[Effect of electroacupuncture on colonic autophagy and AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in rats with acute ulcerative colitis].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of electroacupuncture （EA） at "Zhongwan" （CV12）, "Tianshu" （ST25） and "Shangjuxu" （ST37） （an acupoint prescription "Changbingfang" for treatment of intestinal disorders） on autophagy and expression of AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in rats with ulcerative colitis （UC）, so as to explore its mechanism underlying improvement of UC. METHODS: Thirty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into control, model, medication and EA groups, with 8 rats in each group. The UC model was established by free drinking of 5% dextran sulfate sodium salt solution for 7 days. EA stimulation （10 Hz/50 Hz） was delivered to CV12, ST25 and ST37 for 20 min, once a day for 3 consecutive days. Rats of the medication group received gavage of mesalazine suspension （200 mg/kg） once a day, 3 times in total. The rats' general conditions were recorded for calculating the disease activity index （DAI） score （0-4 points）. Histomorphological changes of colon were observed via HE staining. The levels of serum interleukin 6 （IL-6）, tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and IL-10 were measured by ELISA. The mRNA expressions of LC3B and p62 were tested by fluorescence quantitative PCR. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of LC3B, p62 and AMPK/mTOR pathway related proteins in colon tissues. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the DAI score, contents of serum IL-6 and TNF-α, the expression levels of p62 protein and mRNA, ratio of p-mTOR/mTOR were significantly increased （P<0.01）； while the content of serum IL-10, the expression levels of LC3B mRNA, ratio of LC3BⅡ/LC3BⅠ and p-AMPK/AMPK were decreased （P<0.01, P<0.05） in the model group. Relevant to the model group, modeling-induced increases of DAI score, serum IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 contents, expressions of p62 protein and mRNA, LC3B mRNA, ratio of p-mTOR/mTOR, LC3BⅡ/LC3BⅠ and p-AMPK/AMPK were reversed in both medication and EA groups （P<0.01, P<0.05）. The effect of EA was apparently superior to that of mesalazine in up-regulating ratio of LC3BⅡ/LC3BⅠ and p-AMPK/AMPK, p62 mRNA expression （P<0.01, P<0.05）, and in down-regulating ratio of p-mTOR/mTOR （P<0.05）. H.E. staining showed severe damage of the colonic mucosal barrier with infiltration of a large number of inflammatory cells in the model group, which was milder in medication and EA groups. CONCLUSION: EA of acupoint recipe "Changbingfang" can improve the symptoms in UC rats, which may be related to its functions in promoting colonic autophagy, increasing AMPK phosphorylation level, and decreasing mTOR phosphorylation level.

Effects of treadmill exercise on learning and memory of the vascular dementia rats and its mechanism / 解剖学报

Objective To observe the effects of 4-week low intensity treadmill exercise on the learning and memory, amino acid levels and the protein expression of protein kinase A ( PKA) , cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein( CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the vascular dementia (VD) rats. Methods Thirty-nine SD rats were randomly allocated to 3 groups, sham group (sham, n= 13) , vascular dementia group (VD, n= 13) and vascular dementia treaded with exercise group (VD + EX, n= 13). Chronic cerebral ischemia model in VD group and VD+EX group rats were established by permanent ligation of bilateral, then VD+EX group rats were submitted to 4-week low intensity treadmill exercise. After exercise, spatial learning and memory ability were evaluated by Moms water maze test ( MWM ) , glutamic ( Glu ) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the PFC were measured by high performance liquid chromatography( HPLC) ; the protein expression of PKA, CREB and BDNF in the PFC of rats were detected by Western blotting. Results The result of the MWM showed the average escape latency of rats in the VD group on the 1 -5 days was significantly higer than sham group, the time to first find the original platform was significantly prolonged and the platform crossings decreased significantly ( P 0. 05 ) between the two groups. Conclusion Four-week low-intensity running exercise improves the learning and memory ability of VD rats through enhancing the Glu level and activating PKA-CREB-BDNF signaling in the PFC of rats.

[Entomological drug adenosine for the treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and chronic prostatitis].

INTRODUCTION: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and chronic prostatitis (CP) are common disorders that are typical for age-related health changes in men. The combination of BPH with CP raises many questions when treatment tactics is chosen. Currently, new drugs have been developed and widely used, namely entomological drugs, which are biologically active substances with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aim of our study was to study the efficiency of the entomological drug Adenoprosin in the complex therapy of patients with BPH and CP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 patients with BPH and P were included in the study. Patients were randomized into two groups of 30 people. In the control group, alpha-blockers and fluoroquinolones were prescribed. In the main group, patients received the same therapy with alpha-blockers and fluoroquinolones, but additionally took Adenoprosin once a day for three months. The results were evaluated at baseline (Visit 1), after four weeks (Visit 2) and three months (Visit 3) of therapy. The frequency of urination, the number of night urinations, the average score on the IPSS, QOL, NIH-CPSI scales, the maximum urine flow rate (Qmax), prostate volume and residual urine volume, as well as microscopic study and culture of expressed prostatic secretion were evaluated. RESULTS: At baseline, there were no differences between group in all studied values (p>0.05). By the second visit, despite the absence of significant differences (p>0.05), a more pronounced positive changes in the most parameters were showed in the main group. According to evaluation at visit 3, in the control group all values didnt change significantly compared to those at visit 2. In the main group, there was a significant decrease in the number of day and night urinations, an increase in the Qmax and the average score on the NICH-CPSI, IPSS and QOL scales, and a decrease in the prostate volume and residual urine volume. There was significant difference between results in the main and control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Considering anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity and antiproliferative effect, entomological drug Adenoprosin may become a novel drug for the complex therapy of patients with BPH and CP. However, to validate the results and to study the mode of action of this group of drugs in details, there is a need to carry out large-scale placebo-controlled clinical trials.

Electrochemical Sensing of Adenosin Triphosphate by Specific Binding to Dipicolylamine Group in Cyclodextrin Supramolecular Complex.

Electrochemical detection based on cyclodextrin supramolecular complexes is founded on the competitive binding between electroactive probes and target molecules. This limits their versatility to be used for sensing a broad range of metabolites. In this work, we demonstrate the significant role of zinc ions as well as of ß-cyclodextrins modified with dipicolylamine and of a phenylboronic acid-modified ferrocene probe to address a selective electrochemical detection of adenosin triphosphate (ATP). Our findings will definitively have an impact in oncological point-of-care systems, since a high level of extracellular ATP reveals the inflammatory response due to chemotherapeutic treatments.

Immune-Mediated Mechanisms in Cofactor-Dependent Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis: Effect of Cofactors in Basophils and Mast Cells.

Cofactors may explain why in some cases food ingestion leads to anaphylaxis while in others elicits a milder reaction or tolerance. With cofactors, reactions become more severe and/or have a lower allergen threshold. Cofactors are present in up to 58% of food anaphylaxis (FAn). Exercise, NSAIDs, and alcohol are the most frequently described, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly known. Several hypotheses have suggested the influence of these cofactors on basophils and mast cells (MCs). Exercise has been suggested to enhance MC activation by increasing plasma osmolarity, redistributing blood flow, and activating adenosine and eicosanoid metabolism. NSAIDs' cofactor effect has been related with cyclooxygenase inhibition and therefore, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Indeed, overexpression of adenosine receptor 3 (A3) gene has been described in NSAID-dependent FAn; A3 activation potentiates FcϵRI-induced MC degranulation. Finally, alcohol has been related with an increase of histamine levels by inhibition of diamino oxidase (DAO) and also with and increase of extracellular adenosine by inhibition of its uptake. However, most of these mechanisms have limited evidence, and further studies are urgently needed. In conclusion, the study of the immune-related mechanisms involved in food allergic reactions enhanced by cofactors is of the utmost interest. This knowledge will help to design both tailored treatments and prophylactic strategies that, nowadays, are non-existent.

Usefulness of Adenosine Deaminase Assay in Diagnosis of Patients with HIV Infection and Pleural Tuberculosis.

The utility of the adenosine deaminase (ADA) assay in the diagnosis of patients with pleural tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is controversial. Forty-eight HIV positive patients with pleural effusion were evaluated; ADA assay was obtained in forty-three of them. Twenty-five patients presented diagnosis of TB. Patients with diagnosis of TB showed a median value of ADA of 70 IU/L (interquartile range (IQR) 41⁻89) and the non-TB group a median of 27.5 IU/L (IQR 13.5⁻52). Patients with diagnosis of TB had a median cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) count of 174 (IQR 86⁻274) and the non-TB group had a median of 134 (IQR 71⁻371). Receiver operating characteristic curve was performed with an area under the curve of 0.79. The best cut-off obtained was 35 IU/L with a sensibility of 80% and a specificity of 66%. There was no correlation between CD4 lymphocytes count and the value of ADA in the TB patient group.

Tuberculosis abdominal: patología infrecuente en un paciente joven: reporte de un caso / Abdominal tuberculosis: an unusual disease in a young patient: a case report

Resumen Introducción: La tuberculosis abdominal es un problema reemergente, y es una de las enfermedades transmisibles más importante en todo el mundo. A pesar de las expectativas acerca de su erradicación en países en desarrollo, ha sido recientemente declarada de nuevo como una patología de emergencia mundial. Con el aumento de su incidencia y prevalencia, su forma abdominal es una de las presentaciones de afectación extrapulmonar más comunes. Objetivo: Dado que la tuberculosis puede afectar diversos órganos, tiene una amplia gama y gran espectro de signos y síntomas que dificultan su diagnóstico y retrasan el tratamiento. Por esto, se realiza esta revisión de tema, concentrándonos en que el alto índice de sospecha debe ser un factor importante en el diagnóstico precoz, para que una vez establecido, se pueda iniciar el tratamiento ayudando a prevenir y disminuir las altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad evidenciadas en la actualidad. Caso Clínico: Paciente joven con presencia de ascitis secundaria a tuberculosis abdominal confirmada por una biopsia y el aumento de la adenosin deaminasa en el líquido peritoneal. Se describen los principales hallazgos clínicos, paraclínicos, estudios imagenológicos y tratamiento.

Introduction: Abdominal tuberculosis is a reemerging problem and is one of the most important communicable diseases in the world. Despite expectations about the eradication in developing countries, it has recently been re-declared as a global emergency pathology. The increased incidence and prevalence shows an abdominal shape as one of the most common extrapulmonary involvement presentations. Objective: Since tuberculosis can affect various organs, it has a wide range and spectrum of signs and symptoms that make diagnosis difficult and delay treatment. Therefore, this review of the topic is done, concentrating on the fact that the high suspicion index should be an important factor in the early diagnosis. Treatment can be initiated helping to prevent and reduce high morbidity and mortality rates. Case Report: We present a case of a young patient with ascites secondary to abdominal tuberculosis confirmed by biopsy and increased adenosine deaminase in the peritoneal fluid. The main clinical findings, paraclinic, imaging studies and treatment are described.

Bioluminiscencia: Herramienta de Medición y Análisis en Lavado de Manos Clínico Aplicado a la Odontología / Bioluminiscence Measurement Tool and Analysis in Clinical Hand Washing Technique Applied to Dentistry

RESUMEN: El estudio fue realizado en 40 estudiantes de ambos sexos, que cursaban 2° año el año 2017 de la carrera de Odontología, en estudiantes de la Universidad de La Frontera. El objetivo fue evaluar la efectividad de la técnica de Lavado de Manos Clínico (LMC) demostrando el grado de eficiencia, mediante Bioluminiscencia. La técnica que permite una medición cuantitativa rápida de los residuos orgánicos de superficie, por la cuantificación de cantidad de Adenosín Trifosfato (ATP). Empleándose un Luminómetro, 3M™ Clean-Trace™, se programó la medición de contaminación en dos puntos claves, región interdigital e hiponiquio, en ambas manos, por medio de la lectura de Unidades Relativas de Luz (URL). Se analizó la contaminación previa a la técnica de LMC y posterior al desarrollo de la técnica, en las regiones indicadas, por medio de Hisopado v/s aprobación/rechazo considerando como Aprobado <250 URL y Rechazado >251 URL., nivel de contaminación v/s sexo, y distribución de aprobación/rechazo tanto antes y después de realizada la técnica de LMC. El muestreo previo al LMC determinó en todas las localizaciones muestreadas existen rangos de aprobación/ rechazo entre 35-42,5 % / 57,5-65 %, encontrándose la mayor contaminación en ambas manos en hiponiquio. Posteriormente de realizada la técnica de LMC el rango de corte de aprobación/rechazo fue de 80-90 % / 10-20 %, el porcentaje más alto se pesquisó en mano izquierda hiponiquio. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS Statistics for Windows, análisis descriptivo, prueba t- test, prueba de Levene. Un valor de p < 0,05 para significancia. Obteniéndose diferencias significativas en análisis del valor la media, según zonas de muestreo y rangos de aprobación/rechazo en URL, que varían entre p=0,000 y p=0,015, que se presentó en mano izquierda zona interdigital posterior al LMC. Según la media concluimos que las regiones hisopadas tanto previas y posteriores a la ejecución del LMC en hiponiquio la piel está más contaminada, que es paradojal ya que la técnica incorpora un acento en esta localización, tiene un mejor acceso y contacto con jabón y agua.

SUMMARY: The study was conducted in 40 undergraduate students of both sexes, who were in the 2nd year of the 2017 year enrolled in the Undergraduate Dentistry Program of the Universidad de La Frontera. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of a Clinical Hand Washing technique (CML), demonstrating the degree of efficiency and implementing improvement behaviors of the technique using Bioluminescence. This technique allows a rapid quantitative measurement of organic residues on a surface by quantifying the amount of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). For that purpose, a Luminometer, 3M™ Clean-Trace™, was used to obtain the contamination level in two key points, Interdigital Region and Hyponychium, of both hands by quantification of Relative Light Units (URL). Hand contamination prior to CML and after the development of the technique was tested in the Interdigital and Hyponychium regions of both hands, through surface ATP swab considering as Approved <250 URL and Rejected > 251 URL. Also, the level of contamination v/s sex, and approval/rejection distribution before and after the CML were tested. The approval/rejection range for pre-CML sampling at all selected locations was 35-42.5 % / 57.5-65 %, fin ding the highest contamination rate in Hyponychium in both hands. After performing the CML we obtained 90 % of approval in all sites, with a 10 % rejection rate; the highest percentage was surveyed on left hand Hyponychium. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Statistics for Windows, a descriptive analysis, test t-test for independent samples, test of homogeneity of Levene variances. A p value <0.05 was established for statistical significance. There were significant differences in analysis of the mean value, according to sampling zones and URL approval / rejection ranges, ranging from p = 0.000 to p = 0.015 (Interdigital region of left hand, post-LA TÉCNICA DE LMC). The left hand presented greater contamination in both swab areas both before and after the execution of CML. The most contaminated region was the Hyponychium, which was paradoxical, because the technique emphasizes the hygiene of this location and has better access and contact with soap and water.

Tuberculosis pleural en paciente pediátrico: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Pleural tuberculosis in a pediatric patient: case report and review

Tuberculosis (TB) is a common cause of pleural effusion in young people from endemic areas. Among the forms of extrapulmonary TB in people with immunodeficiencies, the most frequent localization is the pleura. The use of immunological and molecular biology tests for the diagnosis of TB in pleural fluid and other locations with high sensitivity and specificity is highlighted. We present a clinical case with the objective of giving an overview of the treatment of the patient with suspected pleural tuberculosis

La Tuberculosis (TB) es una causa común de derrame pleural en jóvenes en zonas endémicas. Dentro de las formas de TB extrapulmonar en personas que cursan con inmunodeficiencias, la localización más frecuente es la TB pleural. Se destaca el uso de las pruebas inmunológicas y de biología molecular para el diagnóstico de TB en líquido pleural y de otras localizaciones con una elevada sensibilidad y especificidad. Se presenta un caso clínico con el objetivo de describir una visión general del abordaje del paciente con sospecha de tuberculosis pleural

Semi-preparative high-performance countercurrent chromatography method for the purification of chemically synthesized ATP analogue, ApppI.

An efficient high-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC) based method has been developed for the purification of chemically synthesized 1-adenosin-5'-yl 3-(3-methylbut-3-enyl)triphosphoric acid diester (ApppI). ApppI is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) analogue with biological significance due to its varied actions in the body. ApppI was synthesized and purified as its tetrabutylammonium (TBA) salt and converted successfully into its more practical sodium salt form after purification. The amount of TBA hydroxide (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 eq) used in the synthesis of ApppI was shown to exert an effect on the purification process with HPCCC and on the overall yield (8%, 16% and 22%, respectively). 1-Adenosin-5'-yl 3-(3-methylbut-3-enyl)diphosphoric acid diester (AppI) was also isolated as a side product.

Mitochondrial Metabolism-Mediated Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis.

The life-long generation of new neurons from radial glia-like neural stem cells (NSCs) is achieved through a stereotypic developmental sequence that requires precise regulatory mechanisms to prevent exhaustion or uncontrolled growth of the stem cell pool. Cellular metabolism is the new kid on the block of adult neurogenesis research and the identity of stage-specific metabolic programs and their impact on neurogenesis turns out to be an emerging research topic in the field. Mitochondrial metabolism is best known for energy production but it contains a great deal more. Mitochondria are key players in a variety of cellular processes including ATP synthesis through functional coupling of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, recycling of hydrogen carriers, biosynthesis of cellular building blocks, and generation of reactive oxygen species that can modulate signaling pathways in a redox-dependent fashion. In this review, I will discuss recent findings describing stage-specific modulations of mitochondrial metabolism within the adult NSC lineage, emphasizing its importance for NSC self-renewal, proliferation of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs), cell fate decisions, and differentiation and maturation of newborn neurons. I will furthermore summarize the important role of mitochondrial dysfunction in tissue regeneration and ageing, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target for regenerative medicine practice.

Meningitis por Listeria monocytogenes con ADA elevado en paciente inmunocompetente / Listeria monocytogenes meningitis in an immunocompetent patient with elevated ADA

Resumen La neuroinfección por Listeria monocytogenes, que incluye meningitis y rombencefalitis, se ha descrito tradicionalmente en personas en los extremos de la vida (menores de un año, mayores de 50 años), embarazadas y pacientes inmunosuprimidos con disfunción de la inmunidad celular. Es poco frecuente el compromiso de pacientes jóvenes sin estas condiciones predisponentes. La elevación de la adenosin-deaminasa (ADA) en líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) se ha descrito como una prueba con alta sensibilidad y especificidad para el diagnóstico de meningitis tuberculosa, pero no en la causada por Listeria monocytogenes. En este artículo se presenta el caso de una paciente joven, sin inmunosupresión conocida, que presenta un cuadro subagudo de meningitis, LCR con pleocitosis de predominio mononuclear, parálisis del VI par craneal y elevación de ADA, secundario a compromiso por L. monocytogenes. (Acta Med Colomb 2016; 41: 151-154).

Abstract Neuroinfection by Listeria monocytogenes, which includes meningitis and rhombencephalitis, has traditionally been described in people at the extremes of life (under one year and over 50 years), pregnant women and immunosuppressed patients with dysfunction of cellular immunity. The compromise of young patients without these predisposing conditions is rare. The elevation of the adenosine deaminase (ADA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been described as a test with high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis, but not for the meningitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes. The case of a young female patient with no known immunosuppression who presents a clinical picture of subacute meningitis, CSF with mononuclear pleocytosis dominance, VI cranial nerve paralysis and elevated ADA secondary to L. monocytogenes compromise is presented. (Acta Med Colomb 2016; 41: 151-154).

[Self-rated Caffeine Sensitivity: Implications for Personalized Sleep Medicine?]. / Individuelle Koffeinempfindlichkeit: Implikationen für eine personalisierte Schlafmedizin?

The prevalence of the insomnia syndrome and the effects of caffeine on sleep are in part genetically determined. Pharmacogenetic studies in humans demonstrate that functional polymorphisms of the genes encoding adenosine A2A receptors and dopamine transporters contribute to individual differences in impaired sleep quality by caffeine. The A2A receptor and dopamine transporter are preferentially expressed in the striatum. Together, these observations suggest that the striatum plays an important role in sleep-wake regulation. Individual caffeine sensitivity and A2A receptor genotype should be taken into account in the development of possible novel adenosine-based pharmacotherapies of sleep-wake disorders and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. This may permit the prediction of individual drug effects and improve the reliability of clinical trials.

Evaluación medioambiental de residuos hospitalarios peligrosos mediante luminometría y cultivos microbiológicos en una institución hospitalaria de Bogotá / Environmental assessment of hazardous hospital waste by luminometry and microbiological cultures in a hospital Bogota / Avaliação ambiental de resíduos hospitalares por luminometria e culturas microbiológicas em uma instituiçâo hospitalar de Bogotá

Introducción: el manejo adecuado de los residuos hospitalarios es un constante reto para la prevención en la propagación de \r\ninfecciones y contaminación del medio ambiente. Objetivo: evaluar el manejo de residuos hospitalarios de riesgo infeccioso \r\nmediante luminometría de adenosín trifosfato (ATP) y cultivos microbiológicos en el Instituto del Corazón de Bucaramanga, sede \r\nBogotá. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio experimental de corte transversal prospectivo en el Instituto del Corazón \r\nde Bucaramanga, sede Bogotá en el periodo de agosto a diciembre de 2015; se aplicaron listas de verificación, medición de \r\nATP y cultivos microbiológicos. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre "Se cumple con la \r\nfrecuencia y horarios establecidos para la recolección interna de residuos" (p valor= 0,001), "El tiempo de recolección de resi\r\n-\r\nduos dura entre 30­40 minutos" y "El personal encargado de la ruta sanitaria realiza higiene de manos al terminar el proceso" (p \r\nvalor =0,005) respectivamente; para los otros ítems no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (Valor p>0,005), \r\nsolo una muestra cumplía el estándar (Cumplimiento ≤25 Unidades Relativas de luz (URL), y en el aislamiento microbiológico se \r\nevidenció el crecimiento de un Hongo Filamentoso. Conclusión: es necesario estandarizar el procedimiento de limpieza en super\r\n-\r\nficies ambientales y monitorizar el proceso de ruta sanitaria de residuos peligrosos en la institución.

Introduction: proper hospital waste management represents a \r\nconstant challenge to preventing the spread of infection and \r\ncontamination of the environment. Objective: to evaluate the \r\nproper management of hospital waste that represents an infec\r\n-\r\ntious risk by means of adenosine triphosphate luminometry \r\n(ATP) and microbiological cultures in the Heart Institute Buca\r\nramanga - Bogotá. Materials and methods: an experimental \r\nprospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Heart \r\nInstitute of Bucaramanga - Bogotá from August to December \r\n2015. Verification lists, ATP measurement and microbiological \r\ncultures were applied. Results: - there were statistically signi-\r\nficant differences between "the frequency and schedules for \r\ninternal garbage collection are maintained" (p value = 0.011), \r\n"Does the waste collection time lasts between 30-40 minutes?" \r\nand "Does the staff responsible for health route performs hand \r\nhygiene at the end of the process?" (p value = 0.005 respec\r\n-\r\ntively); the other items were not statistically significant (p value \r\n> 0.005), and only one sample met the standard (Compliance \r\n≤ 25 Relative Light Units (URL), and in the microbiological isola\r\n-\r\ntion a filamentous fungus growth was evident. Conclusion: it \r\nis necessary to standardize the cleaning procedure of surfaces \r\nand monitor the process of safe handling of hazardous waste \r\nin the institution.

Introdução: o manuseio adequado dos resíduos hospitalares \r\né um desafio constante para a prevenção da propagação de \r\ninfecções e da contaminação do meio ambiente. Objetivo: \r\navaliar o manejo de resíduos hospitalares de risco infeccioso por \r\nluminometria de trifosfato de adenosina (ATP) e culturas micro\r\n-\r\nbiológicas no Instituto do Coração de Bucaramanga, unidade \r\nBogotá. Materiais e métodos: um estudo experimental de corte \r\ntransversal prospectivo foi realizado no Instituto do Coração \r\nBucaramanga ­ unidade Bogotá, no período de agosto a \r\ndezembro de 2015, onde foram aplicadas listas de verificação, \r\nmedição de ATP e culturas microbiológicas. Resultados: foram \r\nencontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre \r\n"Foram cumpridos a frequência e os horários estabelecidos \r\npara a coleta interna de resíduos", (valor p= 0,001), "O tempo \r\nde coleta de resíduos dura entre 30 a 40 minutos?" e "O pessoal \r\nresponsável pela rota sanitária higieniza as mãos no fim do \r\nprocesso?" (valor p =0,005), respectivamente; para os demais \r\nitens não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente \r\nsignificativas (Valor p>0,005), apenas uma amostra atendia ao \r\npadrão (Cumprimento <25 Unidades Relativas de Luz (URL) e \r\nno isolamento microbiológico, o crescimento de um fungo \r\nfilamentoso foi evidenciado. Conclusão: é necessário padro\r\n-\r\nnizar o procedimento de limpeza em superfícies ambientais e \r\nmonitorar o processo de rota sanitária de resíduos perigosos \r\nna instituição.

Diagnostic Utility Of Pleural Fluid Adenosine Deaminase Level In Tuberculous Pleural Effusion.

BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis and management of tuberculosis is essential for decreasing the disease burden. Pakistan is one of the few countries of world with a very high burden of tuberculosis. Many diagnostic tests are available for detection of tuberculosis but each is fraught with certain limitations of its own. METHODS: This study was a cross sectional validation study that sought to determine the validity of pleural fluid adenosine deaminase levels for diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion. RESULTS: A total of 160 patients with exudative lymphocytic pleural effusions were enrolled in this study. The mean pleural fluid ADA level was 52.18±1.98 U/L. The mean pleural fluid ADA level in patients diagnosed to have tuberculosis on pleural biopsy/histopathology was higher as compared to patients who did not have tuberculous pleural effusion 52.16±2.4 U/L vs 38.6±3.14 U/L. The difference was found to be statistically significant between the two groups (p<0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, ppv and npv of pleural fluid ADA level were 88.88%, 77.04%, 86.28% and 81.04% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Despite wide variations in the reported sensitivity and specificity of pleural fluid ADA level, it can be used as a surrogate for pleural biopsy when the latter is not feasible.

Assesment of platelet antiaggregant activity of a fraction from an ethanolic extract of the bark of Nectandra amazonum Nees / Evaluación de la actividad antiagregante plaquetaria de una fracción del extracto etanólico de corteza de Nectandra amazonum Nees

Background: Some species of the Lauraceae family are known to produce secondary metabolites that have antiplatelet properties. Studies on the leaves of Nectandra amazonum Nees. have shown antiaggregant activity but the bark of this species has not been studied. Objectives: To assess the antiplatelet effect of the ethanolic fraction obtained from the bark of Nectandra amazonum Nees. [N.V. "laurel amarillo", Lauraceae] applying the "Born" turbidimetric method. Methods: The screening test compared the effects of a fraction of N. amazonum (0.1 mg/mL), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 0.5 mM, as reference standard) and dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO, 0.1%, as control) on human platelets stimulated with adenosine diphosphate (ADP, 2 µM), epinephrine (EPI, 1 uM (one micromolar)), collagen (COLL, 1 µg/mL) and arachidonic acid (AA, 0.2 mg/mL). Subsequently, the study focused on determining the antiaggregant potency of the N. amazonum fraction through concentration - response curves (from 1 µg/mL to 0.4 mg/ mL), obtaining pIC50 (-log IC50) values against the platelet agonists. Results: Control platelets attained the highest percentage values of aggregation (96% AA, 89% EPI, 85% COLL, and 77% ADP). The N. amazonum fraction significantly reduced the aggregation effects (6% AA, 45% EPI, 10% COLL, 21% ADP), with values close to those obtained with ASA (17% AA, 21% EPI, 10% COLL, 20% ADP). According to concentration - response curves, the pIC50 values of the ethanolic fraction indicated the following order of potency: AA, 4.90 > ADP, 4.51 > COLL, 4.33 > EPI, 3.85. Conclusions: These results suggest that the N. amazonum Nees. ethanolic fraction elicited antiplatelet effects mainly related to the inhibition of the arachidonic acid pathway.

Antecedentes: Algunas especies de la familia Lauraceae poseen metabolitos secundarios que ejercen efectos antiplaquetarios. Estudios de las hojas de Nectandra amazonum Nees. han mostrado esa actividad, pero no se conoce sobre las propiedades antiagregantes de su corteza. Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto antiagregante plaquetario de la fracción etanólica obtenida de la corteza de Nectandra amazonum Nees. [N.V. "laurel amarillo", Lauraceae] aplicando el método turbidimétrico de Born. Métodos: En el tamizaje antiagregante se comparó la fracción de N. amazonum (0,1 mg/mL) con ácido acetil salicílico (ASA 0,5 mM, como estándar de referencia) y dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO, 0,1%, como control) en plaquetas humanas estimuladas con adenosin difosfato (ADP, 2 µM), epinefrina (EPI, 1 uM (uno micromolar)), colágeno (COLL, 1 µg/mL) y ácido araquidónico (AA, 0,2 mg/mL). Posteriormente, el estudio se enfocó en la determinación de la potencia antiagregante de la fracción mediante curvas de concentración - respuesta (desde 1 µg/mL hasta 0,4 mg/mL) para obtener los valores respectivos de pIC50 (-log CI50). Resultados: En el grupo control se alcanzaron altos valores de agregación plaquetaria (96% AA, 89% EPI, 85% COLL, 77% ADP). La fracción de N. amazonum redujo significativamente la agregación (6% AA, 45% EPI, 10% COLL, 21% ADP), con valores próximos a los obtenidos con ASA (17% AA, 21% EPI, 10% COLL, 20% ADP). De acuerdo con las curvas de concentración ­ respuesta, los valores de pIC50 arrojaron el siguiente orden de potencia: AA, 4,90 > ADP, 4,51 > COLL, 4,33 > EPI, 3,85. Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que la fracción etanólica de N. amazonum Nees ejerce efectos antiplaquetarios relacionados especialmente con la cascada metabólica del ácido araquidónico.

Discussion of ATP bioluminescence detection system / 中国医学装备

Objective: Through the introduction of the application background of ATP bioluminescence detection system, the technical principle and the factors of ATP bioluminescence detection system should be taken into account in the procurement, prompted the personnel understand the necessity of ATP bioluminescence detection system using, help procurement staffs purchasing suitable ATP bioluminescence detection system. Methods: introduces the application of ATP bioluminescence detection system background, technical principle and ATP bioluminescence detection system detection accuracy related factors, and gives reasonable purchase suggestions. Results:Improved procurement staffs’ understand to ATP bioluminescence detection system. Conclusion:ATP bioluminescence detection system as a new kind of detection system, with high sensitivity, simple and quick operation, become auxiliary tool of the various departments to conduct self-detection, hospital infection management department to check, understand the principle of technology of ATP bioluminescence detection system and ATP bioluminescence detection system detection accuracy related factors to help procurement staffs purchase the most suitable ATP bioluminescence detection system for clinical.

Calidad de higiene en salas de cirugía por luminometría de adenosín trifosfato / Quality of Cleaning on Surgery Room by Adenosin Triphosfate Luminometry / Qualidade de higiene em salas de cirurgia por luminometria de adenosina trifosfato

Objetivo: evaluar la calidad del proceso de desinfección, medido en unidades relativas de luz (URL) en superficies ambientales de salas de cirugía, instrumentos reutilizables y de reuso mediante el equipo luminómetro 3M Clean Trace. Materiales: con un punto de corte en 250 URL, para definir adecuada calidad de la desinfección, se evaluó una muestra por conveniencia de 39 elementos: seis críticos de reuso, seis superficies ambientales y veintisiete de reutilización de difícil limpieza. Resultados: se encontró mala calidad en la mayoría de elementos evaluados. El gancho monopolar (reuso), la cánula de Frazzier (reutilización) y la mesa de medicamentos (superficie ambiental) fueron los elementos con niveles más elevados en cada grupo. Conclusiones: es necesario mejorar la calidad de limpieza y desinfección en salas de cirugía; el lu-minómetro demostró ser un instrumento útil en el control de calidad de este proceso; se requieren estudios adicionales para proponer puntos de corte más apropiados.

Objective: To assess the quality of the disinfection process, measured in relative light units (URL) on environmental surfaces in operating rooms, reusable and disposable instruments through the luminometer equipment 3M Clean Trace. Materials: With a cut-off point on 250 URL to define the adequate quality of disinfection, we evaluated a convenience sample of 39 elements, six disposable instruments of critical importance, six environmental surfaces and twenty-seven reusable that are difficult to clean. Results: Bad quality was found on most of the evaluated elements. The monopolar hook (disposable), the Frazzier cannula (reusable) and the medicine counter (environmental surface) were the elements with the highest levels in each group. Conclusions: It is necessary to improve the quality of cleaning and disinfection in operating rooms. The luminometer proved to be a useful instrument in the quality control of this process. Additional studies are required to propose more appropriate cut-off points.

Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade do processo de desinfecáo, medido em unidades relativas de luz (URL), em superficies ambientais de salas de cirurgia, instrumentos reutilizáveis e de reuso mediante a equipe luminómetro 3M Clean Trace. Materiais: com um ponto de corte em 250 URL, para definir adequada qualidade da desinfecáo, foi avaliada amostra por conveniencia de 39 elementos: seis críticos de reuso, sies superficies ambientais e vinte e sete de reutilizacáo de difícil limpeza. Resultados: Encontrou-se má qualidade na maioria de elementos avaliados. O gancho monopolar (reuso), a cánula de Frazzier (reutilizacao) e a mesa de medicamentos (superficie ambiental) foram os elementos com níveis mais elevados em cada grupo. Conclusoes: é preciso melhorar a qualidade de limpa e desinfeção em salas de cirurgia; o luminómetro demonstrou ser instrumento útil no controle de qualidade deste processo; requerem-se estudos adicionais para propor pontos de corte mais apropriados.

Mode of action of cupping--local metabolism and pain thresholds in neck pain patients and healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVES: Cupping worldwide has been part of traditional medicine systems and is in the western world used as CAM therapy mainly for treating pain syndromes. The mode of action is up to now unclear. In order to investigate its mechanism we measured in parallel metabolic changes in the tissue under the cupping glass and pressure pain thresholds. DESIGN AND INTERVENTIONS: In 12 volunteers (6 healthy subjects and 6 patients with chronic neck pain) a microdialysis system was implanted subcutaneously on both sides (left and right) above the trapezius muscle. After baseline measures cupping was performed at one randomly selected side (left or right), the other side served as control. Every 20 min during baseline measures and for 280 min after cupping, microdialysis probes for detection of lactate, pyruvate, glucose and glycerin were taken. In addition, pain thresholds were measured before and after cupping with algometry. RESULTS: Cupping resulted in a strong increase of lactate (beginning 160 min after cupping until the end of the measurements) and the lactate/pyruvate ratio, indicating an anaerobe metabolism in the surrounding tissue. Baseline pain thresholds were non-significantly lower in neck pain patients compared to healthy controls and slightly increased immediately after cupping (p<0.05 compared to baseline close to the area of cupping in healthy subjects and on the foot in neck pain patients). After 280 min no more significant changes of pain thresholds were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Cupping induces >280 min lasting anaerobe metabolism in the subcutaneous tissue and increases immediate pressure pain thresholds in some areas.

Falso negativo de actividad de la enzima adenosin deaminasa (ADA) en líquido pleural y falso positivo de tomografía con emisión de positrones 18f-fdg en un paciente con tuberculosis miliar / False negative activity of the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) and false positive pleural fluid positron emission tomography 18f-fdg in a patient with miliary tuberculosis

En 2011, hubo 8,7 millones de nuevos casos de tuberculosis activa en todo el mundo, causando alrededor de 1,7 millones de muertes cada año; el número de nuevos casos (más de 9 millones) es mayor que en cualquier otro momento de la historia a nivel mundial. En muchas regiones en las cuales la tuberculosis es altamente endémica, el diagnóstico sigue basándose en la antigua microscopía de esputo. La determinación de (Adenosin Deaminasa) ADA en líquidos biológicos, especialmente en líquido pleural, ha resultado ser altamente sensible para el diagnóstico de Tuberculosis, con el beneficio, además, de ser una prueba rápida y económica. Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 34 años de edad, con historia de abuso de ilícitos inhalados, hemicolectomia por herida de arma de fuego + colostomía y contacto intradomiciliario de tuberculosis. Cursa con caquexia, astenia, hiporexia, fiebre, tos y disnea. Durante la hospitalización se encontró anemia, trombocitopenia, derrame pleural tipo exudado, mononucleares, ADA negativo, lesiones pulmonares nodulares, y evidencia por estudios de imagen, de afectación ganglionar sistémica y ósea expresados como lesiones osteolíticas por TC y posteriormente con hiperactividad metabólica de la 8FDG por CT-PET. El diagnóstico microbiológico se obtuvo después de 8 semanas de hospitalización y fue infección por Micobacterium tuberculosis.

In 2011, there were 8.7 million new cases of active TB worldwide. this causes about 1.7 million deaths each year and the number of new cases (more than 9 million) is greater than at any other time. In many regions where TB is highly endemic, the diagnosis is still based on the old sputum microscopy. The (Adenosin Deaminase) ADA determination in biological fluids, especially in pleural fluid has proved to be highly sensitive for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, and has the benefit of being a quick and inexpensive test.We report the case of a 34 year-old male patient with abuse of illicit inhaled drugs, a hemicolectomy+ colostomy caused by an old gunshot wound and contact with intradomicilliary TB. He consulted because of cachexia, asthenia, hyporexia, fever, cough and dyspnea. During his hospitalization progressive pancytopenia appeared , as well as exudative pleural effusion with mononuclear cells, a negative ADA, nodular lung lesions, and images of lymph nodes and many bone osteolytic lesions seen by CT. Later metabolic hyperactivity 8FDG by CT-PET was found. The microbiological diagnosisby culture was Mycobacterium tuberculosis after 8 weeks of hospitalization.