Análise Comparativa do ECG com o Holter na avaliação da Frequência Cardíaca na Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Reduzida e Ritmo Sinusal / Comparative Analysis of ECG and Holter Monitoring in the Assessment of Heart Rate in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction and Sinus Rhythm

Resumo Fundamento A frequência cardíaca (FC) na insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) e ritmo sinusal apresenta valor prognóstico. Entretanto, o método de mensuração é debatido na literatura. Objetivos Comparar em pacientes com ICFEr e ritmo sinusal a FC no Holter com três eletrocardiogramas de repouso: ECG1, ECG2 e ECG3. Metodologia Estudo transversal com 135 pacientes portadores de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção ≤ 40% e ritmo sinusal. A FC foi avaliada por ECG e Holter. Análises incluíram o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI), regressão robusta, raiz do erro quadrático médio, Bland-Altman e a área sobre a curva ROC. Adotou-se nível de significância de 0,05 e o ajuste de Bonferroni-Holm para minimizar erros tipo I. Resultados As medianas [intervalo interquartil] de idade e fração de ejeção foram de 65 anos [16] e 30% [11], respectivamente. O CCI dos 3 ECG foi de 0,922 (intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,892; 0,942). Os coeficientes de regressão robusta para ECG1 e ECG3 foram 0,20 (intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,12; 0,29) e 0,21 (intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,06; 0,36). O R2 robusto foi de 0,711 (intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,628; 0,76). Na análise de concordância de Bland-Altman, os limites de concordância foram de −17,0 (intervalo de confiança de 95%: −19,0; −15,0) e 32,0 (intervalo de confiança de 95%: 30,0; 34,0). A área sob a curva ROC foi de 0,896 (intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,865; 0,923). Conclusão A FC do ECG mostrou alta concordância com a FC do Holter, validando seu uso clínico em pacientes com ICFEr e ritmo sinusal. Contudo, a concordância foi subótima em um terço dos pacientes com FC inferior a 70 bpm pelo ECG, devendo ser considerada a realização de Holter neste contexto.

Abstract Background Heart rate (HR) has shown prognostic value in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and sinus rhythm. However, the method of measurement is debated in the literature. Objectives To compare HR on Holter with 3 resting electrocardiograms (ECG1, ECG2, and ECG3) in patients with HFrEF and sinus rhythm. Methods This was a cross-sectional study with 135 patients with heart failure with ejection fraction ≤ 40% and sinus rhythm. HR was assessed by ECG and Holter. Analyses included intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), robust regression, root mean squared error, Bland-Altman, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A significance level of 0.05 and Bonferroni-Holm adjustment were adopted to minimize type I errors. Results The median [interquartile range] age and ejection fraction were 65 years [16] and 30% [11], respectively. The ICC of the 3 ECGs was 0.922 (95% confidence interval: 0.892; 0.942). The robust regression coefficients for ECG1 and ECG3 were 0.20 (95% confidence interval: 0.12; 0.29) and 0.21 (95% confidence interval: 0.06; 0.36). The robust R2 was 0.711 (95% confidence interval: 0.628; 0.76). In the Bland-Altman agreement analysis, the limits of agreement were −17.0 (95% confidence interval: −19.0; −15.0) and 32.0 (95% confidence interval: 30.0; 34.0). The area under the ROC curve was 0.896 (95% confidence interval: 0.865; 0.923). Conclusion The HR on ECG showed high agreement with the HR on Holter, validating its clinical use in patients with HFrEF and sinus rhythm. However, agreement was suboptimal in one third of patients with HR below 70 bpm on ECG; thus, 24-hour Holter monitoring should be considered in this context.

Mathematical law of cardiac dynamic systems: reduction of its evaluation time to 18 hours / [Ley matemática de los sistemas dinámicos cardiacos: reducción de su tiempo de evaluación a 18 horas]

Introduction: Previously, a physical-mathematical law was developed for the evaluation of continuous electrocardiographic and Holter registers, with which all cardiac attractors were deduced and normality, pathological states and evolution between states were differentiated.There were taken 200 cardiac dynamics, 150 with different types of cardiac pathologies and 50 normal ones, to which the exponential law was applied in 18 and 21 hours. For this, a sequence of heart rates was simulated, with which the chaotic attractor was constructed. Next, the mathematical diagnosis was determined with the law based on the spatial occupation of the attractor, and the fractal dimension was calculated. Finally, statistical validation of the mathematical method in 18 hours was performed against the Gold Standard. Results: Subjects with normal chaotic cardiac dynamics presented values in the Kp grid between 205 and 384, whereas subjects with pathological dynamics presented values between 61 and 191 in 18 hours. The evaluation of the concordance between the mathematical diagnosis in 18 hours and the conventional evaluation, taken as Gold Standard resulted in sensitivity and specificity values of 100% and a Kappa coefficient of 1. Conclusion: It was confirmed the clinical capacity of the law to diagnose objectively and with reproducibility in 18 hours.

Alterações eletrocardiográficas em pacientes com Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana tratados com antimoniato de meglumina: revisão integrativa / Electrocardiographic changes in patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis treated with meglumine antimoniate: integrative review

Introdução: a Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA) é uma infecção zoonótica cujo tratamento é realizado com a droga antimoniato de meglumina (AM). Objetivo: Relatar as alterações eletrocardiográficas decorrentes do uso de AM em pacientes com LTA. Metodologia: foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura por meio das bases de dados BIREME, PUBMED, COCHRANE, SCIELO e literatura cinzenta, usando como estratégia de busca o cruzamento dos seguintes descritores, nos idiomas português e inglês: leishmaniose cutânea, eletrocardiografia, meglumina e toxicidade. Não foi estipulado um intervalo temporal para que um maior número de publicações fosse obtido. Resultados: foram encontrados 134 artigos, desses apenas 09 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. As principais alterações eletrocardiográficas encontradas durante a terapêutica foram as alterações de repolarização ventricular, com destaque para o prolongamento do intervalo QT corrigido pela frequência cardíaca. Já entre as alterações mais graves em termos de morbimortalidade, destacam-se as arritmias ventriculares complexas, principalmente a Torsade de pointes. Discussão: em todos os artigos selecionados foram encontradas alterações ao eletrocardiograma (ECG) durante o tratamento com AM, sendo recomendado em todos os pacientes, o acompanhamento eletrocardiográfico. Apenas um estudo excluiu as alterações do ECG basal, presença de comorbidades e uso de drogas cardiotóxicas sendo esses possíveis vieses para avaliação da toxicidade cardíaca diretamente provocada pelo antimonial. Conclusão: considerando as alterações na repolarização ventricular e as possíveis arritmias ventriculares em pacientes em tratamento para LTA em uso de AM, o acompanhamento eletrocardiográfico é recomendado durante a terapêutica de todos esses pacientes, sendo útil para prevenção de complicações cardiovasculares importantes.

Introduction: American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) is a zoonotic infection whose treatment is carried out with the meglumine antimoniate drug (AM). Objective: To report the electrocardiographic changes resulting from the use of AM in patients with ATL. Methodology: an integrative literature review was carried out using the BIREME, PUBMED, COCHRANE, SCIELO and gray literature databases, using as a search strategy the crossing of the following descriptors, in Portuguese and English: cutaneous leishmaniasis, electrocardiography, meglumine and toxicity. A time interval was not stipulated in order to obtain a greater number of publications. Results: we found 134 articles, of which only 9 met the inclusion criteria. The main electrocardiographic changes found during therapy were changes in ventricular repolarization, with emphasis on the prolongation of the QT interval corrected by heart rate. Already the most serious changes in terms of morbidity and mortality, complex ventricular arrhythmias, especially Torsade de pointes, stand out. Discussion: changes in the electrocardiogram (ECG) were found in all selected articles during treatment with AM, with electrocardiographic monitoring being recommended in all patients. Only one study excluded: changes in the baseline ECG, the presence of comorbidities and / or use of cardiotoxic drugs, these being possible biases to assess cardiac toxicity directly caused by the antimonial. Conclusion: considering the changes in ventricular repolarization and possible ventricular arrhythmias in patients undergoing treatment for ATL using AM, electrocardiographic monitoring is recommended during the therapy of all these patients, being useful for the prevention of important cardiovascular complications.

Electrocardiografía en chequeo médico precompetitivo: subanálisis de un registro unicéntrico prospectivo / Electrocardiography in pre-competitive medical fit: Subanalysis of a prospective single-center registry

Resumen Introducción: La interpretación del electrocardiograma del deportista muchas veces se ve complicada por los cambios producidos por el entrenamiento prolongado. Objetivos: Comparar la aplicación de los criterios de Seattle para valoración electrocardiográfica en deportistas en un grupo de cardiólogos del instituto de Cardiología y medicina del deporte, contra un profesional especializado en electrocardiografía del deportista, bajo los mismos criterios. Material y métodos: Sobre una base de datos prospectiva de pacientes que concurrieron al centro de medicina del deporte entre junio de 2017 y enero de 2018 para realización de apto físico, se incluyeron para el análisis 499 electrocardiogramas. Siete cardiólogos del Instituto de deportes (IW) valoraron los electrocardiogramas como "normales"; "alteraciones normales" o "alteraciones dudosas o anormales" (que requirieron más estudios en el seguimiento) conociendo los antecedentes del paciente al igual que los estudios realizados y la valoración cruzada de los electrocardiogramas dentro del instituto. Un cardiólogo del cuerpo médico de Boca Juniors especializado en electrocardiografía del deportista (FR) valoró los 499 electrocardiogramas de manera ciega (sin conocer los datos demográficos de los pacientes o los antecedentes patológicos) utilizando los mismos criterios. Resultados: De un total de 499 electrocardiogramas, 448 (89%) fueron interpretados como normales por el especialista en electrocardiografía del deporte vs. 459 (91%) por los cardiólogos del instituto de deporte. Respecto a alteraciones normales, 21 (4%) electrocardiogramas fueron considerados como alteraciones normales para el especialista en electrocardiografía vs. 23 (4%) por el instituto de deportes. 30 (6%) electrocardiogramas presentaron alteraciones dudosas o anormales para el especialista vs. 17 (3%) para el instituto de deporte. Conclusiones: La interpretación electrocardiográfica puede presentar variaciones de un centro a otro a pesar de utilizar criterios estandarizados. Es probable que la evaluación clínica influencie los resultados.

Abstract Introduction: The interpretation of the athlete's electrocardiogram is often complicated by the changes produced by prolonged training. Objective: To compare the application of Seattle criteria for electrocardiographic assessment in a group of cardiologists against a professional specialized in electrocardiography of the athlete under the same criteria. Material and methods: On a prospective database of recreational athletes who attended between June 2017 and January 2018 to perform physical fitness, 499 electrocardiograms were included for the analysis. Seven cardiologists from the Sports Institute (IW) rated the electrocardiograms as "normal"; "Normal alterations" or "dubious or abnormal alterations" knowing the patient's background as well as the studies performed. A cardiologist from the Boca Juniors medical team specialized in sportsman's electrocardiography (RF) assessed the 499 electrocardiograms blindly (without knowing the demographic data of the patients or the pathological background) using the same criteria. Results: Out of a total of 499 electrocardiograms, 448 (89%) were interpreted as normal by the sports electrocardiography specialist vs 459 (91%) by the cardiologists of the sports institute. Regarding normal alterations, 21 (4%) electrocardiograms were considered normal alterations for the electrocardiography specialist vs 23 (4%) by the sports institute. 30 (6%) electrocardiograms showed doubtful or abnormal alterations for the specialist vs 17 (3%) for the sports institute. Conclusions: The electrocardiographic interpretation can present variations from one center to another despite using standardized criteria. It is likely that the clinical evaluation.

Dinámica cardiaca del adulto evaluada mediante las proporciones de la entropía / Adult dynamic heart evaluated by the proportions of entropy

Resumen Introducción: A partir de la teoría de los sistemas dinámicos, junto con la teoría de la probabilidad y el concepto de entropía se ha desarrollado una nueva metodología matemática de aplicación clínica. Objetivo: Aplicar la metodología previamente desarrollada para evaluar la dinámica cardíaca de adulto utilizando para ello la probabilidad y proporciones de la entropía del atractor. Materiales y métodos: Se desarrolló un estudio ciego tomando como Gold Standard el diagnóstico convencional emitido por un experto con 480 holter, 30 dinámicas normales y 450 con diferentes patologías; para cada holter se generó un atractor numérico cuantificando la probabilidad de aparición de parejas ordenadas de frecuencias cardiacas consecutivas, evaluando posteriormente la entropía, relación S/k y proporciones para cada dinámica durante mínimo 18 horas. Fueron hallados los valores de sensibilidad, especificidad y coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: La metodología aplicada permitió diferenciar cuantitativamente normalidad de enfermedad, encontrando los valores de las proporciones en los rangos establecidos. Los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad fueron de 100%, y el coeficiente Kappa fue de 1. Conclusión: A partir de las distribuciones de probabilidad de la aparición de parejas ordenadas de frecuencias cardiacas consecutivas y de su entropía es posible diagnosticar la dinámica cardiaca durante mínimo 18 horas.

Abstract Introduction: A new mathematical methodology of clinical application has been developed from the theory of dynamic systems, together with the theory of probability and the concept of entropy. Objective: To apply the methodology previously developed to evaluate the heart dynamics of adult through the probability and proportions of entropy of the attractor. Materials and methods: A blind study was developed taking as Gold Standard the conventional diagnosis issued by an expert with 480 Holter, 30 normal dynamics and 450 with different pathologies. For each Holter, a numerical attractor was generated by quantifying the probability of appearance of consecutive pairs of cardiac frequencies, subsequently evaluating entropy, S/K ratio and proportions for each dynamic for at least 18 hours. The values of sensitivity, specificity and Kappa coefficient were found. Results: The applied methodology allowed to differentiate quantitatively normality of disease, finding the values of the proportions in the established ranges. The sensitivity and specificity values were 100%, and Kappa coefficient was 1. Conclusion: It is possible to diagnose cardiac dynamics for at least 18 hours based on the probability distributions of the appearance of consecutive pairs of cardiac frequencies and their entropy.

Sistemas dinámicos aplicados a la dinámica cardiaca en 18 horas mediante una ley matemática exponencial / Dynamical systems applied to cardiac dynamics in 18 hours by an exponential mathematical law

Objetivo: confirmar la capacidad diagnostica de una ley exponencial de ayuda diagnostica, desarrollada para 21 horas con base en la teoría de sistemas dinámicos junto con la geometría fractal, en evaluaciones realizadas en 18 horas, mediante un estudio de concordancia diagnóstica con respecto al Gold estándar. Materiales y métodos:se realizó un estudio de 60 dinámicas cardiacas evaluadas en Holter y registros electrocardiográficos continuos, de los cuales 15 provienen de sujetos normales y 45 de pacientes con diferentes tipos de patologías cardiacas. Se desarrollaron simulaciones teóricas de la secuencia de las frecuencias cardiacas durante 18 horas, y se construyeron atractores. Se calculó la dimensión fractal de cada atractor y su ocupación espacial en el espacio generalizado de Box-Counting. Se determinó el diagnóstico matemático a partir de la ley y se calculó sensibilidad, especificidad y coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: se encontraron valores para normalidad entre 219 y 373 en la rejilla Kp y entre 49 y 70 para enfermedad aguda, evidenciando que el método permite diferenciar normalidad de enfermedad aguda mediante la ocupación espacial de los atractores valorados desde la ley matemática en 18 horas. Se encontraron valores de sensibilidad y especificidad del 100% y un coeficiente Kappa de 1 al comparar el diagnóstico físico-matemático con el Gold estándar. Conclusión: la ley exponencial de los sistemas dinámicos cardiacos aplicada en 18 horas es útil como herramientade ayuda diagnóstica, permitiendo cuantificar casos normales, en evolución hacia la enfermedad y en estados agudos...(AU)

Objective: to confirm the diagnostic capacity of an exponential diagnostic aid law, developed for 21 hours, based on the theory of dynamic systems along with the fractal geometry, in evaluations carried out in 18 hours, through a diagnostic concordance study with respect to the gold standard. Materials and methods: a study of 60 cardiac dynamics evaluated in Holter and continuous electrocardiographic recordings was performed, of which 15 come from normal subjects and 45 from patients with different types of heart diseases. Theoretical simulations of the sequence of heart rates were developed for 18 hours, and were built attractors. The fractal dimension of each attractor and its spatial occupation in the generalized Box-Counting space was calculated.Mathematical diagnosis is determined from the law and sensitivity, specificity and Kappa coefficient was calculated. Results: values normally found between 219 and 373 in the Kp grid and between 49 and 70 for acute disease, showing that the method can differentiate normal acute disease by spatial occupation of attractors assessed from the mathematical law in 18 hours. Sensitivity and specificity of 100% and a Kappa coefficient of 1 were found by comparing the physical-mathematical diagnosis with the Gold standard. Conclusion: the exponential mathematical law of cardiac dynamic systems applied in 18 hours is useful as a diagnostic aid tool, allowing quantifying normal cases, evolving towards disease and acute conditions...(AU)

Parámetros clínicos y electrocardiográficos por décadas de vida. Análisis por el Holter de 24 horas / Clinical and electrocardiographics parameters, for decades of life. Analysis for the Holter of 24 hours

INTRODUCCIÓN: el electrocardiograma, tiene variaciones normales, de acuerdo con las edades, existiendo alteraciones del ritmo cardiaco, conforme avanza la edad; asi mismo los síntomas y su correlación con las arritmias, varían con la edad y con el sexo de los pacientes. Estas variaciones, pueden registrarse mejor con el Holter de 24 horas. OBJETIVOS: utilizar el Holter de 24 horas, para indagar variaciones, por décadas de vida de: síntomas, arritmias, correlacion síntomas- arritmias y la diferencia de estas variables según el sexo de los pacientes. METODOS: Se efectuaron 1220 estudios a 662 mujeres y a 558 hombres con un rango de edad entre 1 y 93 años. Las variables fueron: edad, sexo, síntomas (disnea, síncope, palpitaciones, lipotimia y dolor precordial); arritmias ventriculares y supraventriculares; correlación positiva, cuándo la arritmia coincidió con el síntoma, correlación negativa, si la arritmia no concidió con el síntoma o el mismo estuvo ausente; si no se registraron arritmias, el estudio fue calificado como normal, Los pacientes fueron clasificados por décadas de vida, correlacionandose las distintas variables con los grupos etareos. RESULTADOS: pacientes sintomáticos 42%. Arritmias 82%. Correlación positiva 23%. Estudios normales 18%. Los hombres predominaron en las edades extremas. Las palpitaciones fueron el síntoma más frecuente, predominando en la década de los 30. Las lipotimias, fueron más frecuentes conforme aumentaba la edad. Las extrasístoles aumentaron en frecuencia conforme la edad avanzaba. La Taquicardia Supraventricular, aumentó progresivamente desde los 30 años. La Fibrilación y Aleteo Auriculares, empezaron a presentarse a los 40 años, haciendose más frecuentes en cada década. Paro Sinusal, se presentó a los 60 años. El Bloqueo A-V Completo, fue mayor al final de las edades. La correlación positiva, fue frecuente en las edades medias. Los estudios normales fueron frecuentes solamente en las primeras edades. Las arritmias, fueron incrementándose, según avanzaba la edad. CONCLUSIÓN: en cada grupo etario, los parámetros clínicos y electrocardiográficos, son diferentes; los pacientes sintomáticos, así como la correlación positiva, son menos frecuentes en las edades extremas; determinadas arritmias se registran cada vez más frecuente, según la edad avanza, debido al progresivo envejecimiento del sistema excitoconductor.

INTRODUCTION: the electrocardiogram , has normal variations in accordance with the ages, existing alterations of the heart rhythm as the age advances , likewise the symptoms and its correlation with the arrhythmias, the vary with the age and the sex of the patients, these variations can register better with the 24 hours Holter monitoring. OBJETIVES: to use the 24 hour Holter monitoring, to investigate variations, for decades oflife of: symptoms, arrhythmias, correlation symptoms-arrhythmias, and the difference of these variables, according to the sex of patients. METHODS: the made studies were 1220, to 662 women and 558 man, with an age range between 1 and 93 years. The variables were: age, sex, symptoms (dyspnea, syncope, presyncope, palpitations and chest pain); ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias; positive correlation, when the arrhythmia coincide with the symptom; negative correlation, if the arrhythmia didn't coincide with the symptom, or the same on was absent; if they didn't register arrhythmias, the study qualified as normal. The patients were classified by decades of life, being correlated the different variables with the age groups. RESULTS: symptomatic patients 42%, Arrhythmias 81%; positive correlation 23%; normal studies 18%. The men prevailed in the aged extremes. The palpitations, were the most frequent symptom, prevalent in the years 30. The presyncope were most frequent, as the age increased. The premature beats increased in the frequency, as the age advanced. The Supraventricular Tachycardia, increased progressively, from the 30 years. The Atrial Fibrillations and Flutter, the began to be presented, to the 40 years, being made but you frequent in every decade. The Sinus Arrrested, was presented to the 60 years. The Complete Heart Block, were most frequent at the end of the ages. The positive correlation, were frequent in the middle ages. The normal studies, were frequent, only in the first ages. The arrhythmias, were being increased, as the age advanced. CONCLUSION: in each age group, the clinical, and electrocardiográphics parameters, the are different; the symptomatic patients, as well as the positive correlation, the are less frequent in the extreme ages; determined arrhythmias, the register more frequent according to the age it advances, due to progressive aging of the excitoconductor systems.

Correlación de síntomas con arritmias cardiacas, por el holter de 2 horas / Correation of caardiac arrhythmias with symptoms for the 24 hours holter

Introducción.- El Holter de 24 horas, es utiizado como un exámen no invasivo, para detectar arritmias cardíacas y correlacionar con los síntomas que refiere el paciente. Objetivos.- Correlacionar la arritmia y el síntoma, determinar: la capacidad de la arritmia, para provocar síntomas, sensibilidad del síntoma, para detectar arritmias y posibilidades de tratamiento con los resultados. Método.- Se efectuaron 1146 estudios, los pacientes llevaron un diario, donde anotaron los síntomas y la hora del mismo, pulsándo el boton de eventos de la grabadora. Se definió como correlación positiva, cuándo la arritmia coincidió con el síntoma, correlación negativa, si la arritmia no coincidió con el síntoma, o el mismo estuvo ausente; si no se registraron arritmias, se calificó como estudio indeterminado. Se correlacionaron las medias de los valores, para obtener diferencia estadística y se calcularon los índices de sensibilidad y especificidad. Resultados.- Durante el estudio, 42%, tuvieron síntomas: palpitaciones 81%, lipotimias 15%, disnea 3% y dolor precordial 7%. En 82% se registraron arritmias: Extrasistolia Supraventricular 71%, Extrasistolia Ventricular 68%, Taquicardia Supraventricular 17%, Fibrilación Auricular 8%, Taquicardia Sinusal 7%, Bloqueo Auriculoventricular 4%, Taquicardia Ventricular 2%, Aleteo Auricular 2%, Paro Sinusal 0,5%. Correlación positiva, se encontró en un 22%; la cual fue mayor para las palpitaciones en un 58%, siguiendo el dolor predordial 26%, lipotimias 25 % y disnea 20%. La Taquicardia Sinusal, el Paro Sinusal y el Aleteo Auricular produjeron síntomas más frecuentemente, las Extrasístoles produjeron menos síntomas. La sensibilidad del síntoma para detectar arritmias fue 43% y la especificidad 66 %. Estudios normales fueron 18%. Conclusión.- La correlación síntoma-arritmia del Holter de 24 horas, fue baja, así como la sensibilidad del síntoma, para detectar arritmias. Debiéndo tomar en cuenta la frecuencia de los síntomas para indicar el estudio, siendo preferible utilizar el Registrador de Eventos, en caso de que los síntomas no sean cotidianos.

Introduction.- The 24 hours Holter monitoring is used as an exam noninvasive, to detect cardiac arrhythmias and to correlate with the symptoms that the patient refers. Objetives.- To correlate the arrhythmia and the symptom. To determinate: the capacity of the arrhythmia to cause symptoms, sensibility of the symptom to detect arrhythmias and treatment possibilities with the results. Methods.- Thousand hundred forty six studies were made, the patients took a diary, whey they wrote the symptoms, and the hour the same ones, pressing the button of the events of the recorder. It was defined: as positive correlation, when the arrhythmia coincided with the symptom, negative correlation, if the arrhythmia didn't coincide with the symptom, or the same one was absent; if they didn't register arrhythmias, it was qualified like uncertain study. The mean of the values were correlated, to obtain difference statistic and the index of sensibility and specificity were calculated. Results.- During the study 42% they had symptoms: palpitations 81%, presyncope 15%, dyspnoea 3%, chest pain 7%. In 82%, they were registered arrhythmias: Supraventricular premature beats 71%, Ventricular premature beats 68%, Supraventricular Tachycardia 17%, Atrial Fibrillation 8%, Sinus Tachycardia 7%, A-V Heart Block 4%, Ventricular Tachycardia 2%, Atrial Flutter 2%, Sinus Arrest 0,5%. Correlation positive was in 22%, being bigger for the palpitations in 58%, then the chest pain 26%, presyncope 25% and dyspnea 20%. The Sinus Tachycardia, the Sinus Arrest, and the Atrial Flutter, produced more symptoms, the premature beats, produced less symptoms. The sensibility of the symptom to detected arrhythmias, it was 43% and the specificity 66% . Normal studies were 18%. Conclusion.- There was a low correlation betwen symptoms and arrhythmias, as well as the sensibility of the symptom to detected arrhythmias. Should take in account the frecuency of the symptoms to indicate the study, being preferable to use the Cardiac Events recorders, when the symptoms are not daily.

Infarto agudo do miocárdio e injeção intramiocárdica experimental em cães: estudos clínico, enzimático, eletrocardiográfico e ecocardiográfico / Experimental acute myocardial infarction in dogs: clinic, enzymatic, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic studies

Os eventos isquêmicos em cães são incomuns, porém podem estar sendo subnotificados. Avaliou-se o infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) clinicamente, por meio de eletrocardiografia (ECG), eletrocardiografia contínua (EC), ecocardiografia (ECO), enzima creatina quinase (CK), enzima creatina quinase fração MB (CK-MB) e anátomo-histologicamente em cães sem raça definida, e observou-se a ocorrência de arritmias após injeção intramiocárdia por EC. O IAM foi obtido após a ligadura da coronária descendente anterior. Os animais apresentaram ao ECO dilatação da câmara esquerda e aumento do índice de desempenho miocárdico. Ao ECG houve desnivelamento de ST nas derivações pré-cordiais V1 e V2. No EC observaram-se arritmias ventriculares graves e supradesnivelamento de ST. As enzimas CK e CK-MB aumentaram significativamente, sendo que os picos de CK-MB e de CK ocorreram seis horas e 12 horas, respectivamente, após o IAM. Na análise histológica constatou-se infarto da parede inferior do ventrículo esquerdo e substituição do tecido muscular por tecido fibroso. Avaliou-se a injeção intramiocárdica por EC que pode servir como via terapêutica cardíaca, não sendo observado aumento das arritmias ventriculares após a injeção no miocárdio infartado. O infarto em cães pode ser detectado pelos exames cardíacos disponíveis, e a injeção intramiocárdica é uma via terapêutica cardíaca possível.(AU)

Ischemic events in dogs are uncommon; however, this may be under-reported. The myocardial infarction was created by left anterior descending coronary ligation in healthy mongrel dogs in clinical and laboratorial exams. These dogs were evaluated clinically, electrocardiography (ECG), through ambulatory electrocardiography (AE), echocardiography (ECO), creatine kinase enzyme (CK), creatine kinase MB fraction enzyme (CK-MB) and histopathologically. Even in these animals we observed the occurrence of arrhythmia after intramyocardial injection by AE. The animals exhibited left ventricular chamber enlargement and increase in myocardial performance index at ECO. In ECG, there were deviations in ST segment in the precordial leads V1 and V2. CK and CK-MB showed high increase, CK and CK-MB peaks occurred six and 12 hours after infarction, respectively. Histopathology of the infarction in the inferior wall of the left ventricle and replacement of muscle tissue by fibrous tissue were seen. Furthermore, intramyocardial injection that may be used for therapeutic purposes was evaluated by AE, which demonstrated no increase in the ventricular arrhythmias. Therefore, myocardial infarction in dogs can be detected with the tests available and intramyocardial injection can be used as a therapeutic way.(AU)

Infarto agudo do miocárdio e injeção intramiocárdica experimental em cães: estudos clínico, enzimático, eletrocardiográfico e ecocardiográfico / Experimental acute myocardial infarction in dogs: clinic, enzymatic, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic studies

Os eventos isquêmicos em cães são incomuns, porém podem estar sendo subnotificados. Avaliou-se o infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) clinicamente, por meio de eletrocardiografia (ECG), eletrocardiografia contínua (EC), ecocardiografia (ECO), enzima creatina quinase (CK), enzima creatina quinase fração MB (CK-MB) e anátomo-histologicamente em cães sem raça definida, e observou-se a ocorrência de arritmias após injeção intramiocárdia por EC. O IAM foi obtido após a ligadura da coronária descendente anterior. Os animais apresentaram ao ECO dilatação da câmara esquerda e aumento do índice de desempenho miocárdico. Ao ECG houve desnivelamento de ST nas derivações pré-cordiais V1 e V2. No EC observaram-se arritmias ventriculares graves e supradesnivelamento de ST. As enzimas CK e CK-MB aumentaram significativamente, sendo que os picos de CK-MB e de CK ocorreram seis horas e 12 horas, respectivamente, após o IAM. Na análise histológica constatou-se infarto da parede inferior do ventrículo esquerdo e substituição do tecido muscular por tecido fibroso. Avaliou-se a injeção intramiocárdica por EC que pode servir como via terapêutica cardíaca, não sendo observado aumento das arritmias ventriculares após a injeção no miocárdio infartado. O infarto em cães pode ser detectado pelos exames cardíacos disponíveis, e a injeção intramiocárdica é uma via terapêutica cardíaca possível.

Ischemic events in dogs are uncommon; however, this may be under-reported. The myocardial infarction was created by left anterior descending coronary ligation in healthy mongrel dogs in clinical and laboratorial exams. These dogs were evaluated clinically, electrocardiography (ECG), through ambulatory electrocardiography (AE), echocardiography (ECO), creatine kinase enzyme (CK), creatine kinase MB fraction enzyme (CK-MB) and histopathologically. Even in these animals we observed the occurrence of arrhythmia after intramyocardial injection by AE. The animals exhibited left ventricular chamber enlargement and increase in myocardial performance index at ECO. In ECG, there were deviations in ST segment in the precordial leads V1 and V2. CK and CK-MB showed high increase, CK and CK-MB peaks occurred six and 12 hours after infarction, respectively. Histopathology of the infarction in the inferior wall of the left ventricle and replacement of muscle tissue by fibrous tissue were seen. Furthermore, intramyocardial injection that may be used for therapeutic purposes was evaluated by AE, which demonstrated no increase in the ventricular arrhythmias. Therefore, myocardial infarction in dogs can be detected with the tests available and intramyocardial injection can be used as a therapeutic way.

Desarrollo de un holter digital con grabación de eventos y software de visualización / Develoment of a digital holter with events recording and software display

El monitoreo ambulatorio de las señales electrocardiográficas (ECG), “Holter”, representa una herramienta esencial, en la evaluación diagnóstica de pacientes con arritmias cardiacas involucradas en procesos patológicos como miocardiopatías, estadios post-infarto, lesiones del sistema autónomo cardíaco, entre otros, así como en el seguimiento del funcionamiento de marcapasos implantados. Los equipos disponibles en Colombia para realizar este tipo de funciones, son muy especializados, por lo que resultan costosos y poco asequibles para muchos pacientes. En este proyecto, se desarrolló un prototipo de un sistema de monitoreo y registro de eventos cardiacos, que acondiciona las señales ECG a través de la amplificación, filtración y elevación del nivel DC, y almacena la información adquirida de las tres derivadas principales (DI, DII y DIII), en una memoria SD (Security Digital), usando el estándar de archivos FAT (File Allocation Table), permitiendo que la información pueda ser leída en cualquier computador. Además, se desarrolló un software que permite visualizar los registros previamente almacenados en la memoria, para su revisión y análisis. Con la ayuda de un simulador de ondas ECG, se calibraron las frecuencias de 30 BPM, 120 BPM y 300 BPM las amplitudes 0,5 mV, 1 mV y 2 mV. Se encontró que los errores del prototipo son del 1% para frecuencia y del 6% para amplitud.

The ambulatory monitoring of electrocardiographic signals, “Holter”, represents a decisive tool in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with cardiac arrhythmias involved in pathological processes like cardiomyopathies, post-infarct stages, injuries of the cardiac autonomous system, among others, as well as in the monitoring of implanted pacemakers. There are few devices of this kind available in Colombia and most of them are very specialized and expensive for the majority of patients. We built a cardiac monitoring and cardiac events registering system prototype that processes the ECG signals (amplification, filtration and DC elevation), and stores the data acquired from the three main derivations DI, DII and DIII in an SD (Security Digital) memory using the FAT (File Allocation Table) standard, which allows the reading of this information in any computer. Moreover, we developed a software program that allows for the visualization of the registries previously stored in the SD memory for their review and analysis. Using an ECG simulator, the frequencies 30 BPM, 120 BPM and 300 BPM and the amplitudes 0,5 mV, 1 mV and 2 mV were calibrated. It was found that the prototype errors were smaller than 1% for frequency and 6% for amplitude.

Avaliação por eletrocardiografia contínua (holter) em cães da raça Pastor Alemão praticantes de atividade física regular / Ambulatory electrocardiography (Holter) evaluation in physically active German shepherd dogs

The pattern for ambulatory electrocardiography was evaluated in 25 healthy German Shepherd dogs. The influences of gender, age, and physical activity in HR maximum, mean, and minimum (HRmx, HRme, and HRmin, respectively) were studied. The physically active dogs (PA) showed lower HRme than sedentary animals (S) (P=0.03), whereas HRmx and HRmin were not altered (P=0.06 and P=0.65, respectively). The HRme was 80.89±13.85 for PA and 112.94±35.71 for S. No effect of gender and age on HR was observed. It is possible to state that the physical activity can modulate the sinus node of the dogs.(AU)