Sodium bicarbonate induces alkalosis, but improves high-intensity cycling performance only when participants expect a beneficial effect: a placebo and nocebo study.

The study aimed to investigate the effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) intake with divergent verbal and visual information on constant load cycling time-to-task failure, conducted within the severe intensity domain. Fifteen recreational cyclists participated in a randomized double-blind, crossover study, ingesting NaHCO3 or placebo (i.e., dextrose), but with divergent information about its likely influence (i.e., likely to induce ergogenic, inert, or harmful effects). Performance was evaluated using constant load cycling time to task failure trial at 115% of peak power output estimated during a ramp incremental exercise test. Data on blood lactate, blood acid-base balance, muscle electrical activity (EMG) through electromyography signal, and the twitch interpolation technique to assess neuromuscular indices were collected. Despite reduced peak force in the isometric maximal voluntary contraction and post-effort peripheral fatigue in all conditions (P < 0.001), neither time to task failure, EMG nor, blood acid-base balance differed between conditions (P > 0.05). Evaluation of effect sizes of all conditions suggested that informing participants that the supplement would be likely to have a positive effect (NaHCO3/Ergogenic: 0.46; 0.15-0.74; Dextrose/Ergogenic: 0.45; 0.04-0.88) resulted in improved performance compared to control. Thus, NaHCO3 ingestion consistently induced alkalosis, indicating that the physiological conditions to improve performance were present. Despite this, NaHCO3 ingestion did not influence performance or indicators of neuromuscular fatigue. In contrast, effect size estimates indicate that participants performed better when informed that they were ingesting an ergogenic supplement. These findings suggest that the apparently ergogenic effect of NaHCO3 may be due, at least in part, to a placebo effect.

The Impact of Plant-Based Diets on Dietary Acid Load Metrics in Venezuela: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Dietary acid load (DAL) is an important determinant of the acid-base balance in humans and has been associated with several chronic non-communicable diseases. Plant-based diets, including vegetarian and vegan diets, decrease DAL-although their alkalizing potential varies substantially. Their net effect on common DAL scores, including potential renal acid load and net endogenous acid production, has been insufficiently quantified and is poorly understood-particularly in populations outside of Europe and North America. We assessed the associations between three plant-based dietary patterns (flexitarian vs. lacto-ovo-vegetarian vs. vegan diet) and DAL scores in a healthy Venezuelan population in the metropolitan area of Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela. Substantial differences in DAL scores were observed, whereby the vegan diet yielded the highest alkalizing potential, followed by the lacto-ovo-vegetarian and the flexitarian diet. DAL scores were substantially lower in comparison to European and North American plant-based populations, probably due to the higher potassium intake (exceeding 4000 mg/d in vegans), the higher magnesium intake (390.31 ± 1.79 mg/d in vegans) and the lower intake of protein in vegans and lacto-ovo-vegetarians. Additional studies in other non-industrialized populations are warranted to allow for a better understanding of the (numeric) impact of plant-based dietary patterns on DAL scores, potentially allowing for an establishment of reference ranges in the near future.

Enteral hydration in cows: Comparison between continuous flow and bolus administration.

BACKGROUND: Enteral hydration in cattle is most commonly performed as a bolus (B) via the ororuminal route, although continuous flow (CF) administration via the nasoesophageal route represents a viable alternative. Currently, no study has compared the effectiveness of these two methods. This study aimed to compare the efficiency of enteral hydration using CF and B to correct water, electrolyte and acid-base imbalances in cows. METHODS: Protocols for the induction of dehydration were applied twice to eight healthy cows, with an interval of 1 week. In a crossover design, two types of enteral hydration were performed using the same electrolyte solution and volume equal to 12% of bodyweight (BW): CF (10 mL/kg/h, between 0 and 12 hours) and B (6% BW, twice, at 0 and 6 hours). Clinical and blood variables were determined at -24, 0, 6, 12 and 24 hours and compared using repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Induced moderate dehydration and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis were corrected after 12 hours using the two hydration methods, with no differences observed between the methods. LIMITATIONS: The study was conducted with induced rather than natural imbalances, so the findings should be interpreted cautiously. CONCLUSION: Enteral CF hydration is as effective as B hydration in reversing dehydration and correcting electrolyte and acid-base imbalances.

¿Bicarbonato de sodio en terapia intensiva es útil o no?

La acidosis metabólica se ha convertido en un problema muy serio, tanto en las áreas críticas, como de medicina interna y emergencias, sobre todo por la innumerable cantidad de patologías que la presentan; que ha encaminado a muchos profesionales a usar el bicarbonato de Na (NaHCO3-), que definitivamente tiene un efecto en el ascenso del pH y el HCO3-, asociado a un sosiego inverosímil del profesional médico y probablemente a un escaso beneficio por parte de los pacientes; este estudio trata de explicar en forma concisa a la etiología de la acidosis metabólica y la real indicación de esta droga, que hasta el momento podría tener más perjuicios que beneficios.

Metabolic acidosis has become a very serious problem, both in critical areas, such as internal medicine and emergencies, especially due to the innumerable number of pathologies that present it; which has led many professionals to use Na bicarbonate (NaHCO3-), which definitely has an effect on the rise in pH and HCO3-, associated with an unlikely calmness of the medical professional and probably with little benefit on the part of the patients. patients; This study tries to concisely explain the etiology of metabolic acidosis and the real indication of this drug, which up to now could have more harm than good.

Alteraciones del estado ácido básico en pacientes adultos con insuficiencia renal crónica / Acid-base status alterations in adult patients with chronic renal failure

RESUMEN Introducción: el portador de insuficiencia renal crónica puede presentar diversas alteraciones del estado ácido básico, siendo la acidosis metabólica la más frecuente. Objetivos: describir las características demográficas y clínicas y las alteraciones del estado ácido básico de pacientes adultos que ingresan con insuficiencia renal crónica en dos centros hospitalarios del Paraguay. Metodología: se aplicó un diseño observacional, descriptivo, transversal. Se incluyó a sujetos adultos de ambos sexos, portadores de insuficiencia renal crónica, que acudieron al Hospital Nacional (Itauguá) y Hospital Militar (Asunción) entre abril y noviembre del 2021. Se midieron variables antropométricas, clínicas y laboratoriales al ingreso. Los datos se sometieron a estadística descriptiva con el programa Epi Info 7™. El estudio contó con la aprobación del Comité de Ética de la Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. Resultados: se incluyó a 148 sujetos, siendo 78 (52,7 %) varones con edad media 58 ± 16 años y 70 (47,3 %) mujeres con edad media 54 ± 17 años. Las etiologías más frecuentes de la insuficiencia renal crónica fueron la diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial (44,5 %). Se detectó 12 sujetos (8,1 %) con gasometría normal. La alteración del estado ácido básico más frecuente fue la acidosis metabólica (87,2 %), predominando en este grupo los casos con brecha aniónica normal. Conclusiones: las alteraciones del estado ácido básico predominantes en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica fue la acidosis metabólica con brecha aniónica normal. Se sugiere aplicar los cálculos de los mecanismos compensadores para llegar al diagnóstico certero de estas alteraciones metabólicas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the carrier of chronic renal failure can present various alterations of the basic acid state, being the metabolic acidosis the most frequent. Objectives: to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics and alterations in the acid-base status of adult patients admitted with chronic renal failure in two hospitals in Paraguay. Methodology: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional design was applied. Adult subjects of both sexes, carriers of chronic renal failure, who attended the National Hospital (Itauguá) and the Military Hospital (Asunción) between April and November 2021 were included. Anthropometric, clinical and laboratory variables were measured at admission. The data was submitted to descriptive statistics with the Epi Info 7™ program. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. Results: 148 subjects were included, being 78 (52.7 %) men with a mean age of 58 ± 16 years and 70 (47.3 %) women with a mean age of 54 ± 17 years. The most frequent etiologies of chronic renal failure were diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension (44.5 %). 12 subjects (8.1 %) with normal blood gases were detected. The most frequent alteration of the acid-base status was metabolic acidosis (87.2 %), with cases with normal anion gap predominating in this group. Conclusions: the predominant acid-base status alterations in patients with chronic renal failure was metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap. It is suggested to apply the calculations of the compensatory mechanisms to arrive at the accurate diagnosis of these metabolic alterations.

A comparison of dietary acid load between team, endurance, and strength sports

ABSTRACT Purpose: Since the dietary acid load (PRAL) may affect the acid-base balance of the body, there is an increasing interest in its role in sports performance. Typical nutritional requirements of different sports, associated with its physiological demands, might be reflected in the acid load of their diet. Thus, the purpose of this study is to compare the dietary acid load between team, endurance, and strength athletes and to determine the associations between PRAL and hydration status. Methods: Fifty-one healthy recreational male athletes (age: 18-39 yrs) from team, endurance, and strength sports participated in the study. A 3-day food diary was recorded and dietary PRAL values (mEq/day) were calculated. Urine pH and specific gravity were measured. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) were used for data analysis. Results: PRAL in endurance athletes (25.34 mEq/day) was lower compared to team and strength athletes (46.12 and 46.47 mEq/day, respectively) (p= 0.023). Percentage of high PRAL diet (≥15 (mEq/day)) was highest in team sports (89.5%), followed by strength (83.3%) and endurance sports (60%). PRAL was not associated with hydration status. Conclusion: Typical nutritional requirements of sport disciplines are reflected in the PRAL, thus PRAL should be considered when preparing nutritional strategies to improve performance.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Dado que la carga ácida de la dieta (PRAL) puede afectar el equilibrio ácido-base del cuerpo, existe un interés creciente en su papel en el rendimiento deportivo. Los requerimientos nutricionales típicos de diferentes deportes, asociados con sus demandas fisiológicas, pueden reflejarse en la carga ácida de su dieta. Por lo tanto, el propósito de este estudio fue comparar la carga ácida de la dieta entre atletas de equipo, de resistencia y de fuerza, y determinar las asociaciones entre PRAL y el estado de hidratación. Métodos: Participaron en el estudio 51 atletas masculinos sanos (edad: 18-39 años) de deportes de equipo, de resistencia y de fuerza. Se registró un diario de alimentación de 3 días y se calcularon los valores de PRAL dietético (mEq/día). Se midieron el pH y la gravedad específica de la orina. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó ANOVA de una vía con análisis post-hoc de Bonferroni y coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r). Resultados: PRAL en los atletas de resistencia (25,34 mEq/día) fue menor en comparación con los atletas de equipo y de fuerza (46,12 y 46,47 mEq/día, respectivamente) (p= 0,023). El porcentaje de dieta alta en PRAL (≥15 mEq/día) fue más alto en los deportes de equipo (89,5%), seguido de los deportes de fuerza (83,3%) y de resistencia (60%). PRAL no se asoció con el estado de hidratación. Conclusión: Los requerimientos nutricionales típicos de las disciplinas deportivas se reflejan en el PRAL, por lo que se debe considerar el PRAL al preparar estrategias nutricionales para mejorar el rendimiento.

Effects of dietary electrolyte balance on performance, energy balance, and expression of genes related to acid-basic balance, absorption, and transport of nutrients in broilers.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) levels on performance characteristics (feed intake, FI; body weight gain, BWG; and feed efficiency, FE), energy balance (retained energy, RE; metabolizable energy ingested, MEI; heat production, HP; and energy retention efficiency, ERE), and the expression of genes related to acid-base balance, nutrient absorption, and transport in broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 245 male Cobb chickens were used in a completely randomized design with five DEB levels (110, 175, 240, 305, and 370 mEq/kg) and seven replicates of seven birds each. The inclusion of DEB levels influenced FE; 110 mEq/kg provided the better values for this characteristic both in the pre-initial phase and in the initial phase but was different only concerning 175 mEq/kg (1-7 days) and 240 mEq/kg (1-21 days). Birds that ingested diets with a level of 240 mEq/kg of DEB had a higher MEI and HP. This DEB level caused a lesser and greater expression of the SLC12A2 gene in the liver and the ATP1A1 gene in the intestine, respectively. On the other hand, the ATP1A1 gene was less expressed in the liver and kidney of broilers supplemented with 370 mEq/kg compared to a level of 110 mEq/kg. In general, a level of 110 mEq/kg DEB in the ration seems to be the most suitable for good performance, energy balance, and gene expression of broilers from 1 to 21 days of age.

Acid-base abnormalities and liver dysfunction.

In addition to the kidneys and lungs, the liver also plays an important role in the regulation of the Acid-Base Equilibrium (ABE). The involvement of the liver in the regulation of ABE is crucial because of its role in lactic acid metabolism, urea production and in protein homeostasis. The main acid-base imbalance that occurs in patients with liver cirrhosis is Respiratory Alkalosis (RAlk). Due to the fact that in these patients additional pathophysiological mechanisms that affect the ABE are present, other disorders may appear which compensate or enhance the primary disorder. Conventional ABE reading models fail to identify and assess the underlying disorders in patients with liver cirrhosis. This weakness of the classical models led to the creation of new physicochemical mathematical models that take into account all the known parameters that develop and affect the ABE. In addition to the RAlk, in patients with liver cirrhosis, metabolic alkalosis (due to hypoalbuminemia), hyponatremic metabolic acidosis, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, lactic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis due to urea metabolism are some of the pathophysiological mechanisms that affect the ABE.

Analysis of performance, bone characteristics, and expression of genes involved in the balance of ionic concentrations in broilers subjected to dietary electrolyte balance levels.

1. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) are commonly used to correct dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) in birds. However, there are many gaps in the knowledge of their effects when used simultaneously. This study investigated the effect of DEB levels on performance, femur bone characteristics and the expression of genes related to the balance of ionic concentrations in broilers at 21 days of age.2. Male Cobb broiler chickens (n = 245), aged 1-21 d, were divided into groups based on a completely randomised design with five DEB levels (110 mEq/kg, 175 mEq/kg, 240 mEq/kg, 305 mEq/kg, and 370 mEq/kg).3. The performance characteristics measured included body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion (FCR) and body weight birds slaughtered (BWS).4. The bone variables assessed in the femur were weight (WE), relative bone weight (RBWE), length (L), width (WI), maximum load supported (MLS), bone-breaking resistance (BR), and Seedor index (SI). In addition, the expression of CHP1, SLC9A1, and SLC24A3 in the livers, intestines and kidneys of birds was evaluated.5. The DEB level of 370 mEq/kg, at Na+ content of 0.48%, resulted in the highest averages for L, MLS, and BR of the femur. This DEB level increased the expression of SLC9A1 in the liver and SLC24A3 in the intestine. A 240 mEq/kg DEB level decreased the expression of CHP1 in the liver, while supplementation with 110 mEq/kg increased the expression of SLC24A3 in the kidney.6. In conclusion, 370 mEq/kg DEB improved FCR and increased the mean bone characteristics of the femur (L, MLS, and BR) and the expression of SLC9A1 and SLC24A3 in the liver and intestine, respectively. These findings should be considered in future assessments of the effects of DEB levels on broilers.

Iatrogenic alkalosis in goats with the use of intravenous electrolyte solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate / Alcalose iatrogênica em cabras após infusão intravenosa de solução eletrolítica contendo 84mEq/L de lactato

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the alkalinizing potential of an intravenous polyionic solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate on hydroelectrolyte and acid-base balances in healthy goats.Four solutions, containing 28 and 84 mEq/L of lactate (L28 and L84) or bicarbonate (B28 and B84), were formulated. Six healthy Saanen goats were used. All four solutions were infused intravenously in each animal, one at a time, with an interval of 4-5 days between the infusions, at a speed of 33.3 mL/kg/h and totaling a volume equivalent to 10% of their body weight, in 3 h of continuous administration. Samples of venous blood and urine were collected at 0h (start of the infusion), 1.5h (middle of the infusion), 3h (end of the infusion), and 4.5h, 6h, and 24 h from the start of the infusion. The laboratory tests includeddetermination of blood pH, pCO2,HCO3 -, base excess (BE), Na+, K+, Cl-, total plasmatic protein, L-lactate, and creatinine. In urine samples, pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, L-lactate, and creatinine were measured. The L28 solution, equivalent to lactated Ringer's solution, caused a slight increase in the alkaline reserve and did not change the electrolyte balance. The L84 solution resulted in a greater increase in the alkaline reserve, equivalent to the B84 solution, with return to baseline values within 24 h from the start of the infusion.The L84 solution proved to be safe and produced iatrogenic alkalization when infused into healthy goats, without causing side effects.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o potencial alcalinizante de uma solução poli-iônica intravenosa contendo 84mEq/L de lactato no equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico e ácido base de cabras saudáveis. Quatro soluções contendo 28 e 84 mEq/L de lactato (L28 e L84) ou bicarbonato (B28 e B84) foram formuladas. Seis cabras, adultas, da raça Saanen, saudáveis receberam as quatro soluções por via intravenosa, uma de cada vez, com intervalo de quatro a cinco dias entre as infusões, a velocidade de 33,3 ml/kg/h, totalizando um volume equivalente a 10% do seu peso corporal, em três horas de administração contínua. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso e urina antes do início da infusão (0h), na metade (1,5h), no fim (3h) e às 4,5h, 6h e 24h após o início da infusão. Os exames laboratoriais consistiram na determinação do pH sanguíneo, pCO2, HCO3 -, BE, Na+, K+, Cl-, proteína plasmática total, lactato L e creatinina. Nas amostras de urina foram medidos o pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, lactato L e creatinina. A solução L28, equivalente à solução de Ringer com lactato, causou um aumento leve na reserva alcalina e não alterou o equilíbrio eletrolítico. A solução L84 resultou em maior aumento da reserva alcalina, equivalente à solução B84, com retorno dos parâmetros avaliados aos valores basais em até 24 horas após o início da infusão. A solução L84 provou-se segura e produziu alcalose iatrogência em cabras sadias, sem causar qualquer efeito colateral.

Cardiorespiratory and hemogasometric effects of epidural ketamine and its associations with morphine and xylazine in sheep / Efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e hemogasométricos da cetamina e suas associações com morfina e xilazina por via epidural em ovinos

This study aimed to evaluate the cardiorespiratory and hemogasometric effects of epidural ketamine and its associations with morphine and xylazine in ewes submitted to transcervical cervix transposition with a hegar dilator. Ten Santa Inês breed ewes were studied in a cross over model study where three epidural protocols (GK = ketamine 2.0 mg kg-1; GKM = ketamine 2.0 mg kg-1 + morphine 0.1 mg kg-1; GKX = ketamine 2.0 mg kg-1 + xylazine 0.05 mg kg-1) were compared among each other and with a control treatment (GS= saline 1 mL/7.5 kg). The assessed variables were heart rate, respiratory frequency, ear temperature, non-invasive blood pressure and hemogasometric analysis. All parameters were assessed at baseline and then ewes were sedated with an association of acepromazine (0.1 mg kg -1) and diazepam (0.2 mg kg -1). Ten minutes after sedation all parameters were reassessed and afterwards the epidural injections were performed. Hemogasometry was repeated at 15 and 30 minutes after epidural and the other parameters assessed at 05, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after epidural. GKX showed a slight respiratory depression with lower levels of PO2 and a compensatory increase in respiratory frequency. GKM presented the lower temperature mean. All protocols showed few cardiorespiratory effects when compared with control. Epidural with 2.0 mg kg-1 ketamine isolated was considered the best opti

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e hemogasométricos da cetamina peridural e suas associações com morfina e xilazina em ovelhas submetidas à manipulação uterina por via transcervical. Foram estudadas dez ovelhas da raça Santa Inês. Três protocolos epidurais foram avaliados: (GK = cetamina 2,0 mg kg−1, GKM = cetamina 2,0 mg kg−1 + morfina 0,1 mg kg−1, GKX = cetamina 2,0 mg kg−1 + xilazina 0,05 mg kg−1). Os três protocolos foram comparados entre si e com um tratamento controle (GS = solução salina 1 mL/7,5kg). As variáveis avaliadas foram frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, temperatura auricular, pressão arterial não-invasiva além da análise hemogasométrica. Todos os parâmetros foram avaliados no momento basal e em seguida as ovelhas foram sedadas com associação de acepromazina (0,1 mg kg−1) e diazepam (0,2 mg kg−1). Dez minutos após a sedação, todos os parâmetros foram novamente avaliados e foram realizadas as injeções peridurais. A hemogasometria foi repetida aos 15 e 30 minutos após a peridural e os outros parâmetros avaliados aos 05, 15, 30, 45, e 60 minutos após a peridural. O GKX mostrou sinais de hipoxemia com menores níveis de pO2 e um aumento compensatório na frequência respiratória. O GKM apresentou a média de temperatura mais baixa. Todos os protocolos apresentaram poucos efeitos cardiorrespiratórios em relação ao controle. O protocolo epidural com 2,0 mg kg−1 de cetamina foi considerado a melhor opção para procedimentos curtos como manipulações obstétricas em ovinos devido à estabilidade cardiorrespiratória quando comparado com os protocolos que utilizaram associações.

Cardiorespiratory and hemogasometric effects of epidural ketamine and its associations with morphine and xylazine in sheep / Efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e hemogasométricos da cetamina e suas associações com morfina e xilazina por via epidural em ovinos

This study aimed to evaluate the cardiorespiratory and hemogasometric effects of epidural ketamine and its associations with morphine and xylazine in ewes submitted to transcervical cervix transposition with a hegar dilator. Ten Santa Inês breed ewes were studied in a cross over model study where three epidural protocols (GK = ketamine 2.0 mg kg-1; GKM = ketamine 2.0 mg kg-1 + morphine 0.1 mg kg-1; GKX = ketamine 2.0 mg kg-1 + xylazine 0.05 mg kg-1) were compared among each other and with a control treatment (GS= saline 1 mL/7.5 kg). The assessed variables were heart rate, respiratory frequency, ear temperature, non-invasive blood pressure and hemogasometric analysis. All parameters were assessed at baseline and then ewes were sedated with an association of acepromazine (0.1 mg kg -1) and diazepam (0.2 mg kg -1). Ten minutes after sedation all parameters were reassessed and afterwards the epidural injections were performed. Hemogasometry was repeated at 15 and 30 minutes after epidural and the other parameters assessed at 05, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after epidural. GKX showed a slight respiratory depression with lower levels of PO2 and a compensatory increase in respiratory frequency. GKM presented the lower temperature mean. All protocols showed few cardiorespiratory effects when compared with control. Epidural with 2.0 mg kg-1 ketamine isolated was considered the best opti

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e hemogasométricos da cetamina peridural e suas associações com morfina e xilazina em ovelhas submetidas à manipulação uterina por via transcervical. Foram estudadas dez ovelhas da raça Santa Inês. Três protocolos epidurais foram avaliados: (GK = cetamina 2,0 mg kg−1, GKM = cetamina 2,0 mg kg−1 + morfina 0,1 mg kg−1, GKX = cetamina 2,0 mg kg−1 + xilazina 0,05 mg kg−1). Os três protocolos foram comparados entre si e com um tratamento controle (GS = solução salina 1 mL/7,5kg). As variáveis avaliadas foram frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, temperatura auricular, pressão arterial não-invasiva além da análise hemogasométrica. Todos os parâmetros foram avaliados no momento basal e em seguida as ovelhas foram sedadas com associação de acepromazina (0,1 mg kg−1) e diazepam (0,2 mg kg−1). Dez minutos após a sedação, todos os parâmetros foram novamente avaliados e foram realizadas as injeções peridurais. A hemogasometria foi repetida aos 15 e 30 minutos após a peridural e os outros parâmetros avaliados aos 05, 15, 30, 45, e 60 minutos após a peridural. O GKX mostrou sinais de hipoxemia com menores níveis de pO2 e um aumento compensatório na frequência respiratória. O GKM apresentou a média de temperatura mais baixa. Todos os protocolos apresentaram poucos efeitos cardiorrespiratórios em relação ao controle. O protocolo epidural com 2,0 mg kg−1 de cetamina foi considerado a melhor opção para procedimentos curtos como manipulações obstétricas em ovinos devido à estabilidade cardiorrespiratória quando comparado com os protocolos que utilizaram associações.(AU)

Iatrogenic alkalosis in goats with the use of intravenous electrolyte solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate / Alcalose iatrogênica em cabras após infusão intravenosa de solução eletrolítica contendo 84 mEq/L de lactato

This study investigated the alkalinizing potential of an intravenous polyionic solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate on hydroelectrolyte and acid-base balances in healthy goats.Four solutions, containing 28 and 84 mEq/L of lactate (L28 and L84) or bicarbonate (B28 and B84), were formulated. Six healthy Saanen goats were used. All four solutions were infused intravenously in each animal, one at a time, with an interval of 4–5 days between the infusions, at a speed of 33.3 mL/kg/h and totaling a volume equivalent to 10% of their body weight, in 3 h of continuous administration. Samples of venous blood and urine were collected at 0h (start of the infusion), 1.5h (middle of the infusion), 3h (end of the infusion), and 4.5h, 6h, and 24 h from the start of the infusion. The laboratory tests included determination of blood pH, pCO2, HCO3-, base excess (BE), Na+, K+, Cl-, total plasmatic protein, L-lactate, and creatinine. In urine samples, pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, L-lactate, and creatinine were measured. The L28 solution, equivalent to lactated Ringer's solution, caused a slight increase in the alkaline reserve and did not change the electrolyte balance. The L84 solution resulted in a greater increase in the alkaline reserve, equivalent to the B84 solution, with return to baseline values within 24 h from the start of the infusion.The L84 solution proved to be safe and produced iatrogenic alkalization when infused into healthy goats, without causing side effects.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o potencial alcalinizante de uma solução poli-iônica intravenosa contendo 84mEq/L de lactato no equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico e ácido base de cabras saudáveis. Quatro soluções contendo 28 e 84 mEq/L de lactato (L28 e L84) ou bicarbonato (B28 e B84) foram formuladas. Seis cabras, adultas, da raça Saanen, saudáveis receberam as quatro soluções por via intravenosa, uma de cada vez, com intervalo de quatro a cinco dias entre as infusões, a velocidade de 33,3 ml/kg/h, totalizando um volume equivalente a 10% do seu peso corporal, em três horas de administração contínua. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso e urina antes do início da infusão (0h), na metade (1,5h), no fim (3h) e às 4,5h, 6h e 24h após o início da infusão. Os exames laboratoriais consistiram na determinação do pH sanguíneo, pCO2, HCO3-, BE, Na+, K+, Cl-, proteína plasmática total, lactato L e creatinina. Nas amostras de urina foram medidos o pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, lactato L e creatinina. A solução L28, equivalente à solução de Ringer com lactato, causou um aumento leve na reserva alcalina e não alterou o equilíbrio eletrolítico. A solução L84 resultou em maior aumento da reserva alcalina, equivalente à solução B84, com retorno dos parâmetros avaliados aos valores basais em até 24 horas após o início da infusão. A solução L84 provou-se segura e produziu alcalose iatrogência em cabras sadias, sem causar qualquer efeito colateral.

Iatrogenic alkalosis in goats with the use of intravenous electrolyte solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate / Alcalose iatrogênica em cabras após infusão intravenosa de solução eletrolítica contendo 84 mEq/L de lactato

This study investigated the alkalinizing potential of an intravenous polyionic solution containing 84 mEq/L of lactate on hydroelectrolyte and acid-base balances in healthy goats.Four solutions, containing 28 and 84 mEq/L of lactate (L28 and L84) or bicarbonate (B28 and B84), were formulated. Six healthy Saanen goats were used. All four solutions were infused intravenously in each animal, one at a time, with an interval of 4–5 days between the infusions, at a speed of 33.3 mL/kg/h and totaling a volume equivalent to 10% of their body weight, in 3 h of continuous administration. Samples of venous blood and urine were collected at 0h (start of the infusion), 1.5h (middle of the infusion), 3h (end of the infusion), and 4.5h, 6h, and 24 h from the start of the infusion. The laboratory tests included determination of blood pH, pCO2, HCO3-, base excess (BE), Na+, K+, Cl-, total plasmatic protein, L-lactate, and creatinine. In urine samples, pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, L-lactate, and creatinine were measured. The L28 solution, equivalent to lactated Ringer's solution, caused a slight increase in the alkaline reserve and did not change the electrolyte balance. The L84 solution resulted in a greater increase in the alkaline reserve, equivalent to the B84 solution, with return to baseline values within 24 h from the start of the infusion.The L84 solution proved to be safe and produced iatrogenic alkalization when infused into healthy goats, without causing side effects.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o potencial alcalinizante de uma solução poli-iônica intravenosa contendo 84mEq/L de lactato no equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico e ácido base de cabras saudáveis. Quatro soluções contendo 28 e 84 mEq/L de lactato (L28 e L84) ou bicarbonato (B28 e B84) foram formuladas. Seis cabras, adultas, da raça Saanen, saudáveis receberam as quatro soluções por via intravenosa, uma de cada vez, com intervalo de quatro a cinco dias entre as infusões, a velocidade de 33,3 ml/kg/h, totalizando um volume equivalente a 10% do seu peso corporal, em três horas de administração contínua. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso e urina antes do início da infusão (0h), na metade (1,5h), no fim (3h) e às 4,5h, 6h e 24h após o início da infusão. Os exames laboratoriais consistiram na determinação do pH sanguíneo, pCO2, HCO3-, BE, Na+, K+, Cl-, proteína plasmática total, lactato L e creatinina. Nas amostras de urina foram medidos o pH, Na+, K+, Cl-, lactato L e creatinina. A solução L28, equivalente à solução de Ringer com lactato, causou um aumento leve na reserva alcalina e não alterou o equilíbrio eletrolítico. A solução L84 resultou em maior aumento da reserva alcalina, equivalente à solução B84, com retorno dos parâmetros avaliados aos valores basais em até 24 horas após o início da infusão. A solução L84 provou-se segura e produziu alcalose iatrogência em cabras sadias, sem causar qualquer efeito colateral.(AU)

Enteral electrolytic solutions administered in continuous flow via naso-ruminal route in adult goats.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of maintenance enteral electrolytic solutions administered naso-ruminally in continuous flow in adult goats subjected to water and food restriction. Six adult non-pregnant and non-lactating female goats, aged between two and five years old, were used in a crossover (6 × 2) study. Solution 1 (SEE1) comprised: 4.5 g sodium chloride (NaCl); 1 g potassium chloride (KCl); 0.5 g magnesium chloride (MgCl); 1 g calcium chloride in 1,000 ml of water (measured osmolarity: 202 mOsm/l). Solution 2 (SEE2) comprised: 4.5 g of NaCl; 1 g of KCl; 0.5 g of MgCl; 2 g of calcium acetate in 1,000 ml of water (measured osmolarity: 212 mOsm/l). The solutions were administered naso-ruminally at a dose rate of 15 ml/kg/hr, for 12 hr. The animals were evaluated at times T-24, T0, T4, T8, T12, and T24. Both enteral electrolytic solutions were effective in expanding blood volume. SEE1 showed a low-intensity acidifying potential, while SEE2 showed behavior of a neutral enteral electrolytic solution.

Predictive elements of obstructive urolithiasis in sheep

Background: Urolithiasis is an economically important disease that has considerable significance for sheep farming.With the tissue and biochemical changes resulting from the development of this disease, metabolic disorders and immuneresponse are established. Hemogasometric evaluation allows the identification of systemic acid-base imbalances quickly.Acute phase proteins (APP) have in the last two decades had become the biomarkers of choice in human and veterinarymedicine. To date, no biomarker studies have been published for sheep with obstructive urolithiasis. Thus, this studyaimed to analyze the hemogasometric kinetics in obstructive urolithiasis in sheep and the APP that can be used as earlybiomarkers in this disease.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, 14 healthy male Santa Inês sheep, aged approximately 90 days, were fed oncalculogenic diet for 120 days. The sheep were examined weekly to observe the clinical signs. Blood and urine analysiswere also performed. For comparative analysis purposes, at the end of the experiment, sheep that developed obstructiveurolithiasis were extracted from the initial experimental group D1 (without urolithiasis) and moved to the second experimental group D2 (with urolithiasis). In the pre-experimental period and on the day of slaughter, venous blood was sampledfor hemogasometric tests, with a maximum time of 15 minutes between collection and analysis to ensure the reliability ofthe results obtained. The pH, pCO2, pO2, EB, tCO2, HCO3-, stHCO3-, tHb, sO2 and Hct, Na+, K+ and Ca2+ ions were quantified. To identify and measure immunoglobulins (A and G) and APP, samples from sheep that developed obstructive urolithiasis (D2) were analyzed. Blood samples were harvested weekly until the clinical...(AU)

Uso da hidratação enteral em fluxo contínuo (HETfc) em equinos / Use of continuous flowing enteral hydration in horses / Uso de la hidratación enteral en flujo continuo en equinos

A Hidratação, modalidade terapêutica que consiste na administração de soluções eletrolíticas para pacientes acometidos por distúrbios nos equilíbrios hídrico, eletrolítico e ácido base, é considerada uma importante terapia na Medicina Veterinária. Na espécie equina ela pode ser administrada de várias formas, sendo que a terapia hidroeletrolítica pela utilização de soluções comerciais por via intravenosa é considerada a mais eficaz, de forma que, até hoje, é a mais utilizada apesar de demonstrar diversas desvantagens e alto custo. Por outro lado, a hidratação enteral em fluxo contínuo (HETfc), apesar de subestimada, vem se mostrando eficiente em muitas situações clínicas e proporciona significativa redução no custo do tratamento já que o valor das soluções utilizadas para esse fim, produzidas artesanalmente, é de cerca de 1 a 2,5% do valor da terapia com soluções eletrolíticas intravenosas disponíveis comercialmente. Além disso, a HETfc possui outras vantagens, tais como sua eficácia na promoção da volemia e na correção dos desequilíbrios hidroeletrolíticos e ácido base leves e moderados com menor risco de complicações e iatrogenias, promoção do bem-estar e menor estresse do paciente, além de significativo efeito sobre o teor da umidade das fezes. Desse modo, a HETfc deve ser considerada como a primeira escolha de terapia hidroeletrolítica no paciente equino, salvo nas situações onde seu emprego é limitado ou contraindicado. Sendo assim, objetivo desse trabalho é realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a terapia de HETfc na espécie equina, além de relatar a sua utilização em diversas situações na rotina no Centro de Desenvolvimento da Pecuária (CDP), hospital de animais de grande porte pertencente a Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal da Bahia (EMEVZ-UFBA).

Hydration, a therapeutic modality that consists in the administration of electrolytic solutions for patients affected by water, electrolyte and acid base balance disturbances, can be considered an important therapy in Veterinary Medicine. In the equine species it can be administered in several ways, and hydroelectrolytic therapy by the use of intravenous commercial solutions is considered the most effective, so that, to this day, it is the most used despite demonstrating several disadvantages and high cost. On the other hand, although underestimated, continuous enteral hydration (HETfc) has proven to be efficient in many clinical situations and provides a significant reduction in the cost of treatment since the value of the solutions used for this purpose, produced by hand, is about 1 to 2.5% of the value of therapy with commercially available intravenous electrolyte solutions. In addition, HETfc has other advantages, such as its effectiveness in the promotion of blood volume and the correction of mild and moderate hydroelectrolytic and acidic imbalances, with a lower risk of complications and iatrogenies, the promotion of well being and lower stress of the patient, as well as significant effect on the moisture content offeces. Thus, HETfc should be considered as the first choice of hydroelectrolytictherapy in the equine patient, except in situations where their use is limited or contraindicated. Thus, the objective of this work is to carry out a literature review on HETfc therapy in the equine species, in addition to reporting its use in several situations in the routine of the Centro de Desenvolvimento da Pecuária (CDP), a large animal hospital belonging to the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Federal University of Bahia (EMEVZ-UFBA).

La hidratación, modalidad terapéutica que consiste en la administración de soluciones electrolíticas para pacientes acometidos por disturbios en los equilibrios hídrico, electrolítico y ácido base, es considerada una importante terapia en la Medicina Veterinaria. En la especie equina puede ser administrada de varias formas, siendo que la terapia hidroelectrolítica por la utilización de soluciones comerciales por vía intravenosa es considerada la más eficaz, de forma que, hasta hoy, es la más utilizada a pesar de demostrar diversas desventajas y alto costo. Por otro lado, la hidratación enteral en flujo continuo (HETfc), a pesar de subestimada, viene mostrándo se eficiente en muchas situaciones clínicas y proporciona una significativa reducción en el costo del tratamiento ya que el valor de las soluciones utilizadas para ese fin, producidas artesanalmente, aproximadamente 1 a 2,5% del valor de la terapia con soluciones electrolíticas intravenosas disponibles comercialmente. Además, HETfc pose e otras ventajas, tales como su eficacia en la promoción de la volemia y en la corrección de los desequilibrios hidroelectroliticos y ácido base leves y moderados con menor riesgo de complicaciones e iatrogenias, promoción del bien estar y menor estrés del paciente, además de significativo efecto sobre el contenido de la humedad de las heces. De este modo, la HETfc debe ser considerada como la primera elección de terapia hidroelectrolítica en el paciente equino, salvo en las situaciones donde su empleo es limitado o contraindicado. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión de literatura sobre la terapia de HETfc en la especie equina, además de relatar su utilización en diversas situaciones en la rutina del en el Cento de Desarrollo de la Ganadería (CDP), hospital de animales de gran porte pertencie entela Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Federal de Bahía (EMEVZ-UFBA).

Uso da hidratação enteral em fluxo contínuo (HETfc) em equinos / Use of continuous flowing enteral hydration in horses / Uso de la hidratación enteral en flujo continuo en equinos

A Hidratação, modalidade terapêutica que consiste na administração de soluções eletrolíticas para pacientes acometidos por distúrbios nos equilíbrios hídrico, eletrolítico e ácido base, é considerada uma importante terapia na Medicina Veterinária. Na espécie equina ela pode ser administrada de várias formas, sendo que a terapia hidroeletrolítica pela utilização de soluções comerciais por via intravenosa é considerada a mais eficaz, de forma que, até hoje, é a mais utilizada apesar de demonstrar diversas desvantagens e alto custo. Por outro lado, a hidratação enteral em fluxo contínuo (HETfc), apesar de subestimada, vem se mostrando eficiente em muitas situações clínicas e proporciona significativa redução no custo do tratamento já que o valor das soluções utilizadas para esse fim, produzidas artesanalmente, é de cerca de 1 a 2,5% do valor da terapia com soluções eletrolíticas intravenosas disponíveis comercialmente. Além disso, a HETfc possui outras vantagens, tais como sua eficácia na promoção da volemia e na correção dos desequilíbrios hidroeletrolíticos e ácido base leves e moderados com menor risco de complicações e iatrogenias, promoção do bem-estar e menor estresse do paciente, além de significativo efeito sobre o teor da umidade das fezes. Desse modo, a HETfc deve ser considerada como a primeira escolha de terapia hidroeletrolítica no paciente equino, salvo nas situações onde seu emprego é limitado ou contraindicado. Sendo assim, objetivo desse trabalho é realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a terapia de HETfc na espécie equina, além de relatar a sua utilização em diversas situações na rotina no Centro de Desenvolvimento da Pecuária (CDP), hospital de animais de grande porte pertencente a Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal da Bahia (EMEVZ-UFBA).(AU)

Hydration, a therapeutic modality that consists in the administration of electrolytic solutions for patients affected by water, electrolyte and acid base balance disturbances, can be considered an important therapy in Veterinary Medicine. In the equine species it can be administered in several ways, and hydroelectrolytic therapy by the use of intravenous commercial solutions is considered the most effective, so that, to this day, it is the most used despite demonstrating several disadvantages and high cost. On the other hand, although underestimated, continuous enteral hydration (HETfc) has proven to be efficient in many clinical situations and provides a significant reduction in the cost of treatment since the value of the solutions used for this purpose, produced by hand, is about 1 to 2.5% of the value of therapy with commercially available intravenous electrolyte solutions. In addition, HETfc has other advantages, such as its effectiveness in the promotion of blood volume and the correction of mild and moderate hydroelectrolytic and acidic imbalances, with a lower risk of complications and iatrogenies, the promotion of well being and lower stress of the patient, as well as significant effect on the moisture content offeces. Thus, HETfc should be considered as the first choice of hydroelectrolytictherapy in the equine patient, except in situations where their use is limited or contraindicated. Thus, the objective of this work is to carry out a literature review on HETfc therapy in the equine species, in addition to reporting its use in several situations in the routine of the Centro de Desenvolvimento da Pecuária (CDP), a large animal hospital belonging to the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the Federal University of Bahia (EMEVZ-UFBA).(AU)

La hidratación, modalidad terapéutica que consiste en la administración de soluciones electrolíticas para pacientes acometidos por disturbios en los equilibrios hídrico, electrolítico y ácido base, es considerada una importante terapia en la Medicina Veterinaria. En la especie equina puede ser administrada de varias formas, siendo que la terapia hidroelectrolítica por la utilización de soluciones comerciales por vía intravenosa es considerada la más eficaz, de forma que, hasta hoy, es la más utilizada a pesar de demostrar diversas desventajas y alto costo. Por otro lado, la hidratación enteral en flujo continuo (HETfc), a pesar de subestimada, viene mostrándo se eficiente en muchas situaciones clínicas y proporciona una significativa reducción en el costo del tratamiento ya que el valor de las soluciones utilizadas para ese fin, producidas artesanalmente, aproximadamente 1 a 2,5% del valor de la terapia con soluciones electrolíticas intravenosas disponibles comercialmente. Además, HETfc pose e otras ventajas, tales como su eficacia en la promoción de la volemia y en la corrección de los desequilibrios hidroelectroliticos y ácido base leves y moderados con menor riesgo de complicaciones e iatrogenias, promoción del bien estar y menor estrés del paciente, además de significativo efecto sobre el contenido de la humedad de las heces. De este modo, la HETfc debe ser considerada como la primera elección de terapia hidroelectrolítica en el paciente equino, salvo en las situaciones donde su empleo es limitado o contraindicado. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión de literatura sobre la terapia de HETfc en la especie equina, además de relatar su utilización en diversas situaciones en la rutina del en el Cento de Desarrollo de la Ganadería (CDP), hospital de animales de gran porte pertencie entela Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Federal de Bahía (EMEVZ-UFBA).(AU)

Experimental protocol for metabolic acidosis induction by intravenous administration of hydrochloric acid in sheep / Protocolo de indução experimental de acidose metabólica por administração intravenosa de ácido clorídrico em ovinos

The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude and duration of blood and urine changes and the side effects of hyperchloremic acidosis induced by the intravenous administration of hydrochloric acid in sheep. Five healthy, crossbred adult ewes, with a mean body weight of 44±2.9kg were used. The hydrochloric acid solution was administered intravenously at a rate of 25mL/kg/h for 4 hours continuously. Venous blood and urine samples were collected and pH values, blood carbon dioxide partial pressure, bicarbonate, base excess, strong ion difference, anion gap, total concentration of nonvolatile buffers, creatinine, plasma L-lactate, plasma and urine sodium, potassium, and chloride were determined. The experimental protocol induced severe hyperchloremic acidosis at the end of the infusion, with a decreased plasma strong ion difference. The fractional excretion of sodium and chloride remained increased during 4 hours after the infusion. Aciduria was observed at approximately 24 hours. Twenty-four hours after the infusion, the animals showed mild and compensated metabolic acidosis. This protocol was effective in inducing severe and long-lasting hyperchloremic acidosis and did not cause serious side effects. Therefore, this protocol can be used safely in adult sheep for studies on the treatment of this condition.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a magnitude e a duração das alterações sanguíneas e urinárias, bem como os efeitos colaterais da acidose hiperclorêmica induzida por administração intravenosa de ácido clorídrico, em ovinos. Foram utilizadas cinco ovelhas mestiças, adultas, sadias, com peso médio de 44±2,9kg. A solução de ácido clorídrico foi administrada por via intravenosa, na velocidade de 25mL/kg/h, totalizando quatro horas de administração contínua. Amostras de sangue venoso e de urina foram colhidas, e determinaram-se os valores de pH, pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono, bicarbonato, excesso de bases, diferença dos íons fortes, ânion-gap, creatinina, lactato L, sódio, potássio e cloro. O protocolo de indução experimental foi capaz de induzir acidose hiperclorêmica grave ao término da infusão, com diminuição da diferença dos íons fortes plasmáticos. Houve aumento da excreção fracionada de sódio e cloro por até quatro horas após o término da infusão. A acidúria foi observada por cerca de 24 horas. Após 24 horas do início da infusão, os animais apresentaram acidose metabólica leve e compensada. Esse protocolo foi eficaz na indução da acidose hiperclorêmica grave e duradoura e não causou efeitos colaterais. Conclui-se que o protocolo pode ser usado com segurança em ovelhas adultas, para estudos sobre tratamento dessa condição.(AU)