un 20 %: la comparación antes y después de la aplicación del programa para las variables tipo de lesión, práctica deportiva, estructura y zona de lesión no presentaron significancia estadística entre sí. Conclusión: El programa de calentamiento neuromuscular para prevención de lesiones presentó diferencias clínicas en la incidencia de lesión posterior a la intervención, aunque estas no fueron estadísticamente significativas.

ABSTRACT Sports injuries carry a deterioration of athletes physical and mental health, economic expenses, and loss of training and competitions, playing a fundamental role in sports success. Injury prevention programs are being implemented as an effective tool in health care and optimization of sports performance. Objective: To compare the injury behavior in athletes after a neuromuscular warm-up program for injury prevention. Material and methods: 80 athletes in the sports of underwater activities, badminton, judo, weightlifting, skating, triathlon, and taekwondo from the Cauca Department, a quasi-experimental comparative study was carried out, applying a before and after preventive program of structured neuromuscular warming for lesions surveillance. A form to track the behavior of the injury was used. Results: Before the application of the injury prevention program, 55% of the athletes presented injury, tendinophaty, and sprains being more frequently, where the knee was the most affected joint, while, after the application of the prevention program, lesions appeared in 34% (36/80) of the athletes; clinically, it was observed that combat, time, and brand sports presented a reduction of injury in 25.8% and 2.8%, respectively, post intervention. On the other hand, balls and racket sports increased the incidence of injury in 20%; the comparison of the results before and after applying the program for the variables type of injury, sports practice, structure, and area of injury did not show statistical significance among themselves. Conclusion: The neuromuscular warming program for injury prevention presented clinical differences in the incidence of injury after the intervention, although these were not statistically significant.

Can We Improve the Functional Threshold Power Test by Adding High-Intensity Priming Arm-Crank?

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of arm-crank induced priming on subsequent 20 min Functional Threshold Power Test among 11 well-trained male cyclists (18.8 ± 0.9 years; 182 ± 5 cm; 73.0 ± 6.6 kg; V˙O2max 67.9 ± 5.1 mL·kg-1·min-1). Participants completed an incremental test and two maximal performance tests (MPTs) in a randomized order. Warm-up prior to MPTlow consisted of 20 min aerobic exercise and 25 s high-intensity all-out arm crank effort was added to warm-up in MPThigh. Constant intensities for the first 17 min of MPT were targeting to achieve a similar relative fatigue according to participants' physiological capacity before the last 3 min all-out spurt. Final 3 min all-out spurt power was 4.94 ± 0.27 W·kg-1 and 4.85 ± 0.39 W·kg-1 in MPTlow and MPThigh, respectively (not statistically different: p = 0.116; d = 0.5). Blood lactate [La] levels just before the start were higher (p < 0.001; d = 2.6) in MPThigh (5.6 ± 0.5 mmol·L-1) compared to MPTlow (1.1 ± 0.1 mmol·L-1). According to V˙CO2 and net [La] data, significantly higher anaerobic energy production was detected among MPTlow condition. In conclusion, priming significantly reduced anaerobic energy contribution but did neither improve nor decrease group mean performance although effects were variable. We suggest priming to have beneficial effects based on previous studies; however, the effects are individual and additional studies are needed to distinguish such detailed effects in single athletes.

Acute effect of a static- and dynamic-based stretching warm-up on standing long jump performance in primary schoolchildren.

The aim of the present study was to compare the acute effect of a static- vs dynamic-based stretching warm-up on standing long jump (SLJ) performance in primary schoolchildren. The sample was composed of 76 schoolchildren, 43 girls and 33 boys, aged 9-10 years old from three fourth-grade classes of Primary Education. The three groups were cluster-randomly assigned to the control (CG), static (SG) or dynamic (DG) groups. All the schoolchildren performed a standardized warm-up consisting of mobility exercises (five minutes), jogging (five minutes) and the SLJ test. Afterwards the CG schoolchildren received jump theory (eight minutes), the SG performed static stretching (eight minutes) and the DG performed dynamic-bounces stretching (eight minutes). Afterwards, all of them performed the SLJ test again. The results of the one-way ANOVA (F 2,73 = 34.184; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.484), followed by the pairwise comparisons with the Bonferroni adjustment, showed that the DG students (M Δ = 11.07, SE = 1.42) made a significant statistical improvement in their SJL levels compared with the CG (M Δ = -3.00, SE = 1.89; p < 0.001, d = 1.51) and SG students (M Δ = -1.85, SE = 0.67; p < 0.001, d = 1.38). However, statistically significant differences between the CG and SG students were not found (p > 0.05, d = 0.12). The dynamic-bouncing stretch as a final part of a warm-up improves explosive strength performance in primary schoolchildren, and seems to be a good option before carrying out explosive strength activities of the lower body.

Reducing the sports injury through function movement biological image data screening / Reduzindo lesões esportivas por meio da triagem de dados biológicos de imagens de movimento / Reducción de las lesiones deportivas mediante la detección de datos biológicos por imágenes en movimiento

ABSTRACT Introduction Among the many cases of sports injuries, the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries remains high. After a musculoskeletal injury occurs, athletes often need to suspend training and undergo rehabilitation. A suitable sport mode requires athletes to have sufficient joint range of motion, core stability, and balance ability in different positions to complete various complex movements in training and competition. Objective The paper analyzes the impact of warm-up exercises before the test on the test results of functional sports biological image data screening ( FMS TM ) and provides references for unifying test conditions, checking the reliability of FMS TM repeated tests, and discussing the comparability of the research results. Methods The paper used the same password and process to test 12 young male volleyball professional athletes without warm-up and warm-up. The two-dimensional motion analysis system Dartfish Pursuit 8.0 was used to analyze the video data recorded by the two cameras simultaneously. Results In the two tests before and after, the hurdle step score (1.75±0.62 vs. 2.42±0.52) and the total score (13.50±2.20 vs. 16.42±2.15) were significantly higher than those without the warm-up test (P<0.01). Besides, in squats (1.58±0.67 vs. 1.92±0.67), straight lunges (2.00±0.43 vs. 2.50±0.52), active straight leg lifts (1.50±0.67 vs. 2.00±0.60), rotation stability (1.42) ±0.52 vs. 1.92±0.29) showed a significant increase in the score (P<0.05). Conclusions Warm-up exercises before the test can improve the test results. This abnormal movement pattern observed only by visual inspection may not truly reflect the "dysfunction" of the movement. In the case of ignoring the pre-test warm-up factors, feedback on sports performance and formulating training strategies, this conclusion of predicting injury risk and evaluating training effects may have specific limitations in its reference value. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução Dentre os diversos casos de lesões esportivas, a incidência de lesões musculoesqueléticas permanece elevada. Após a ocorrência de uma lesão musculoesquelética, os atletas geralmente precisam suspender o treinamento e se submeter à reabilitação. Um modo de esporte adequado requer que os atletas tenham amplitude de movimento articular suficiente, estabilidade central e capacidade de equilíbrio em diferentes posições para completar vários movimentos complexos em treinamento e competição. Objetivo o artigo analisa o impacto dos exercícios de aquecimento antes do teste sobre os resultados dos testes de triagem de dados de imagens biológicas esportivas funcionais (FMSTM) e fornece referências para unificar as condições de teste, verificar a confiabilidade de testes FMSTM repetidos e discutir a comparabilidade dos resultados da pesquisa . Métodos O artigo utilizou a mesma senha e processo para testar 12 jovens atletas profissionais do sexo masculino de voleibol sem aquecimento e com aquecimento. O sistema de análise de movimento bidimensional Dartfish Pursuit 8.0 foi usado para analisar os dados de vídeo gravados pelas duas câmeras simultaneamente. Resultados Nos dois testes antes e depois, a pontuação do hurdle step (1,75 ± 0,62 vs. 2,42 ± 0,52) e a pontuação total (13,50 ± 2,20 vs. 16,42 ± 2,15) foram significativamente maiores do que aqueles sem o teste de aquecimento ( P <0,01). Além disso, em agachamentos (1,58 ± 0,67 vs. 1,92 ± 0,67), estocadas retas (2,00 ± 0,43 vs. 2,50 ± 0,52), levantamentos ativos de perna reta (1,50 ± 0,67 vs. 2,00 ± 0,60), estabilidade de rotação (1,42) ± 0,52 vs. 1,92 ± 0,29) mostrou um aumento significativo na pontuação (P <0,05). Conclusão Os exercícios de aquecimento antes do teste podem melhorar os resultados do teste. Este padrão de movimento anormal observado apenas por inspeção visual pode não refletir verdadeiramente a "disfunção" do movimento. No caso de ignorar os fatores de aquecimento pré-teste, feedback sobre o desempenho esportivo e formulação de estratégias de treinamento, esta conclusão de prever o risco de lesões e avaliar os efeitos do treinamento pode ter limitações específicas em seu valor de referência. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción Entre los muchos casos de lesiones deportivas, la incidencia de lesiones musculoesqueléticas sigue siendo alta. Después de que ocurre una lesión musculoesquelética, los atletas a menudo necesitan suspender el entrenamiento y someterse a rehabilitación. Un modo de deporte adecuado requiere que los atletas tengan suficiente rango de movimiento articular, estabilidad central y capacidad de equilibrio en diferentes posiciones para completar varios movimientos complejos en el entrenamiento y la competencia. Objetivo El documento analiza el impacto de los ejercicios de calentamiento antes de la prueba en los resultados de las pruebas de detección de datos de imágenes biológicas deportivas funcionales (FMSTM) y proporciona referencias para unificar las condiciones de prueba, verificar la confiabilidad de las pruebas FMSTM repetidas y discutir la comparabilidad de los resultados de la investigación. Métodos El documento utilizó la misma contraseña y proceso para evaluar a 12 jóvenes atletas profesionales de voleibol sin calentamiento y con calentamiento. El sistema de análisis de movimiento bidimensional Dartfish Pursuit 8.0 se utilizó para analizar los datos de video grabados por las dos cámaras simultáneamente. Resultados En las dos pruebas antes y después, la puntuación del paso de valla (1,75 ± 0,62 frente a 2,42 ± 0,52) y la puntuación total (13,50 ± 2,20 frente a 16,42 ± 2,15) fueron significativamente más altas que aquellas sin la prueba de calentamiento ( P <0,01). Además, en sentadillas (1,58 ± 0,67 vs 1,92 ± 0,67), estocadas rectas (2,00 ± 0,43 vs 2,50 ± 0,52), levantamientos activos de piernas rectas (1,50 ± 0,67 vs 2,00 ± 0,60), estabilidad de rotación (1,42) ± 0,52 vs. 1,92 ± 0,29) mostró un aumento significativo en la puntuación (P <0,05). Conclusión Los ejercicios de calentamiento antes de la prueba pueden mejorar los resultados de la prueba. Este patrón de movimiento anormal observado solo por inspección visual puede no reflejar realmente la "disfunción" del movimiento. En el caso de ignorar los factores de calentamiento previos a la prueba, la retroalimentación sobre el rendimiento deportivo y la formulación de estrategias de entrenamiento, esta conclusión de predecir un riesgo de lesión y evaluar los efectos del entrenamiento puede tener limitaciones específicas en su valor de referencia. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos: investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

High School Basketball Coach and Player Perspectives on Warm-Up Routines and Lower Extremity Injuries.

BACKGROUND: While participation in sports-related activities results in improved health outcomes, high school athletes are at risk for lower extremity injuries, especially ankle, knee, and thigh injuries. Efforts to promote the adoption and implementation of evidence-driven approaches to reduce injury risk among school-aged athletes are needed. However, there is limited research regarding the perceived barriers, facilitators, and adherence factors that may influence the successful implementation of effective warm-up routines among this population. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews and focus groups to assess high school basketball coach and player current practices, knowledge, and perspectives about warm-ups and lower-extremity injuries (LEIs). We interviewed coaches (n = 12) and players (n = 30) from May to October 2019. Participants were recruited from public high schools in a joint school district in Southern California. Multiple coders employed thematic analysis of the data using validated methods. RESULTS: Coaches and players reported regular engagement (e.g., daily) in warm-up routines, but the time dedicated (range 5-45 min), types of exercises, and order varied substantially. Players often co-lead the warm-up practice with the coach or assistant coach. Despite regular engagement in warm-up, players and coaches report multiple challenges, including (1) limited time and space to warm-up effectively at games, (2) a perception that young players are not prone to injury, (3) competing demands for coaches' time during practice, and (4) coaches' lack of knowledge. Coaches and players perceive that warming up before practice will result in fewer injuries, and many players are motivated to warm up as a result of their personal injury experience; however, they desire guidance on the ideal exercises for preventing injury and training on the proper form for each exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Regular involvement in basketball warm-up routines is common among high school teams, but the methods and time dedicated to these practices varied. Players and coaches are eager for more information on warm-up programs shown to reduce LEIs.

Efeito da massagem e pseudomassagem no desempenho agudo e recuperação autopercebida: um estudo controlado por placebo / Effect of massage and pseudo massage on acute performance and self-perceived recovery: a study placebo-controlled

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito da massagem ou pseudomassagem no desempenho do salto vertical. Quinze participantes foram submetidos aleatoriamente a três condições experimentais: massagem, pseudomassagem e repouso. A condição de massagem exigiu três saltos verticais unipodais seguidos de dois minutos de massagem manual nos músculos flexores plantares e, antes de executar outros três saltos, foi aplicada a Escala de Recuperação de Qualidade Total (TQR). As duas condições a seguir foram estruturadas com os mesmos procedimentos, no entanto, os participantes foram submetidos à pseudomassagem (simples-cego) ou a dois minutos de descanso. Os resultados não mostraram diferenças estatísticas na altura do salto entre as análises pré e pós, nem entre as condições experimentais (massagem 18,7 ± 4,1 vs. 18,2 ± 4,1; pseudomassagem 19,1 ± 4,0 vs. 18,3 ± 3,8; descanso 19,0 ± 4,0 vs. 18,7 ± 3,9 cm). Também não houve diferenças estatísticas no TQR entre as condições experimentais (massagem 16,2 ± 4,3; pseudomassagem 16,4 ± 3,9; descanso 15,9 ± 2,6 ua). Tanto a massagem quanto a pseudomassagem não afetaram o desempenho no salto vertical e na TQR.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify the effect of massage or pseudo massage on vertical jump performance. Fifteen participants were randomly subjected to three experimental conditions: massage, pseudo massage and rest. The massage condition required three unipodal vertical jumps followed by two minutes of manual massage on plantar flexor muscles and, before performing another three jumps, the Total Quality Recover Scale (TQR) was applied. The two following conditions were structured with the same procedures, although participants were submitted either at pseudo massage (single-blinded) or two minutes of rest. Results showed no statistical differences on jump height between pre and post analysis nor between experimental conditions (massage 18.7 ± 4.1 vs 18.2 ± 4.1; pseudo massage 19.1 ± 4.0 vs 8.3 ± 3.8; rest 19.0 ± 4.0 vs 18.7 ± 3.9 cm). There were also no statistical differences in the TQR results between experimental conditions (massage 16.2 ± 4.3; pseudo massage 16.4 ± 3.9; rest 15.9 ± 2.6 ua). Both massage and pseudo massage did not affect performance on vertical jump and TQR.

Effects of heavy barbell hip thrust vs back squat on subsequent sprint performance in rugby players.

The objective of this research was to compare the effect of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) exerted on the back squat (BS) versus the barbell hip thrust (HT) on the sprint performance (5- and 10-m). 17 male amateur rugby players participated in the study (age 22.14 ± 2.52 years; body mass 81.06 ± 9.6 kg; height 1.78 ± 0.05 m). All participants performed a dynamic maximum strength test (3RM) in BS and HT at maximum speed. Two randomized sessions were performed inducing PAPE using BS or HT trough three series with three repetitions at 85% 1RM eight minutes before the sprint tests. An ANOVA of repeated measurement, found no differences in the time for 5-m (F = 0.398, P = 0.537, η2p = 0.024) or 10-m (F = 2.589, P = 0.127, η2p = 0.139). There were no significant differences in the Protocol effect between HT and BS in 5-m or 10-m (F = 2.963, P = 0.104, η2p = 0.156 and F = 1.472, P = 0.243 η2p = 0.084, respectively). There were also no differences in the Time x Protocol interaction at 5-m (F = 0.001, P = 0.976, η2p < 0.001) or 10-m (F = 4.174, P = 0.058, η2p = 0.207). The effect size obtained in the results of the sprint tests was small in both exercises (ES < 0.2). None of the BS or HT exercises performed with heavy load induced a significant PAPE phenomenon on the ability to sprint in rugby players.