Food consumption, physical activity and aerobic capacity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with high cardiovascular risk.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, autoimmune and multisystemic rheumatic disease. Patients with SLE have decreased functional and aerobic capacity, as well as increased prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD), which are the primary causes of morbimortality in this condition. Dietary intake and physical activity are well-known modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of this study is to describe food consumption, sedentary behavior, physical activity level, and functional and aerobic capacity in a sample of SLE patients with high cardiovascular risk. This was a cross-sectional study in which patients were assessed for (i) Demographic, anthropometric, and disease-related parameters; (ii) Food consumption; (iii) Physical activity level and sedentary behavior; (iv) Functional and aerobic capacity. Patients averaged 41.7 ± 9 years, and most were classified as overweight/obese (87%). Average macronutrient intake was within recommendations; however, fiber (16 ± 9g) and calcium (391 ± 217 mg) intakes were below, and sodium intake (2.9 ± 1.3 mg) was above recommendations. Besides, food consumption assessed by the Nova system showed a predominance of unprocessed foods (43.8 ± 14.0%TEI), although ultraprocessed food intake (20.0 ± 13.9%TEI) was slightly higher than that seen in the Brazilian population. Patients also exhibited high sedentary behavior (8.2 ± 2.2h) and only eighteen participants reached the minimum recommended amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Overall, patients had a low functional and aerobic capacity compared to the general population. Data from this study may help design dedicated clinical trials aiming to investigate the effects of lifestyle intervention to mitigate CVD in SLE.

Determination of speed and assessment of conditioning in horses submitted to a lactate minimum test-alternative approaches.

The maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) is a well-known gold standard method for determining the aerobic capacity of athletic horses. Owing to its high cost and complex execution, there is a search for standardized exercise tests that can predict this value in a single session. One of the methods described for this purpose is the lactate minimum test (LMT), which could be more accurate despite being adequate to predict MLSS. This study aimed to examine the impact of training on the speed corresponding to lactate minimum speed (LMS) and to apply new mathematical methods to evaluate the fitness level of horses based on the curve obtained by the LMT. Ten Arabian horses underwent a 6-week training program based on LMS calculated by second-degree polynomial regression (LMSP). In addition, the LMS was also determined by visual inspection (LMSV), bi-segmented linear regression (LMSBI) and spline regression (LMSS). From the curve obtained during the LMT, it was possible to calculate angles α, ß and ω, as well as the total area under the curve (AUCTOTAL) before (AUCPRELMS) and after (AUCPOSLMS) the LMS. The methods for determining the LMS were evaluated by ANOVA, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and effect size (ES) by Cohen's d test. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the proposed LMS determination methods and other mathematical methods was also calculated. Despite showing a good correlation (ICC >0.7), the LMS determination methods differed from each other (p < 0.05), albeit without a significant difference resulting from conditioning. There were reductions in α:ß ratio, angle α, and AUCPOSTLMS, with the latter indicating lower lactate accumulation in the incremental phase of LMT after conditioning, in addition to an improvement in the animals' aerobic capacity. Considering that the most common methods for determining the LMS are applicable yet with low sensitivity for conditioning assessment, the approaches proposed herein can aid in analyzing the aerobic capacity of horses subjected to LMT. The mathematical models presented in this paper have the potential to be applied in human lactate-guided training program trials with a comparable study basis.

Physical Fitness in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: To synthesize evidence about physical fitness levels in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) compared with typically developing (TD) children. METHODS: We searched four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO) for cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies comparing physical fitness between children with and without DCD. We assessed the methodological quality of the studies with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). We calculated Cohen's d effect sizes to provide clinical evidence of group differences in aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, muscle strength, body composition and flexibility. RESULTS: We included 32 studies for qualitative synthesis after applying eligibility criteria. All selected studies ranged from moderate to high research quality. Effect sizes in favor of typically developing children over children with DCD were large for aerobic capacity (d = 1.15), anaerobic capacity (d = 0.90), and muscle strength (d = 0.79), and small for body composition (d = 0.43) and flexibility (d = 0.21) outcomes. CONCLUSION: Children with DCD presented significantly lower physical fitness than their typically developing peers, particularly in aerobic and anaerobic capacity and in muscle strength.

Aerobic exercise training combined with local strength exercise restores muscle blood flow and maximal aerobic capacity in long-term Hodgkin lymphoma survivors.

It is unclear whether muscle blood flow (MBF) is altered in long-term Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) survivors. We tested the hypothesis that 1) MBF response during mental stress (MS) is impaired in long-term HL survivors and 2) aerobic exercise training combined with local strength exercise (ET) restores MBF responses during MS in these survivors. Eighteen 5-year HL survivors and 10 aged-paired healthy subjects (HC) were studied. Twenty HL survivors were randomly divided into two groups: exercise-trained (HLT, n = 10) and untrained (HLUT, n = 10). Maximal aerobic capacity was evaluated by a cardiopulmonary exercise test and forearm blood flow (FBF) by venous occlusion plethysmography. MS was elicited by Stroop color and word test. ET was conducted for 4 mo, 3/wk for 60 min each session. The aerobic exercise intensity corresponded to anaerobic threshold up to 10% below the respiratory compensation point. The strength exercises consisted of two to three sets of chest press, pulley and squat exercises, 12-15 repetitions each exercise at 30-50% of the maximal voluntary contraction. Baseline was similar in HL survivors and HC, except peak oxygen consumption (peak V̇o2, P = 0.013) and FBF (P = 0.006) that were lower in the HL survivors. FBF responses during MS were lower in HL survivors (P < 0.001). ET increased peak V̇o2 (11.59 ± 3.07%, P = 0.002) and FBF at rest (33.74 ± 5.13%, P < 0.001) and during MS (24 ± 5.31%, P = 0.001). Further analysis showed correlation between the changes in peak V̇o2 and the changes in FBF during MS (r = 0.711, P = 0.001). In conclusion, long-term HL survivors have impaired MBF responses during MS. ET restores MBF responses during MS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Long-term Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) survivors have impaired muscle blood flow responses during mental stress and decreased maximal aerobic capacity. Supervised aerobic exercise training combined with local strength exercises restores muscle blood flow responses during mental stress and maximal aerobic capacity in these survivors. These findings provide evidence of safety and effectiveness of exercise training in HL survivors. Moreover, they highlight the importance of exercise training in the treatment of this set of patients.

Food consumption, physical activity and aerobic capacity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with high cardiovascular risk

Abstract Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, autoimmune and multisystemic rheumatic disease. Patients with SLE have decreased functional and aerobic capacity, as well as increased prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD), which are the primary causes of morbimortality in this condition. Dietary intake and physical activity are well-known modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of this study is to describe food consumption, sedentary behavior, physical activity level, and functional and aerobic capacity in a sample of SLE patients with high cardiovascular risk. This was a cross-sectional study in which patients were assessed for (i) Demographic, anthropometric, and disease-related parameters; (ii) Food consumption; (iii) Physical activity level and sedentary behavior; (iv) Functional and aerobic capacity. Patients averaged 41.7 ± 9 years, and most were classified as overweight/obese (87%). Average macronutrient intake was within recommendations; however, fiber (16 ± 9g) and calcium (391 ± 217 mg) intakes were below, and sodium intake (2.9 ± 1.3 mg) was above recommendations. Besides, food consumption assessed by the Nova system showed a predominance of unprocessed foods (43.8 ± 14.0%TEI), although ultraprocessed food intake (20.0 ± 13.9%TEI) was slightly higher than that seen in the Brazilian population. Patients also exhibited high sedentary behavior (8.2 ± 2.2h) and only eighteen participants reached the minimum recommended amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Overall, patients had a low functional and aerobic capacity compared to the general population. Data from this study may help design dedicated clinical trials aiming to investigate the effects of lifestyle intervention to mitigate CVD in SLE.

Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Physiological Performance Variables in Women's Handball.

Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been used in different sports, although there is no consensus on its benefits. We investigated the effects of eight weeks of IMT in women's handball. Twenty-four players were randomly distributed into experimental (EXP; n = 13) and control (CON; n = 11) groups. Only the EXP group performed IMT using the POWERBreathe device, following indications of the manufacturers. Before and after the intervention, spirometric variables were evaluated at rest and during a graded test using direct analysis of respiratory gases. Perception of exertion at submaximal intensity was also determined. No significant differences were observed post- vs. pre-intervention (p ≥ 0.05) regarding forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the 1st second (VEF1), FVC/VEF1, maximal expiratory flow at 50% of FVC or peak inspiratory flow. Post-intervention, only the CON group increased their absolute and relative VO2max (2.1 ± 0.2 L/min pre vs. 2.2 ± 0.3 L/min post; 33.6 ± 3.6 ml/kg∙min pre vs. 34.5 ± 3.2 ml/kg∙min post, respectively). No significant improvements (p ≥ 0.05) were observed in VO2 associated with ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1), nor in the intensity associated with VO2max and VT1. However, there was a tendency for the mentioned variables to decrease in the CON group, while in the EXP group the trend was to maintain or increase previous values. IMT did not determine an improvement in the perception of exertion at submaximal intensity. The use of POWERBreathe, as described in the present study, is feasible in terms of time and effort, although its benefits may not be significant.

Critical Velocity, Maximal Lactate Steady State, and Muscle MCT1 and MCT4 after Exhaustive Running in Mice.

Although the critical velocity (CV) protocol has been used to determine the aerobic capacity in rodents, there is a lack of studies that compare CV with maximal lactate steady state intensity (iMLSS) in mice. As a consequence, their physiological and molecular responses after exercise until exhaustion at CV intensity remain unclear. Thus, we aimed to compare and correlate CV with iMLSS in running mice, following different mathematical models for CV estimation. We also evaluated their physiological responses and muscle MCT1 and MCT4 after running until exhaustion at CV. Thirty C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups (exercised-E and control-C). Group E was submitted to a CV protocol (4 days), using linear (lin1 and lin2) and hyperbolic (hyp) mathematical models to determine the distance, velocity, and time to exhaustion (tlim) of each predictive CV trial, followed by an MLSS protocol. After a running effort until exhaustion at CV intensity, the mice were immediately euthanized, while group C was euthanized at rest. No differences were observed between iMLSS (21.1 ± 1.1 m.min-1) and CV estimated by lin1 (21.0 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.415), lin2 (21.3 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.209), and hyp (20.6 ± 0.9 m.min-1, p = 0.914). According to the results, CV was significantly correlated with iMLSS. After running until exhaustion at CV (tlim = 28.4 ± 8,29 min), group E showed lower concentrations of hepatic and gluteal glycogen than group C, but no difference in the content of MCT1 (p = 0.933) and MCT4 (p = 0.123) in soleus muscle. Significant correlations were not found between MCT1 and MCT4 and tlim at CV intensity. Our results reinforce that CV is a valid and non-invasive protocol to estimate the maximal aerobic capacity in mice and that the content of MCT1 and MCT4 was not decisive in determining the tlim at CV, at least when measured immediately after the running effort.

Chronic Adaptations to Eccentric Cycling Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of eccentric cycling (ECCCYC) training on performance, physiological, and morphological parameters in comparison to concentric cycling (CONCYC) training. Searches were conducted using PubMed, Embase, and ScienceDirect. Studies comparing the effect of ECCCYC and CONCYC training regimens on performance, physiological, and/or morphological parameters were included. Bayesian multilevel meta-analysis models were used to estimate the population's mean difference between chronic responses from ECCCYC and CONCYC training protocols. Group levels and meta-regression were used to evaluate the specific effects of subjects and study characteristics. Fourteen studies were included in this review. The meta-analyses showed that ECCCYC training was more effective in increasing knee extensor strength, vastus lateralis fiber cross-sectional area, and six-minute walking distance compared to CONCYC. Moreover, ECCCYC was as effective as CONCYC in decreasing body fat percentage. CONCYC was more effective in increasing V˙O2max and peak power output attained during concentric incremental tests. However, group-level analyses revealed that ECCCYC was more effective than CONCYC in improving V˙O2max in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases. ECCCYC is a viable modality for exercise interventions aiming to improve parameters of muscle strength, hypertrophy, functional capacity, aerobic power, and body composition, with more advantages than CONCYC training in improving neuromuscular variables.

Modeling the expenditure and reconstitution of distance above critical speed during two swimming interval training sessions.

In swimming, the speed-time relationship provides the critical speed (CS) and the maximum distance that can be performed above CS (D'). During intermittent severe intensity exercise, a complete D' depletion coincides with task failure, while a sub-CS intensity is required for D' reconstitution. Therefore, determining the balance D' remaining at any time during intermittent exercise (D'BAL) could improve training prescription. This study aimed to 1) test the D'BAL model for swimming; 2) determine an equation to estimate the time constant of the reconstitution of D' (τD'); and 3) verify if τD' is constant during two interval training sessions with the same work intensity and duration and recovery intensity, but different recovery duration. Thirteen swimmers determined CS and D' and performed two high-intensity interval sessions at a constant speed, with repetitions fixed at 50 m. The duration of passive recovery was based on the work/relief ratio of 2:1 (T2:1) and 4:1 (T4:1). There was a high variability between sessions for τD' (coefficient of variation of 306%). When τD' determined for T2:1 was applied in T4:1 and vice versa, the D'BAL model was inconsistent to predict the time to exhaustion (coefficient of variation of 29 and 28%). No linear or nonlinear relationships were found between τD' and CS, possibly due to the high within-subject variability of τD'. These findings suggest that τD' is not constant during two high-intensity interval sessions with the same recovery intensity. Therefore, the current D'BAL model was inconsistent to track D' responses for swimming sessions tested herein.

Associations among sleep, hematologic profile, and aerobic and anerobic capacity of young swimmers: A complex network approach.

Although the link between sleep and hematological parameters is well-described, it is unclear how this integration affects the swimmer's performance. The parameters derived from the non-invasive critical velocity protocol have been extensively used to evaluate these athletes, especially the aerobic capacity (critical velocity-CV) and the anaerobic work capacity (AWC). Thus, this study applied the complex network model to verify the influence of sleep and hematological variables on the CV and AWC of young swimmers. Thirty-eight swimmers (male, n = 20; female, n = 18) completed five experimental evaluations. Initially, the athletes attended the laboratory facilities for venous blood collection, anthropometric measurements, and application of sleep questionnaires. Over the 4 subsequent days, athletes performed randomized maximal efforts on distances of 100, 200, 400, and 800-m. The aerobic and anerobic parameters were determined by linear function between distance vs. time, where CV relates to the slope of regression and AWC to y-intercept. Weighted but untargeted networks were generated based on significant (p < 0.05) correlations among variables regardless of the correlation coefficient. Betweenness and eigenvector metrics were used to highlight the more important nodes inside the complex network. Regardless of the centrality metric, basophils and red blood cells appeared as influential nodes in the networks with AWC or CV as targets. The role of other hematologic components was also revealed in these metrics, along with sleep total time. Overall, these results trigger new discussion on the influence of sleep and hematologic profile on the swimmer's performance, and the relationships presented by this targeted complex network can be an important tool throughout the athlete's development.

Physical exercise for dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Trials regarding physical exercise in dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM) are heterogeneous. We aimed to summarize and critically analyze the available evidence to support the hypothesis that exercise is safe and improves strength and aerobic capacity. We performed a systematic review of clinical trials regarding physical exercise in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, without time restriction. We included studies from MEDLINE, EMBASE, SciELO, and Web of Science, published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, and reporting outcomes related to safety, muscle performance, or aerobic capacity. The certainty of evidence was evaluated in accordance with the GRADE methodology. Meta-analysis was carried using pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence interval as effect measure. We included 19 studies and 298 patients. The certainty of evidence was downgraded due to unbalanced confounding variables. The meta-analysis demonstrated improvements in strength (SMD [95% CI] = 0.61 [0.37-0.85], P < .00001) and aerobic capacity (SMD [95% CI] = 0.82 [0.29-1.34], P = .002), with no difference in creatine phosphokinase levels (SMD [95% CI] = - 0.23 [- 0.5-0.03], P = .08) after the interventions. No exacerbation was reported, and results were favorable in all stages of disease and ages, but might be different in the future with new classification criteria for PM and the inclusion of other idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Novel approaches such as blood flow restriction training and aquatic plyometric exercises were promising. Physical exercise in DM/PM patients of all ages is probably safe and moderately improves muscle strength and aerobic capacity.

Strength and VO2max Changes by Exercise Training According to Maturation State in Children.

The health benefits of physical activity (PA) are widely recognized; however, biological maturation contributions are a subject that has been little studied, which is why the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a six-week training program at moderate-intensity on the muscular strength and aerobic capacity in children between nine and 13 years (13 ± 1.0 years) according to their maturation state. Twenty-six schoolchildren (15 girls) participated in a six-week physical exercise program based on aerobic/anaerobic capacity and coordination skills. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), trunk-lift, push-ups, curl-ups, and handgrip strength (both hands) were measured as response variables. Body mass index (BMI), skeletal maturity indicator (SMI), peak height velocity (PHV), age on peak height velocity (APHV) and sex were considered as covariates. The results of VO2max, push-ups, curl-ups, and handgrip strength were higher after the exercise program in the whole group (p < 0.05). The VO2max showed a greater increase in the normal-weight than in the overweight-obesity children (p = 0.001). Higher results in dominant handgrip strength were observed in girls (p = 0.003). The PHV before intervention presented a positive correlation with the dominant handgrip strength in all kids (r = 0.70, p = 0.001). As a conclusion, the six-week training program improved the physical fitness of children independent of the maturation state. Somatic maturation increases the physical abilities in schoolchildren.

Cambio estacional en el rendimiento aeróbico de jugadores jóvenes de fútbol / Seasonal changes in the aerobic performance of young soccer players

Resumen Diker, G., Zileli, R., Özkamçı, H y Ön, S. (2021). Cambio estacional en el rendimiento aeróbico de jugadores jóvenes de fútbol. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. Los estudios longitudinales que evalúan el cambio estacional en la capacidad aeróbica de los jugadores de fútbol jóvenes de diferentes categorías de edad son limitados. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los cambios estacionales del nivel aeróbico de los jugadores de la academia juvenil de un equipo de fútbol profesional. Esta investigación se realizó con un total de 51 futbolistas de las categorías U14, U15, U16, U17 y U18 de un equipo de fútbol de élite. Las capacidades aeróbicas de los atletas se midieron mediante la prueba Yo-YoIRT 1. En los análisis, las evaluaciones de distribución normal de los datos se realizaron con la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk y las homogeneidades de varianza se probaron con la prueba de Levene. Se utilizó la prueba ANOVA de una vía para analizar todos los datos paramétricos; todas las evaluaciones estadísticas se realizaron con la ayuda del programa SPSS 21. De acuerdo con la prueba Yo-YoIRT 1, se determinaron aumentos y/o disminuciones en las evaluaciones de pretemporada, mitad de temporada y final de temporada. Como resultado, los sujetos de todas las categorías aumentaron significativamente al final de la temporada en comparación con la pretemporada y la temporada media. Los grupos de edad U14 y U16 lograron una aceleración creciente a partir de la pretemporada. Sin embargo, en los grupos de edad U15, U17, U18, la aceleración disminuye en la mitad de la temporada y aumenta al final de la temporada. Se cree que se pueden observar diferencias en las respuestas a las cargas de entrenamiento durante el crecimiento y la maduración. Se puede sugerir que el incremento al final de la temporada respecto a la pretemporada, en todos los grupos, puede deberse a que la adaptación de los deportistas a los programas de entrenamiento se ve afectada por las características del desarrollo en cuanto a las categorías de edad a lo largo del tiempo.

Abstract Diker, G., Zileli, R., Özkamçı, H & Ön, S. (2021). Seasonal changes in the aerobic performance of young soccer players. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. Longitudinal studies evaluating seasonal changes in the aerobic capacity of young soccer players of different age categories are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal changes in the aerobic level of young professional soccer players. This research study included 51 soccer players in the U14, U15, U16, U17, and U18 categories of an elite soccer team. Aerobic capacity in athletes was measured using the Yo-YoIRT 1 Test. In the analyses, normal distribution of data was assessed with the Shapiro-Wilk test, and homogeneity of variance was tested with the Levene's Test. A one-way ANOVA test was used to analyze parametric data. All statistical evaluations were conducted with the help of the SPSS 21 software package. According to the Yo-YoIRT 1 test, increases or decreases were determined in the pre-season, mid-season, and end-of-season evaluations. As a result, in the present study conducted to examine the seasonal changes of the young elite soccer players in the U14, U15, U16, U17, and U18 categories, Yo-YoIRT 1 values in all categories increased significantly at the end of the season when compared to the pre-season and the mid-season. U14 and U16 age groups gained increasing acceleration since the pre-season. However, in U15, U17, and U18 age groups, acceleration decreased in the middle of the season and increased at the end of the season. Differences may be observed in the responses to the training loads during maturation. It can be suggested that the increase at the end of the season compared to the pre-season in all groups may be due to the athletes' adaptation to training programs is affected by the developmental characteristics regarding age categories over time.

Resumo Diker, G., Zileli, R., Özkamçı, H e Ön, S. (2021). Alteração da temporada no desempenho aeróbico de jogadores juvenis de futebol. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(2), 1-16. Os estudos longitudinais que avaliam a alteração da temporada na capacidade aeróbica dos jogadores juvenis de futebol de diferentes categorias de idade são limitados. Este estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar as alterações da temporada no desempenho aeróbico dos jogadores da academia juvenil de uma equipe de futebol profissional. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com um total de 51 jogadores de futebol das categorias U14, U15, U16, U17 e U18 de uma equipe de futebol de elite. As capacidades aeróbicas dos atletas foram medidas por meio do teste Yo-YoIRT1. Nas análises, as avaliações de distribuição normal dos dados foram realizadas com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e as homogeneidades de variância foram aprovadas com o teste de Levene. Foi utilizado o teste ANOVA de uma via para analisar todos os dados paramétricos; todas as avaliações estatísticas foram realizadas com a ajuda do programa SPSS 21. De acordo com o teste Yo-YoIRT1, foram determinados aumentos e/ou reduções nas avaliações de pré-temporada, meio de temporada e final de temporada. Como resultado, os sujeitos de todas as categorias aumentaram significativamente no final da temporada em comparação com a pré-temporada e meados da temporada. Os grupos de idade U14 e U16 conseguiram uma aceleração crescente a partir da pré-temporada. Porém, nos grupos de idade U15, U17, U18, a aceleração diminui no meio da temporada e aumenta no final da temporada. Acredita-se que possam ser observadas diferenças nas respostas às cargas de treinamento durante o crescimento e a maturação. É possível sugerir que o aumento no final da temporada em relação à pré-temporada, em todos os grupos, deve-se ao fato de que a adaptação dos esportistas aos programas de treinamento se vê afetada pelas características do desenvolvimento no que diz respeito às categorias de idade ao longo do tempo.

Propuesta de test para evaluar la capacidad aeróbica en triatletas juveniles / Proposta de um teste para avaliar a capacidade aeróbica em triatletas juvenis / Test proposal to evaluate the aerobic capacity in youth triathletes

RESUMEN El deporte actual motiva la búsqueda de nuevas soluciones que permitan al atleta responder a altas exigencias físicas dentro de un deporte sostenible. Una solución es la búsqueda de pruebas para el control del rendimiento. El objetivo consistió en proponer un test de campo para la evaluación de la capacidad aeróbica y realizar un triatlón con valores inferiores en cuanto a distancia y duración respecto al triatlón sprint. Este estudio presenta una propuesta de test de campo para la evaluación de la capacidad aeróbica, realizando triatlones con distancias inferiores. La distancia se determinó mediante un estudio práctico de la actividad competitiva. La validación de los test fue aplicado a 12 atletas de la categoría juvenil, con una edad promedio de 16, 3 años (± 1,3). La validez de contenido se comprobó mediante el criterio de 12 especialistas que afirmaron que este representa de manera adecuada la capacidad aeróbica. La confiabilidad y la concordancia se comprobaron mediante la prueba de rangos de Wilcoxon, con una significación asintótica de 0,574. Por el criterio de equivalencia, se monitorizó la prueba mediante la comparación de valores de frecuencia cardíaca del test con los de un triatlón sprint simulado. Para la validez contrastada, se compararon los resultados de los triatletas con los de cinco nadadores, tres ciclistas y dos corredores de fondo. Los tiempos del test fueron inferiores en los triatletas, lo que confirmó que es específico para triatletas.

RESUMO O esporte de hoje motiva a busca de novas soluções que permitam ao atleta atender a altas exigências físicas dentro de um esporte sustentável. Uma solução é a busca de testes de monitoramento de rendimento. O objetivo era propor um teste de campo para a avaliação da capacidade aeróbica e realizar um triatlo com valores mais baixos em termos de distância e duração do que um triatlo de sprint. Este estudo apresenta uma proposta de teste de campo para a avaliação da capacidade aeróbica, realizando triatlos com distâncias mais curtas. A distância foi determinada por um estudo prático da atividade competitiva. A validação dos testes foi aplicada a 12 atletas da categoria jovem, com idade média de 16,3 anos (± 1,3). A validez do conteúdo foi verificada pelos critérios de 12 especialistas que afirmaram que ele representa adequadamente a capacidade aeróbica. A confiabilidade e a concordância foram testadas por Wilcoxon rank test, com um significado assimptótico de 0,574. Para o critério de equivalência, o teste foi monitorado pela comparação dos valores de frequência cardíaca do teste com os de um triatlo de sprint simulado. Para a validade do teste, os resultados dos triatletas foram comparados com os de cinco nadadores, três ciclistas e dois corredores de longa distância. Os tempos de teste foram menores nos triatletas, confirmando que é específico para os triatletas.

ABSTRACTS Today's sport motivates the search for new solutions that allow the athlete to respond to high physical demands within a sustainable sport. One solution is to search for tests for performance monitoring. The aim of this study is to propose a field test for the evaluation of aerobic capacity, carrying out a triathlon with lower values in terms of distance and duration with respect to the sprint triathlon. The study presents a field test proposal for the evaluation of aerobic capacity performing triathlons with shorter distances. The distance was determined through a practical study of competitive activity. In the validation, the test was applied to 12 athletes of the youth category with an average age of 16.3 years (± 1,3). The content validity was verified using the criteria of 12 specialists who stated that it adequately represents the aerobic capacity. Reliability and concordance were checked using the Wilcoxon rank test where asymptotic significance was 0.574. By the equivalence criterion, the test was monitored by comparing heart rate values with those of a simulated sprint triathlon. For the contrasted validity, the results of the triathletes were compared with those of five swimmers, three cyclists and two long-distance runners. The test times were lower in the triathletes, confirming that the test is specific for triathletes.

Use of external nasal strip influences alveolar cell population of horses after exercise / Uso de fita nasal influencia a população de células alveolares em equinos após exercício

The nasal strip is widely used in horses during exercise, but effects of using a nasal strip are controversial and little is known about its effect on horses undergoing endurance events. The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of nasal strips influences alveolar cell population assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), tidal volume, and nasal airflow rate. Six Arabian horses were subjected to two low intensity tests on a treadmill, with and without application of a commercial external nasal strip. Tidal volumes and airflow rates were measured during the test; two hours after the test, BAL was performed to assess cytology of pulmonary secretions. The lavage fluid showed increased neutrophil count after exercise in animals with the nasal strip (P<0.05). This suggests that turbulence of airflow through the nasal cavity may have diminished with nasal strip use, thus allowing larger particles to be deposited more distally in the respiratory system, inducing a more intense neutrophilic response. No differences in tidal volumes or airflow rates were observed between groups (with or without nasal strips) during the test (P>0.05). The use of nasal strips seems to influence alveolar cell population during and after exercise in horses after low intensity exercise tests. Further studies are needed to verify whether alveolar cell population is related to poor exercise performance in horses.(AU)

A fita nasal é amplamente utilizada em equinos durante o exercício, porém seus resultados são controversos e pouco conhecidos em animais que disputam provas de resistência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o uso da fita nasal influencia a população de células alveolares por meio de lavado broncoalveolar, volume corrente e fluxo de ar nasal. Foram utilizados seis equinos da raça Árabe, que realizaram dois testes de longa duração em esteira, sendo um teste com a fita e outro sem a fita nasal. Fluxo e volume respiratório foram mensurados durante o teste; duas horas após o término do exercício, foi realizado lavado broncoalveolar para realização de citologia da secreção pulmonar. Foi verificada maior porcentagem de neutrófilos após o exercício nos animais que se exercitaram com a fita nasal (P<0,05), indicando que o turbilhonamento na passagem do ar através da cavidade nasal pode ter diminuído, permitindo que partículas maiores se depositassem em porções mais distais do sistema respiratório, induzindo uma resposta neutrofílica mais intensa. Não houve diferenças entre os parâmetros ventilatórios analisados entre os animais quando correram com ou sem a fita nasal (P>0,05). O uso da fita nasal parece influenciar alguns parâmetros, durante e após o exercício, em animais que realizam provas de longa duração. Outros estudos devem ser realizados para verificar se essa influência pode melhorar o desempenho desses animais em exercícios predominantemente aeróbicos.(AU)

Exercise Training Improved Pulmonary Gas Exchange Abnormalities in Pulmonary Hypertension due to Heart Failure: A Case Report

Abstract Heart failure (HF) is the most common cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH), and reduced exercise capacity and exertional dyspnea are the most frequent concerns in patients with PH-HF. Indeed, carbon dioxide end-tidal partial pressure (PETCO 2 ) during exercise is a well-established noninvasive marker of ventilation/perfusion ratio in PH. We aimed to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise training on PETCO 2 response during exercise in a 59-year-old woman with PH secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. The patient with chronic fatigue and dyspnea at mild-to-moderate efforts was admitted to a cardiorespiratory rehabilitation program and had her cardiorespiratory response to exercise assessed during a cardiopulmonary exercise testing performed before and after three months of a thrice-weekly aerobic exercise training program. Improvements in aerobic capacity (23.9%) and endurance time (37.5%) and reduction in ventilatory inefficiency (-20.2%) was found after intervention. Post-intervention improvements in PETCO 2 at ventilatory anaerobic threshold (23.3%) and change in PETCO 2 kinetics pattern, with progressive increases from rest to peak of exercise, were also found. Patient also improved breathing pattern and timing of ventilation. This case report demonstrated for the first time that aerobic exercise training might be able to improve PETCO 2 response during exercise in a patient with PH-HF.

Effect of Regular Aerobic Training on Serum C-Reactive Protein and IL-6 Levels in Obese Women.

OBJECTIVE: This study's objective was to evaluate interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) responses and performance changes in obese women after 8 weeks of aerobic training with an intensity of 50 to 60% of their individual maximum oxygen uptake (VO2). METHODS: A total of 18 sedentary women with an average age of 44.3 (± 1.9) years volunteered for this study. Over a period of 8 weeks, in 4 40-minute sessions per week, the participants walked at an exercise intensity that caused their heart rates to increase to levels corresponding to 50 to 60% of their VO2 peaks. Blood samples were collected from the participants, both when they were at rest and a couple of minutes after the end of the 1st exercise session. Sampling was repeated in the 4th and 8th weeks, before and after the last training sessions. RESULTS: The participants' body mass indices and weights decreased significantly by the end of the 8th week, while their maximum running speeds and VO2 peaks increased significantly. There were no differences in CRP or IL- 6 concentrations between the pre- and post-training sessions, but most of the participants' IL-6 levels dropped below 10 pg/ml after 8 weeks of training. CONCLUSION: Although no significant changes were observed in CRP or IL-6 concentrations, it is important to note that in response to aerobic training, the IL-6 levels of most of the participants fell to what is generally considered acceptable.

Acute and Chronic Effects of Interval Training on the Immune System: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: To summarize the evidence regarding the acute and chronic effects of interval training (IT) in the immune system through a systematic review with meta-analysis. DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCE: English, Portuguese and Spanish languages search of the electronic databases Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, and SciELO. Eligibility criteria: Studies such as clinical trials, randomized cross-over trials and randomized clinical trials, investigating the acute and chronic effects of IT on the immune outcomes in humans. RESULTS: Of the 175 studies retrieved, 35 were included in the qualitative analysis and 18 in a meta-analysis. Within-group analysis detected significant acute decrease after IT on immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretory rate (n = 115; MD = -15.46 µg·min-1; 95%CI, -28.3 to 2.66; p = 0.02), total leucocyte count increase (n = 137; MD = 2.58 × 103 µL-1; 95%CI, 1.79 to 3.38; p < 0.001), increase in lymphocyte count immediately after exercise (n = 125; MD = 1.3 × 103 µL-1; 95%CI, 0.86 to 1.75; p < 0.001), and decrease during recovery (30 to 180 min post-exercise) (n = 125; MD = -0.36 × 103 µL-1;-0.57 to -0.15; p < 0.001). No effect was detected on absolute IgA (n = 127; MD = 47.5 µg·mL-1; 95%CI, -10.6 to 105.6; p = 0.11). Overall, IT might acutely reduce leucocyte function. Regarding chronic effects IT improved immune function without change leucocyte count. CONCLUSION: IT might provide a transient disturbance on the immune system, followed by reduced immune function. However, regular IT performance induces favorable adaptations on immune function.

Aerobic Fitness is a Predictor of Body Composition in Women With Breast Cancer at Diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of aerobic fitness (AF) at diagnosis, before treatment and its relationship with body composition, physical function, lipidic profile, comorbidities, tumor characteristics, and quality of life of women with breast cancer (BC) PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional cohort study included 78 women with BC that were assessed before treatment. A 6-minute walk test was used to evaluate the subjects' AF, estimating the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) to classify the women with BC into 2 groups: good/excellent AF or fair/weak/very weak AF. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was performed to assess body composition. The International Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Fatigue questionnaires were applied to assess the level of physical activity and the quality of life, respectively. RESULTS: Among the women included, the majority (81%) had the luminal subtype of BC. Most of the women were diagnosed with T1/T2 tumors and with negative axillary lymph nodes. We found that women with BC with good/excellent AF (VO2max = 32.9 ± 6.0 mL/kg/min-1) presented significantly lower weight, body mass index, abdominal circumference, percentual and total body fat, and bone mineral density compared with women with fair/weak/very weak AF (VO2max = 21.8 ± 6.9 mL/kg/min-1). Also, women with BC with good/excellent AF showed better performance on physical functional tests. No relationship between estimated VO2max and comorbidities, tumor characteristics, or quality of life was found. CONCLUSION: AF is a predictor of body composition and physical function in women with BC. These data suggest that women with BC with higher AF can decrease the chance of adverse effects during BC treatment.

Seasonal changes in the aerobic performance of young soccer players / Cambio estacional en el rendimiento aeróbico de jugadores de fútbol jóvenes

Abstract Diker, G., Zileli, R., Özkamçı, H & Ön, S. (2021). Seasonal changes in the aerobic performance of young soccer players. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-16. Longitudinal studies evaluating seasonal changes in the aerobic capacity of young soccer players of different age categories are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal changes in the aerobic level of young professional soccer players. This research study included 51 soccer players in the U14, U15, U16, U17, and U18 categories of an elite soccer team. Aerobic capacity in athletes was measured using the Yo-YoIRT 1 Test. In the analyses, normal distribution of data was assessed with the Shapiro-Wilk test, and homogeneity of variance was tested with the Levene's Test. A one-way ANOVA test was used to analyze parametric data. All statistical evaluations were conducted with the help of the SPSS 21 software package. According to the Yo-YoIRT 1 test, increases or decreases were determined in the pre-season, mid-season, and end-of-season evaluations. As a result, in the present study conducted to examine the seasonal changes of the young elite soccer players in the U14, U15, U16, U17, and U18 categories, Yo-YoIRT 1 values in all categories increased significantly at the end of the season when compared to the pre-season and the mid-season. U14 and U16 age groups gained increasing acceleration since the pre-season. However, in U15, U17, and U18 age groups, acceleration decreased in the middle of the season and increased at the end of the season. Differences may be observed in the responses to the training loads during maturation. It can be suggested that the increase at the end of the season compared to the pre-season in all groups may be due to the athletes' adaptation to training programs is affected by the developmental characteristics regarding age categories over time.

Resumen Diker, G., Zileli, R., Özkamçı, H y Ön, S. (2021). Cambio estacional en el rendimiento aeróbico de jugadores de fútbol jóvenes. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-16. Los estudios longitudinales que evalúan el cambio estacional en la capacidad aeróbica de los jugadores de fútbol jóvenes de diferentes categorías de edad son limitados. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los cambios estacionales del nivel aeróbico de los jugadores de la academia juvenil de un equipo de fútbol profesional. Esta investigación se realizó con un total de 51 futbolistas de las categorías U14, U15, U16, U17 y U18 de un equipo de fútbol de élite. Las capacidades aeróbicas de los atletas se midieron mediante la prueba Yo-YoIRT 1. En los análisis, las evaluaciones de distribución normal de los datos se realizaron con la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk y las homogeneidades de varianza se probaron con la prueba de Levene. Se utilizó la prueba ANOVA de una vía para analizar todos los datos paramétricos; todas las evaluaciones estadísticas se realizaron con la ayuda del programa SPSS 21. De acuerdo con la prueba Yo YoIRT 1, se determinaron aumentos y/o disminuciones en las evaluaciones de pretemporada, mitad de temporada y final de temporada. Como resultado, los sujetos de todas las categorías aumentaron significativamente al final de la temporada en comparación con la pretemporada y la temporada media. Los grupos de edad U14 y U16 lograron una aceleración creciente a partir de la pretemporada. Sin embargo, en los grupos de edad U15, U17, U18, la aceleración disminuye en la mitad de la temporada y aumenta al final de la temporada. Se cree que se pueden observar diferencias en las respuestas a las cargas de entrenamiento durante el crecimiento y la maduración. Se puede sugerir que el incremento al final de la temporada respecto a la pretemporada, en todos los grupos, puede deberse a que la adaptación de los deportistas a los programas de entrenamiento se ve afectada por las características del desarrollo en cuanto a las categorías de edad a lo largo del tiempo.

Resumo Diker, G., Zileli, R., Özkamçı, H e Ön, S. (2021). Alteração da temporada no desempenho aeróbico de jogadores juvenis de futebol. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 19(1), 1-16. Os estudos longitudinais que avaliam a alteração da temporada na capacidade aeróbica dos jogadores juvenis de futebol de diferentes categorias de idade são limitados. Este estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar as alterações da temporada no desempenho aeróbico dos jogadores da academia juvenil de uma equipe de futebol profissional. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com um total de 51 jogadores de futebol das categorias U14, U15, U16, U17 e U18 de uma equipe de futebol de elite. As capacidades aeróbicas dos atletas foram medidas por meio do teste Yo-YoIRT1. Nas análises, as avaliações de distribuição normal dos dados foram realizadas com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e as homogeneidades de variância foram aprovadas com o teste de Levene. Foi utilizado o teste ANOVA de uma via para analisar todos os dados paramétricos; todas as avaliações estatísticas foram realizadas com a ajuda do programa SPSS 21. De acordo com o teste Yo-YoIRT1, foram determinados aumentos e/ou reduções nas avaliações de pré- temporada, meio de temporada e final de temporada. Como resultado, os sujeitos de todas as categorias aumentaram significativamente no final da temporada em comparação com a pré- temporada e meados da temporada. Os grupos de idade U14 e U16 conseguiram uma aceleração crescente a partir da pré-temporada. Porém, nos grupos de idade U15, U17, U18, a aceleração diminui no meio da temporada e aumenta no final da temporada. Acredita-se que possam ser observadas diferenças nas respostas às cargas de treinamento durante o crescimento e a maturação. É possível sugerir que o aumento no final da temporada em relação à pré-temporada, em todos os grupos, deve-se ao fato de que a adaptação dos esportistas aos programas de treinamento se vê afetada pelas características do desenvolvimento no que diz respeito às categorias de idade ao longo do tempo.