Furfural Derivatives and Phenolic Constituents in Stemona tuberosa Lour.

Chemical investigation on the water-soluble constituents of Stemona tuberosa Lour. resulted in the isolation of a previously undescribed furfural derivative namely (S)-5-((R)-hydroxy(5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-yl)methyl)-5-methylfuran-2(5H)-one and twenty-five known compounds from the water decoction of the dried root tubers. Their structures were determined by analysis of the extensive spectroscopic data, including 1D/2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and ORD, as well as the ECD simulation and comparison. Most of them were phenolic and among them, four compounds were isolated from Stemona plants for the first time. This study uncovers diverse constituents from water decoction of S. tuberosa dedicated for its quality control and allows for the exploitation of chemical markers with potential significance for discrimination of Stemona plants.

Sesquiterpenoids and monoterpenoids from the water decoction of Valeriana officinalis L.

Nine previously undescribed compounds including three sesquiterpenoids, three iridoids, two monoterpenoids and a furan fatty acid, along with seventeen known ones, were isolated from the water decoction of roots and rhizomes of Valeriana officinalis L. Structure elucidation of the twenty-six compounds were accomplished by analysis of the extensive spectroscopic data, and the absolute configurations of the nine previously undescribed ones were established by NOESY experiment and the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) simulations. Among them, ß-patchoulene-8-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside, 11-methoxyl-viburtinal, and protocatechuic acid showed anti-neuroinflammatory potentials by significantly inhibiting the secretion of nitric oxide (NO) on BV-2 cells upon LPS stimulation (p < 0.001) without affecting the cell viability.

Preliminary study on the material basis for expectorant and cough relief effects of the fruits of Phellodendron chinense var. glabriusulum Schneid / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To explore the material basis and mechanism of expectorant and cough relief effects of the fruits of Phellodendron chinense var. glabriusulum Schneid. METHODS The expectorant and cough relief effects of volatile oil and water decoction of the fruits of P. chinense var. glabriusulum Schneid. were studied by ammonia water cough induction and drug expectorant model mice experiments； GC-MS and UPLC-MS technologies were used to identify its volatile oils and non-volatile components of the fruits of P. chinense var. glabriusulum Schneid. The active ingredients， core targets and pathways of expectoration and cough relief were analyzed by network pharmacology. RESULTS The volatile oil （0.8， 0.2 g/kg， calculated by volatile oil） and water decoction （12， 3 g/kg， calculated by crude drug） of the fruits of P. chinense var. glabriusulum Schneid. both had obvious expectorant and cough relief effects， and showed obvious dose-dependent relationship. A total of 38 volatile oil components were identified from the medicinal herbs， and the relative percentage contents of 8 components were greater than 1%， such as α -pinene， myrcene， β -caryophyllene， germanene D， isospathulenol； a total of 69 non-volatile oil components were identified， mainly including phenolic compounds， alkaloids， and flavonoids. The active ingredients screened from the identified components included 13 compounds such as α-pinene， myrcene， chlorogenic acid， luteolin， berberine. There were a total of 55 intersection targets with diseases， and the core targets were tumor necrosis factor （TNF）， epidermal growth factor receptor （EGFR）， vascular endothelial growth factor A （VEGFA）， serine/threonine kinase proteins （AKT1） and Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）. The molecular docking results showed that the active ingredients and the core targets had good binding ability. GO functional analysis found that the targets were significantly enriched in biological processes such as the reaction affecting lipopolysaccharides， the positive regulation of peptidyl serine phosphorylation， and the positive regulation of the biosynthesis process of nitric oxide. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis found that the targets were significantly enriched in the signaling pathways such as cancer， non-small cell lung cancer， proteoglycans in cancer. CONCLUSIONS Fruits of P. chinense var. glabriusulum Schneid. have obvious expectorant and cough relief effects， and its material basis may be α-pinene， myrcene， chlorogenic acid， luteolin， berberine， etc.， and mainly act on TNF， EGFR， VEGFA， AKT1， TLR4 and its significantly enriched signaling pathway.

[Mechanism of Euodiae Fructus stir-fried with water decoction of Coptidis Rhizoma in treatment of chronic colitis based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, network pharmacology and experimental verification].

To elucidate the mechanism of Euodiae Fructus stir-fried with water decoction of Coptidis Rhizoma in the treatment of chronic colitis, this study employed ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), network pharmacology, and experimental verification to predict the involved targets and signaling pathways. The chronic colitis mouse model was constructed to verify the core targets. A total of 48 compounds in the herbal medicine were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. SwissTargetPrediction was used to screen the potential active components and drug targets. GeneCards, OMIM, PharmGKB, and TDD were used to search for the disease targets. A total of 31 active ingredients, 453 targets of the herbal medicine, and 3 960 targets of chronic colitis were obtained. The common targets shared by the herbal medicine and chronic colitis were introduced into STRING to construct the protein-protein interaction(PPI) network, and CytoNCA plug-in was used to screen the key targets. A total of 90 key targets were obtained, and the key active components included isorhamnetin, quercetin, limonin, and oxyberberine. GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment for the key targets were carried out via DAVID. The targets were mainly involved in the positive regulation of protein phosphorylation, positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process, and negative regulation of apoptotic process. The medicine may treat chronic colitis through PI3 K-Akt, VEGF, HIF-1, and TNF signaling pathways. A mouse model of chronic colitis was established and then treated with Euodiae Fructus stir-fried with the water decoction of Coptidis Rhizoma. The experimental results demonstrated that the medicine can alleviate the pathological damage of colon, significantly reduce the levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α, inhibit the activation of PI3 K/Akt pathway, and down-regulate the expression of VEGFA in the treatment of chronic colitis.

Effects of Ligustri lucidi Fructus Extract on the Differentiation of Osteoclasts and the Proliferation of Osteoblasts / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of Ligustri lucidi Fructus extract on the differentiation of osteoclasts and the proliferation of osteoblasts. METHODS： Rabbit primary bone marrow cells were induced with 1a，25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 to obtain osteoclasts. After treated with low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose of L. lucidi Fructus ethanol and water extract （both 2， 20， 200 mg/L）， TRACP activity determined method was used to detect the activity of TRACP in cell lysis solution and the number of TRACP positive cells. The number of celluar bone resorption lacunae and the percentage of bone lacunae area were detected by toluidine blue staining. Osteoblasts were obtained by L-ascorbic acid， β-sodium glycerophosphate and dexamethasone-induced subcloning 14 of cranial parietal anterior osteocytes in mice. MTT assay and APK activity assay were used to detect relative proliferation rate of cells and the activity of APK. RESULTS： After treated with different doses of L. lucidi Fructus extract， the number of TRACP positive cells， the number of bone resorption lacunae and their area were changed in varying degrees. TRACP activity， the number of its positive cells， the number of bone resorption lacunae and the percentage of bone lacunae area in different dosage groups of L. lucidi Fructus ethanol extract and high-dose of water extract； the TRACP activity， the number of its positive cells and the percentage of bone lacunae area in L. lucidi Fructus water extract medium-dose group were decreased significantly， while the number of bone resorption lacunae in L. lucidi Fructus water extract low-dose group was increased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The relative proliferation rate of cells in L. lucidi Fructus extract low-dose and medium-dose groups and APK activity of cells in extract groups were significantly increased， while the relative proliferation rate of cells were decreased significantly in L. lucidi Fructus ethanol extract and water extract high-dose groups （P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS： L. lucidi Fructus extract can inhibit TRACP activity of osteoclasts， change the bone resorption function of osteoclasts and the proliferation behavior of osteoblasts and increase APK activity of osteoclasts.

Extraction and verification of miRNA from ginseng decoction / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To verify the existence of microRNAs (miRNAs) extracted from fresh ginseng decoction. Methods: Fresh ginseng was prepared into decoction according to the conventional method. The miRNA were extracted from the condensed ginseng decoction by plant microRNA extraction kit. Then miRNA were treated by DNase I and subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis and Agilent 2100 bioanalysis. MiR-159 and miR-6135, which were highly expressed in ginseng, were selected and verified by real-time quantitative PCR to detect the expression in the decoction. Results: Ginseng miRNA were successfully extracted from fresh decoction. MiR-159 and miR-6135 were expressed in fresh decoction with lower levels than those of fresh ginseng. Conclusion: miRNAs stably existed after processing, and retained some stability after high-temperature treatment. The findings provide a valuables basis for the further studies on ginseng miRNAs.

Correlation of HPLC Fingerprint Chromatograms of Cinnamomi Ramulus Formula Granules, Decoction Pieces and Water Decoction / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To study the correlation of fingerprint chromatograms of Cinnamomi Ramulus formula granules, decoction pieces and water decoction by HPLC; To investigate the difference of main chemical constituents among different forms. Methods The Diamonsil C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) was used with mobile phase of acetonitrile and 0.1% phosphoric acid at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, with detection wave of 280 nm and temperature of 30 ℃. The detection of 10 batches of Cinnamomi Ramulus formula granules, 10 batches of decoction pieces and 10 batches of water decoction were established respectively. Results Totally 12 peaks in the HPLC fingerprint chromatogram from 10 batches of formula granules could be tracked in the water decoction; 10 peaks in the HPLC fingerprint chromatogram could be tracked in the decoction pieces. Three components, such as protocatechuic acid, coumarin and cinnamic acid were verified. Conclusion The main chemical components of Cinnamomi Ramulus formula granules and water decoction are basically the same, and the common component contents have similar proportion.

Analysis of HPLC Characteristic Spectrum and Comparison of Water Decoction Content of Curcumae Ra-dix Decoction Pieces from 4 Different Sources before and after Vinegar Roasted / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the common characteristic component peaks in water decoction of crude curcumae radix and the vinegar roasted products from 4 different sources,compare the contents of its water decoction,and provide reference for resolv-ing the multi-source of curcumae radix piece in clinical application,complementing and improving the quality standard of curcumae radix. METHODS:HPLC was used to determine the characteristic spectrums of crude curcumae radix and the vinegar roasted prod-ucts from different sources (Curcuma wenyujin,Curcuma kwangsiensis,Curcuma longa,Curcuma phaeocaulis),and component analysis was conducted by using fingerprint software and mirror comparison. And the changes of water decoction content before and after vinegar roasted were compared. RESULTS:Both crude curcumae radix and the vinegar roasted products from 4 different sourc-es had 7 common characteristic component peaks. Vinegar roasted had effect on peaks in different degree,some peaks areas were in-creased,some peaks areas were reduced,some peaks were generated,and some peaks were disappeared. However,the common components of curcumae radix from different sources showed no qualitative changes after vinegar roasted,except the increase or de-crease in peak areas. Areas of 5 common component peaks were increased in the 7 common components of C. wenyujin,C. kwang-siensis and C. longa after vinegar roasted,and only 3 in C. phaeocaulis after vinegar roasted. Contents of 4 water decoctions were increased after vinegar roasted. CONCLUSIONS:There are 7 common components in curcumae radix from 4 different sources. Vin-egar roasted has no qualitative effect on common components,while it can increase the chromatographic peak areas and contents of water decoction.

Comparison of the Preventive and Therapeutic Effect of Different Dosage Forms of Vinegar Testudinis Car-apax on Mice with Hemopenia or Osteoporosis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To compare the preventive and therapeutic effect of Vinegar testudinis carapax (VTC) water decoc-tion and powder on mice with hemopenia or osteoporosis. METHODS:Mice were randomly divided into normal group (1%CMC-Na),model group (1% CMC-Na),positive group (Compound e-jiao slurry 20 mL/kg or Gusongbao capsule 1.98 g/kg), VTC water decoction and powder low-dose,medium-dose,high-dose groups(1.95,3.90,7.80 g/kg),10 in each group. In hemo-penia mice model experiment,except for the normal group,mice in other groups were intraperitoneally injected cyclophosphamide 0.1 g/kg for modeling,and intragastrically given medicines from the first day(positive drug was Compound e-jiao slurry),once a day,for 8 d. After administration,peripheral blood levels of white blood cells (WBC),red blood cells (RBC),hemoglobin (HG),hematocrit(HCT),platelet(PLT)and bone marrow nucleated cells(BMNC)numbers in femur of mice were determined. In osteoporosis mice model experiment,except for the normal group,mice in other groups were intragastrically given retinoic acid 0.105 g/kg for modeling,and intragastrically given relevant medicines from the first day(positive drug was Gusongbao capsule), once a day,for 30 d. After administration,alkaline phosphatase(ALP)level,organ(thymus,liver,spleen,ovary)coefficients, dry masses and degreasing,ash quality of the femur,and contents of femur calcium and phosphorus in serum of mice were detect-ed. RESULTS:In hemopenia mice model experiment,compared with normal group,WBC,RBC,HG,HCT,PLT levels in pe-ripheral blood and BMNC numbers in femur of mice in model group were decreased (P0.05). Compared with model group,ALP level in serum and dry mass,phosphorus content of femur of mice in VTC water decoction high-dose group were significantly in-creased (P<0.05);ALP level in serum and dry mass,phosphorus content of femur of mice in VTC,powder medium-dose, high-dose group,the ash mass,ash mass/dry mass of degreasing,contents of femur calcium and phosphorus in VTC powder medi-um-dose group were significantly increased(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:VTC water decoction shows better preventive and thera-peutic effect on hemopenia mice;while VTC powder shows better preventive and therapeutic effect on osteoporosis mice.

Water decoction of Platycladus orientalis reduces blood glucose and lipids in mice / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM:To study the effects of water decoction of Platycladus orientalis on reducing high blood glucose and lipids in diabetic and hyperlipidemia nice,respectively.METHODS:The mouse model of hyperlipidemia was established.The increasing rate of weight, hepatic index, lipid content of liver and atherosclerosis index (AI) were meas-ured.Blood levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), adiponec-tin (ADP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected.According to these indexes, the function of water decoction of Platy-cladus orientalis for reducing high blood lipids caused by hyperlipidemia was evaluated .At the same time, the model of dia-betes mellitus was established .The levels of fasting plasma glucose , fasting plasma insulin and blood tumor necrosis factor-α( TNF-α) were measured .The glucose tolerance test was performed .The insulin resistance index was calculated .The function of water decoction of Platycladus orientalis to reduce high blood glucose caused by diabetes was observed by these above indexes .RESULTS:Water decoction of Platycladus orientalis lowered the increasing rate of weight , hepatic index and lipid content of liver , reduced the blood content of TC , TG and IL-6, and elevated the blood HDL-C and ADP content caused by high-fat diet apparently (P<0.05).The effect of water decoction of Platycladus orientalis at high dose was more effective than that at low dose .Water decoction of Platycladus orientalis obviously alleviated the abnormity of glucose tole-rance test, reduced blood TNF-αand insulin levels, and decreased insulin resistance index caused by diabetes apparently (P<0.05).The effect of the drug at high dose was stronger than that at low dose .CONCLUSION:The water decoction of Platycladus orientalis dose-dependently reduces blood glucose caused by diabetes and blood lipids caused by hyperlipi -demia in the mice.The mechanism to reduce blood lipids may be related with elevating blood ADP content and reducing blood IL-6 content, and the mechanism to reduce blood glucose may be related with lowering blood TNF-αcontent.

Water decoction of Platycladus orientalis reduces blood glucose and lipids in mice / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM:To study the effects of water decoction of Platycladus orientalis on reducing high blood glucose and lipids in diabetic and hyperlipidemia nice,respectively.METHODS:The mouse model of hyperlipidemia was established.The increasing rate of weight, hepatic index, lipid content of liver and atherosclerosis index (AI) were meas-ured.Blood levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), adiponec-tin (ADP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected.According to these indexes, the function of water decoction of Platy-cladus orientalis for reducing high blood lipids caused by hyperlipidemia was evaluated .At the same time, the model of dia-betes mellitus was established .The levels of fasting plasma glucose , fasting plasma insulin and blood tumor necrosis factor-α( TNF-α) were measured .The glucose tolerance test was performed .The insulin resistance index was calculated .The function of water decoction of Platycladus orientalis to reduce high blood glucose caused by diabetes was observed by these above indexes .RESULTS:Water decoction of Platycladus orientalis lowered the increasing rate of weight , hepatic index and lipid content of liver , reduced the blood content of TC , TG and IL-6, and elevated the blood HDL-C and ADP content caused by high-fat diet apparently (P<0.05).The effect of water decoction of Platycladus orientalis at high dose was more effective than that at low dose .Water decoction of Platycladus orientalis obviously alleviated the abnormity of glucose tole-rance test, reduced blood TNF-αand insulin levels, and decreased insulin resistance index caused by diabetes apparently (P<0.05).The effect of the drug at high dose was stronger than that at low dose .CONCLUSION:The water decoction of Platycladus orientalis dose-dependently reduces blood glucose caused by diabetes and blood lipids caused by hyperlipi -demia in the mice.The mechanism to reduce blood lipids may be related with elevating blood ADP content and reducing blood IL-6 content, and the mechanism to reduce blood glucose may be related with lowering blood TNF-αcontent.

Ephedra water decoction and cough tablets containing ephedra and liquorice induce CYP1A2 but not CYP2E1 hepatic enzymes in rats.

1. Ephedra water decoction (EWD) and cough tablets containing ephedra and liquorice (maxing cough tablets, MXCT) have been widely used in the treatment of asthma. In the clinic, EWD and MXCT may be prescribed with theophylline, one of the most popular antiasthmatic drugs. CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 are mainly involved in the oxidative metabolism of theophylline in human liver. Drug interactions involving the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms generally are of two types: enzyme induction or enzyme inhibition. Enzyme inhibition reduces metabolism, whereas induction can increase it. 2. To evaluate the pretreatment effect of EWD and MXCT on CYP1A2 and CYP2E1, CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 activity, the protein expression and mRNA expression levels were determined. After pretreatment with EWD or MXCT, the enzyme activity, mRNA expression and protein expression of CYP1A2 were increased significantly (p < 0.05), but enzyme activity of CYP2E1 did not change compared with the control. 3. It was demonstrated that EWD or MXCT pretreatment obviously induced CYP1A2, therefore, in patients taking EWD or MXCT, possible CYP-induced drug interaction should be noted to decrease the risk of therapeutic failure or adverse effects resulting from the use of additional therapeutic agents.

Effects of Water-extracting and Concentration Process on Active Ingredients ofGanmao Tuire Granules / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To observe the changes in transfer rates of epigoitrin, forsythoside A and forsythin in Ganmao Tuire Granules prescription medicinal materials by water decoction extraction, vacuum concentration and atmospheric concentration.Methods Prescription medicinal materials fromGanmao Tuire Granules were decocted in water and the decoction was condensed by vacuum and atmospheric concentration process. The contents of epigoitrin, forsythoside A and forsythin at different states were measured by HPLC for transfer rates.Results The transfer rates of epigoitrin, forsythoside A and forsythin were 72.97%, 29.27%, 72.84%, respectively after decocted in water. The RSD of epigoitrin, forsythoside A and forsythin were less than 2% in the process of vacuum concentration. The transfer rates of epigoitrin, forsythoside A and forsythin by atmospheric concentration decreased by 13.51%, 7.38% and 4.24% respectively compared with vacuum concentration when concentrated to the same state.Conclusion The method for simultaneous determination of epigoitrin, forsythoside A and forsythin by HPLC has been established. A more suitable extraction and concentration process should be chosen for the preparation ofGanmao Tuire Granules.

Study on the Antihypertensive Effects of Water Decoction of Eupatorium lindleyanum on Spontaneously Hy-pertensive Rats and Corresponding Mechanism / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the antihypertensive effects of water decoction of Eupatorium lindleyanum on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and corresponding mechanism. METHODS:50 SHR were randomly divided into model group,captopril tablets group(positive drug,10 mg/g)and the groups of high,medium and low-dose(65.45,32.73,16.36 g/kg)water decoction of E. lindleyanum,with 10 rats in each group. The rats in the model group were given normal saline ig,while those in other groups were given corresponding drugs ig,once a day,for 7 consecutive weeks. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure(DBP)of the caudal arteries of the rats were measured every week,and the dynamic changes in the blood pressure of the rats as a result of drug intervention were recorded. The rats were sacrificed 7 weeks later,and the levels of endothelin(ET), angiotensin (AngⅡ) and nitric oxide (NO) in serum were determined. RESULTS:After 7 weeks of drug use,compared to the model group,the rats in the drug administration groups had significantly lower SBP and DBP of the caudal artery(P<0.05),show-ing obvious dose-effect and time-effect relationships in the antihypertensive effect of water decoction of E. lindleyanum,and had ob-viously lower levels of NO and AngⅡ and markedly higher level of ET in serum,demonstrating a dose-effect relationship. CON-CLUSIONS:The water decoction of E. lindleyanum has an obvious antihypertensive effect by a mechanism which may be related to decrease in the levels of NO and AngⅡin serum and increase in the level of ET therein.

A Research on Preparation and Quality Standard of the Standard Decoction of Paeoniae Radix Rubra / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

The aim of this study was to the prepare the standard decoction of paeoniae radix rubra for its investigation of quality standard.The standard decoction of paeoniae radix rubra was dissolved by water using standardization method and the content of peoniflorin was determined by UPLC-DAD.Then the transfer rate and the rate of extractum were calculated,and the fingerprint analysis was carried out.As a result,the content of the standard decoction of paeonia lactiflora ranged from 3.79 to 5.68 mg·mL-1 from 15 paeoniflorin batches,while the transfer rate ranged from 56.58％ to 90.14％,and the average transfer rate was 73.97％ and the standard deviation was 10.91％.The rate of extractum ranged from 16.74％ to 29.24％,the average yield was 21.82％ and the standard deviation was 3.55％.There were eleven common peaks,four of which were identified,including oxypaeoniflorin,albiflorin,paeoniflorin and benzoylpaeoniflorin.In conclusion,it was demonstrated that the method was simple with good repeatability for the preparation and quality standard studies of the standard decoction of paeoniae radix rubra.

Therapeutic effects of gargled astragalus water decoction as the adjuvant therapy on serum CD14, TNF-αand IL-8 levels in acute suppurative pulpitis / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To explore the effect of the gargled astragalus water decoction as the adjuvant therapy on serum CD14, TNF-αand IL-8 levels in patients with acute suppurative pulpitis.Methods 42 patients who were diagnosed with acute suppurative pulpitis in our hospital were collected. All patients were randomly divided into experimental group and control group, 21 cases in each group.Patients in the control group received conventional therapy, while patients in the experimental group were given the additional adjuvant therapy that gargled with astragalus water decoction.After the treatment, the serum levels of CD14,TNF-αand IL-8 were detected in all patients.Results After treatment, the serum levels of CD14, TNF-αand IL-8 in the experimental group were statistically lower than control group ( P<0.05 ) .Conclusion The gargled with astragalus water decoction as the adjuvant therapy could significantly reduce the serum CD14,TNF-αand IL-8 levels in patients with acute suppurative pulpitis,and it could obviously relieve inflammation.

Optimization of Purification Process of Polysaccharide in Compound Qianyu Water Decoction / 医药导报

Objective To optimize the technological conditions of polysaccharide purification from compound Qianyu water decoction. Methods Water extraction and alcohol precipitation, resolution, Sevag method and dialysis method were used to purify polysaccharide.The purity of polysaccharide was measured with the phenol-sulfuric acid spectrophotometry.On the basis of single factor test, effects of redissolved solid-liquid ratio, number of protein removal, and dialytic time on polysaccharide purity of Qianyu were investigated by orthogonal test. Results The best conditions for purification of polysaccharide in Qianyu were as follows: liquid-solid ratio was 1:40(g/mL, W/V), remove protein for 10 times, and dialysis for 18 h.The content of polysaccharide could reach 69.04%, and the transfer rate was 51.84%. Conclusion The optimized purification process was simple and accurate.It can be used for polysaccharide purification in compound Qianyu water decoction.

Molecular clusters size of Puerariae thomsonii radix aqueous decoction and relevance to oral absorption.

The multi-component system of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is very complicated. The clusters are dynamic aggregates whose molecules are held together by hydrogen-bonded, Van der Waals forces or the opposite charges of particles attract each other. In this paper, field emission scanning electron microscopy proved that molecules form clusters in Pueraria thomsonii Benth (Fenge) water decoction. Four kinds of Fenge water decoction, 0.07 g∙mL-1 (F-1), 0.1 g∙mL-1 (F-2), 0.17 g∙mL-1 (F-3), 0.35 g∙mL-1 (F-4); F-1, average diameter of molecular was about 120 nm; F-2, 195 nm; F-3, 256 nm; and F-4, 480 nm. The molecular size was shown to depend on concentration. Rabbits were given equal does of 2.8 g∙kg-1, to perfuse F-1, F-2, F-3, F-4 in volume of 80 mL, 56 mL, 33 mL, 17 mL, respectively. At 0-180 min to collect 2 mL blood from the rabbit ears middle arteries for metabolism fingerprints, the results show the particle size of molecular is smaller, the absorption of drugs is better instead. The acute blood stasis model rats were treatment with Fenge decoction of 1.5 g∙kg-1 for 14 days, the concentrations of Ang II in plasma were significantly lower in F-1 and F-2 groups than those in model group (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05), but there were no significantly difference in F-3 and F-4 groups than those in model group (p > 0.05). Despite the molecular aggregation is a common physical phenomenon, it influence on the kind and amount of molecule per unit volume. Molecules morphology influence on the absorption behavior of drugs in vivo therefore is to have an impact on pharmacological function.

Optimization of water decoction process for Guiqi Yiqi Yangxue Mixture by orthogonal test / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To establish ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector (UPLC-ELSD) method to determine the content of astragaloside in Guiqi Yiqi Yangxue Mixture and optimize the best water decoction process of the mixture.Methods The UPLC-ELSD conditions to determine the content of astragaloside in the mixture were as follow.The method was carried out on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 mm ×50 mm,1.7 μm) by using acetonitrile-water (35∶65) as mobile phase, and the flow rate was 0.3 mL/min and the column temperature 30℃.The parameter of ELSD:the drift tube temperature was set at 60℃, and the gas flow rate of N2 2.0 L/min.The content of paeoniflorin in the mixture was detected by previously established HPLC method.The orthogonal test was designed to optimize the water decoction process of the amount of water (A), decoction time (B) and decoction times (C), and the extract yield and the contents of astragaloside and paeoniflorin were evaluated as the comprehensive markers for the purpose.Results The UPLC-ELSD determination of astragaloside had a good linear relationship (r =0.9999), its mean recovery was 103.0%, and it had a good precision, specificity and repeatability.The orthogonal experimental results showed that decoction times (C) >the amount of water (A) >decoction time (B) were major factors affecting the decoction process in order and the ANOVA result showed that decoction times has significant effect on the decoction process (P<0.05).The optimal process of Guiqi Yiqi Yangxue Mixture was adding eight-fold water each time to decoct twice for 1.5 h totally.Conclusion This optimized water decoction process is feasible and stable, and suitable for industrialized production.

Optimization of Decoction Process of Agkistrodon by Orthogonal Experiment / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the decoction process of agkistrodon. METHODS:RP-HPLC with pre-column derivatiza-tion was adopted. With the contents of 4 main amino acids in agkistrodon as index,the decoction process(decocting times,heating time,water quantity and medicinal material crushing granularity) was optimized by orthogonal tests and verified. RESULTS:The optimal technology of the decoction process of agkistrodon was as 3 times of decoction,60 min of heating time,50 ml of water consumption for 0.90 g medicinal material and No.6 sieve. The results of verification test showed the total extraction of 4 kinds of amino acids was 72.68 mg/g(RSD=3.77%,n=3). CONCLUSIONS:The decoction technology can be used for the decoction pro-cess of agkistrodon,and it is stable and feasible.