Burden of COVID-19 in Córdoba, A Department of Colombia: Results of Disability-Adjusted Life-Years: Carga de COVID-19 en Córdoba, un Departamento de Colombia: Resultados de los Años de Vida Ajustados por Discapacidad.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to estimate the burden of acute COVID-19 in Córdoba, one of the most affected departments (states) in Colombia, through the estimation of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). METHODS: DALYs were estimated based on the number of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection cases reported by official Colombian sources. A transition probability matrix among severity states was calculated using data obtained from a retrospective cohort that included 1736 COVID-19 confirmed subjects living in Córdoba. RESULTS: Córdoba had 120.23 deaths per 100 000 habitants during the study period (March 2020 to April 2021). Estimated total DALYs were 49 243 (2692 DALYs per 100 000 inhabitants), mostly attributed to fatal cases (99.7%). On average, 25 years of life were lost because of death by this infection. A relevant proportion of years of life lost because of COVID-19 (46.6%) was attributable to people < 60 years old and was greater in men. People ≥ 60 years old showed greater risk of progression to critical state than people between the age of 35 and 60 years (hazard ratio 2.5; 95% confidence interval 2.5-12.5) and younger than 35 years (9.1; 95% confidence interval 4.0-20.6). CONCLUSION: In Córdoba, premature mortality because of COVID-19 was substantially represented by people < 60 years old and was greater in males. Our data may be representative of Latin American populations with great infection spread during the first year of the pandemic and contribute to novel methodological aspects and parameter estimations that may be useful to measure COVID-19 burden in other countries of the region.

The burden of neck pain in Brazil: estimates from the global burden of disease study 2019.

BACKGROUND: This study analyzed neck pain estimates in Brazil and its states between 2000 and 2019, in view of the country's lacking epidemiological data. METHODS: An analysis was performed of the GBD 2019 estimates by location, sex, and age, per 100,000 population, with uncertainty intervals (95% UI). Brazilian estimates were compared to global, Mexican, English, and American rates. RESULTS: Global, Brazilian, and Mexican prevalence numbers were statistically homogeneous and stable in the period. Throughout the period analyzed in the study, Brazilian neck pain prevalence (2241.9; 95%UI 1770.5-2870.6) did not show statistical differences when compared to global (2696.5; 95%UI 2177.0-3375.2) or Mexican (1595.9; 95%UI 1258.9-2058.8) estimates. Estimates observed in the USA (5123.29; 95%UI 4268.35-6170.35) and England (4612.5; 95%UI 3668.8-5830.3) were significantly higher. In 2019, when compared to the USA and England, age-standardized prevalences were lower globally, in Brazil, and in Mexico. Prevalences in Brazilian states were similar, being that Roraima (1915.9; 95%UI 1506.5-2443.1) and the Federal District (1932.05; 95%UI 1515.1-2462.7) presented the lowest and highest values respectively. The exception was the state of São Paulo (3326.5; 95%UI 2609.6-4275.5). There was no statistical difference by sex, but the prevalence tended to increase with aging. In 2019, the Brazilian prevalence was 2478.6 (95% UI 1791.0-3503.8), 5017.2 (95%UI 3257.26-7483.8), and 4293.4 (95% UI 2898,8-6343.9), for those aged 15 to 49, 50 to 69, and 70+ years. There was no statistical difference among the YLDs in all locations and times. CONCLUSIONS: Brazil is going through a fast-paced process of populational aging; a higher prevalence of neck pain in middle-aged individuals and the elderly highlights the need for lifelong prevention initiatives. The higher rates observed among higher-income populations and the homogeneity of the Brazilian estimates suggest a lack of robust epidemiological data in lower-income countries.

The burden of low back pain in Brazil: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence and burden of musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions are growing around the world, and low back pain (LBP) is the most significant of the five defined MSK disorders in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. LBP has been the leading cause of non-fatal health loss for the last three decades. The objective of this study is to describe the current status and trends of the burden due to LBP in Brazil based on information drawn from the GBD 2017 study. METHODS: We estimated prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) for LBP by Brazilian federative units, sex, age group, and age-standardized between 1990 and 2017 and conducted a decomposition analysis of changes in age- and sex-specific YLD rates attributable to total population growth and population ageing for the purpose of understanding the drivers of changes in LBP YLDs rates in Brazil. Furthermore, we analyzed the changes in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rankings for this disease over the period. RESULTS: The results show high prevalence and burden of LBP in Brazil. LBP prevalence increased 26.83% (95% UI 23.08 to 30.41) from 1990 to 2017. This MSK condition represents the most important cause of YLDs in Brazil, where the increase in burden is mainly related to increase in population size and ageing. The LBP age-standardized YLDs rate are similar among Brazilian federative units. LBP ranks in the top three causes of DALYs in Brazil, even though it does not contribute to mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study show LBP to be the most important cause of YLDs and the 3rd leading cause of DALYs in Brazil. The Brazilian population is ageing, and the country has been experiencing a rapid epidemiological transition, which generates an increasing number of people who need chronic care. In this scenario, more attention should be paid to the burden of non-fatal health conditions.

Años de vida saludable perdidos a causa de trastornos mentales y enfermedades del sistema nervioso de la población de Medellín, 2006-2012 / Disability-Adjusted Life Years Due to Mental Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System in the Population of Medellin, 2006-2012

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la pérdida de años de vida saludables (AVISA) por trastornos mentales y enfermedades del sistema nervioso en Medellín, de 2006 a 2012. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, con fuente de información secundaria bajo lineamientos teóricos del Estudio la Carga Global de la Enfermedad (CGE). Para calcular los Años Potenciales de Vida Perdidos (APVP), se empleó información de las estadísticas vitales; para los Años de Vida Ajustados por Discapacidad (AVD), la de morbilidad de los Registros Individuales de Prestación de Servicios de Salud (RIPS), de consulta externa y otras investigaciones. Los AVISA se obtuvieron de sumar los APVP y AVD. Resultados: En Medellín, durante el septenio, de 1.242.407 AVISA por trastornos mentales y enfermedades del sistema nervioso, la mayor carga se debió a discapacidad (99,39%). Las mujeres aportaron más AVISA (70,22%). El 81% de los AVISA se concentraron en el grupo de 15 a 59 años. Los trastornos que mayor carga representaron fueron, en este orden, el trastorno depresivo unipolar (81%), el Alzheimer y otras demencias (4,82%), la esquizofrenia (3,45%) y los trastornos por consumo de drogas (2,78%). Conclusiones: Se sustenta un importante incremento de la carga de la enfermedad por trastornos mentales y enfermedades del sistema nervioso, lo que debe llamar la atención de los tomadores de decisiones sobre la política pública del municipio, ya que estos problemas de salud pueden significar un gran aumento en los costos de atención en salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the healthy life years (HLY) lost as a result of mental disorders and nervous system diseases in Medellin from 2006 to 2012. Methods: Descriptive study using a secondary information source according to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) framework. To calculate the years of potential life lost (YPLL), we used vital statistics data; to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALY), we used morbidity data from individual records managed by health service providers, outpatient clinics and other research studies. HLY are the sum of YPLL and DALY. Results: In Medellin, from 2006 to 2012, out of 1,242,407 HLY related to mental disorders and nervous system diseases, the vast majority (99.39%) were due to disability. Most HLY were found in females (70.22%) and 81% were found in people aged 15 to 59. The disorders representing the greatest burden were unipolar depressive disorder (81%), Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia (4.82%), schizophrenia (3.5%) and drug use disorders (2.78%). Conclusions: Our results indicate a significant increase in the disease burden due to mental disorders and nervous system diseases. Public policy decision-makers in the city of Medellin should take note, as health problems of this type can result in a substantial rise in healthcare costs.

Disability-Adjusted Life Years Due to Mental Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System in the Population of Medellin, 2006-2012. / Años de vida saludable perdidos a causa de trastornos mentales y enfermedades del sistema nervioso de la población de Medellín, 2006-2012.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the healthy life years (HLY) lost as a result of mental disorders and nervous system diseases in Medellin from 2006 to 2012. METHODS: Descriptive study using a secondary information source according to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) framework. To calculate the years of potential life lost (YPLL), we used vital statistics data; to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALY), we used morbidity data from individual records managed by health service providers, outpatient clinics and other research studies. HLY are the sum of YPLL and DALY. RESULTS: In Medellin, from 2006 to 2012, out of 1,242,407 HLY related to mental disorders and nervous system diseases, the vast majority (99.39%) were due to disability. Most HLY were found in females (70.22%) and 81% were found in people aged 15 to 59. The disorders representing the greatest burden were unipolar depressive disorder (81%), Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia (4.82%), schizophrenia (3.5%) and drug use disorders (2.78%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate a significant increase in the disease burden due to mental disorders and nervous system diseases. Public policy decision-makers in the city of Medellin should take note, as health problems of this type can result in a substantial rise in healthcare costs.