Enhancing anthocyanin extraction efficiency in vegetables and fruits: a high-speed shear homogenization technology.

BACKGROUND: To extract anthocyanins with high efficiency, a hypothesis for high-speed shear homogenization extraction (HSHE) method was established through a combination of solvent and ultrasonic-assisted extractions. The efficacy of this hypothesis was demonstrated by performing qualitative and quantitative analyses of 16 anthocyanins extracted from five northern vegetables, and five berry fruits using ultra-high-performance Q-Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. Single-factor experiments were conducted by varying ethanol concentration, temperature, pH and extraction cycles to determine the optimal conditions for this method. RESULTS: Optimal extraction conditions (ethanol 70-80%, 40-50 °C, pH 3-4, performed twice) were determined using an HSHE (5 min, 10 000 rpm, 25 °C) assisted shaker (60 min) and ultrasonication (40 kHz, 160 W cm-2, 30 min, 25 °C) procedure. Compared to the traditional non-HSHE method, the total anthocyanin content obtained through HSHE extraction showed a significant increase, ranging from 1.0 to 3.9 times higher, with purple cabbage exhibiting the most pronounced enhancement in content. More types of anthocyanins were detected in blueberry (9), black bean (7) and raspberry (5), of which malvidin was the major anthocyanin (0.426 g kg-1) in blueberry, having an amount five times than previously obtained. CONCLUSION: The established HSHE method has been proven to be a superior technique for anthocyanin extraction, with higher extraction efficiency and concentrations. This technique also provides a new avenue for extracting bioactive compounds from diverse food sources, with potential applications in improving the functional properties of food products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

SmuMYB113 is the determinant of fruit color in pepino (Solanum muricatum).

Pepino (Solanum muricatum) is an herbaceous crop phylogenetically related to tomato and potato. Pepino fruit vary in color, size and shape, and are eaten fresh. In this study, we use pepino as a fruit model to understand the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms controlling fruit quality. To identify the key genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in pepino, two genotypes were studied that contrasted in foliar and fruit pigmentation. Anthocyanin profiles were analyzed, as well as the expression of genes that encode enzymes for anthocyanin biosynthesis and transcriptional regulators using both RNA-seq and quantitative PCR. The differential expression of the transcription factor genes R2R3 MYB SmuMYB113 and R3MYB SmuATV suggested their association with purple skin and foliage phenotype. Functional analysis of these genes in both tobacco and pepino showed that SmuMYB113 activates anthocyanins, while SmuATV suppresses anthocyanin accumulation. However, despite elevated expression in all tissues, SmuMYB113 does not significantly elevate flesh pigmentation, suggesting a strong repressive background in fruit flesh tissue. These results will aid understanding of the differential regulation controlling fruit quality aspects between skin and flesh in other fruiting species.

Towards sustainable upcycling of side streams of purple bread wheat using dry fractionation: Enhancing bioactive compounds and reducing harmful elements.

Side streams from milling result in significant food wastage. While highly nutritious, their harmful elements raise concerns. To repurpose these side streams safely, this study designed a dry fractionation technique for anthocyanin-rich purple bread wheat. Four fractions - from inner to outer layers: flour, middlings, shorts and bran - alongside whole-wheat flour were obtained and examined by microstructure, antioxidant activity, anthocyanin profiles, and essential and harmful minerals. Across the four investigated cultivars, both anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity increased from inner to outer layers. In comparison to flour, cyanidin-3-glucoside concentrations in middlings, shorts and bran were 2-5 times, 3-9 times, and 6-19 times, respectively. Concentrations of Cr, Ni, Sr and Ba progressively increased from inner to outer layers, Pb and Se exhibited uniform distribution, while Al was more concentrated in inner layers. These findings indicate that the fractionation technique is effective in deriving valuable ingredients from underexploited side streams, especially bran.

Effects of Anthocyanins on Cognition and Vascular Function: A Systematic Review.

SCOPE: Good vascular function is crucial for cerebral blood flow and cognitive performance. Diets high in anthocyanins have been shown to improve vascular function and are associated with improvements in cognition. This systematic review investigates randomized controlled trials examining the impact of anthocyanin intake on both cognition and vascular function. METHODS AND RESULTS: Of the 1486 studies identified through searching Ovid Medline and AMED, PsychInfo, Web of Science, and Scopus, 20 studies are selected which measured cognitive and vascular function. Overall, positive effects on verbal and working memory are observed, which are supported by studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging to demonstrate increased blood flow in brain regions related to these cognitive domains. However, effects of anthocyanins on blood pressure and markers of endothelial function are inconsistent. CONCLUSION: This systematic review provides evidence for a positive effect of anthocyanins on cognition and insight into the relevance of endothelial function. Anthocyanins are widely available and can be easily consumed in a range of different fruits, vegetables, and other products. Further studies should establish the optimal daily intake of anthocyanins for cardiovascular and cognitive health.

A transcriptional cascade involving BBX22 and HY5 finely regulates both plant height and fruit pigmentation in citrus.

Dwarfing is a pivotal agronomic trait affecting both yield and quality. Citrus species exhibit substantial variation in plant height, among which internode length is a core element. However, the molecular mechanism governing internode elongation remains unclear. Here, we unveiled that the transcriptional cascade consisting of B-BOX DOMAIN PROTEIN 22 (BBX22) and ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) finely tunes plant height and internode elongation in citrus. Loss-of-function mutations of BBX22 in an early-flowering citrus (Citrus hindsii "SJG") promoted internode elongation and reduced pigment accumulation, whereas ectopic expression of BBX22 in SJG, sweet orange (C. sinensis), pomelo (C. maxima) or heterologous expression of BBX22 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) significantly decreased internode length. Furthermore, exogenous application of gibberellin A3 (GA3) rescued the shortened internode and dwarf phenotype caused by BBX22 overexpression. Additional experiments revealed that BBX22 played a dual role in regulation internode elongation and pigmentation in citrus. On the one hand, it directly bound to and activated the expression of HY5, GA metabolism gene (GA2 OXIDASE 8, GA2ox8), carotenoid biosynthesis gene (PHYTOENE SYNTHASE 1, PSY1) and anthocyanin regulatory gene (Ruby1, a MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN). On the other hand, it acted as a cofactor of HY5, enhancing the ability of HY5 to regulate target genes expression. Together, our results reveal the critical role of the transcriptional cascade consisting of BBX22 and HY5 in controlling internode elongation and pigment accumulation in citrus. Unraveling the crosstalk regulatory mechanism between internode elongation and fruit pigmentation provides key genes for breeding of novel types with both dwarf and health-beneficial fortification in citrus.

Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins synergistically inhibit the growth of gastric cancer cells in vitro: exploring the potential physiological activity of grape and red wine.

Red wine is rich in anthocyanins and procyanidins which possess multiple health-promoting properties. However, the synergistically anticancer effects of them on gastric cancer cells still undefined. The results showed that combination of malvidin-3-O-(6-O-coumaroyl)-glucoside-5-O-glucoside (M35GC) and procyanidin C1 could effectively inhibited the viability of MKN-28 cells with the lowest IC50 value. Mechanistically, M35GC and procyanidin C1 significantly induced cell apoptosis by reducing the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, blocked cell cycle in G0/G1 phase by decreasing CDK4 protein and decreased glucose consumption and lactate production during aerobic glycolysis through suppressing the expression of HK2 protein in MKN-28 cells. In conclusion, induction of cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, as well as the inhibition of HK2 protein that participates in the glycolytic pathway and the suppression of aerobic glycolysis by M35GC and procyanidin C1 contributed to the anti-cancer effects in gastric cancer.

Genetic factors explaining anthocyanin pigmentation differences.

BACKGROUND: Anthocyanins are important contributors to coloration across a wide phylogenetic range of plants. Biological functions of anthocyanins span from reproduction to protection against biotic and abiotic stressors. Owing to a clearly visible phenotype of mutants, the anthocyanin biosynthesis and its sophisticated regulation have been studied in numerous plant species. Genes encoding the anthocyanin biosynthesis enzymes are regulated by a transcription factor complex comprising MYB, bHLH and WD40 proteins. RESULTS: A systematic comparison of anthocyanin-pigmented vs. non-pigmented varieties was performed within numerous plant species covering the taxonomic diversity of flowering plants. The literature was screened for cases in which genetic factors causing anthocyanin loss were reported. Additionally, transcriptomic data sets from four previous studies were reanalyzed to determine the genes possibly responsible for color variation based on their expression pattern. The contribution of different structural and regulatory genes to the intraspecific pigmentation differences was quantified. Differences concerning transcription factors are by far the most frequent explanation for pigmentation differences observed between two varieties of the same species. Among the transcription factors in the analyzed cases, MYB genes are significantly more prone to account for pigmentation differences compared to bHLH or WD40 genes. Among the structural genes, DFR genes are most often associated with anthocyanin loss. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support previous assumptions about the susceptibility of transcriptional regulation to evolutionary changes and its importance for the evolution of novel coloration phenotypes. Our findings underline the particular significance of MYBs and their apparent prevalent role in the specificity of the MBW complex.

Optimization and component identification of ultrasound-assisted extraction of functional compounds from waste blackberry (Rubus fruticosus Pollich) seeds.

BACKGROUND: Blackberry seeds, as a by-product of processing, have potential bioactive substances and activities. A response surface method was used to determine the optimal conditions of blackberry seed extracts (BSEs) with high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The composition and antioxidant capacity of BSEs were further analyzed. RESULTS: The optimal conditions were material-to-liquid ratio of 0.07 g mL-1, ethanol concentration of 56%, extraction temperature of 39 °C and ultrasonic power of 260 W. Using these conditions, the extraction yield and total polysaccharide, phenolic and anthocyanin contents in BSEs were 0.062 g g-1 and 633.91, 36.21 and 3.07 mg g-1, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectra of BSEs exhibited characteristic peaks associated with polysaccharide absorption. The antioxidant capacity, DPPH and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power of BSEs were 1533.19, 1021.93 and 1093.38 mmol Trolox equivalent g-1, respectively. The delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, paeoniflorin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside contents in BSEs were 3.05,12.76 and 1895.90 ± 3.45 µg g-1. Five polyphenols including gallic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, catechin and caffeic acid were identified and quantified in BSEs with its contents at 8850.43, 5053.26, 4984.65, 1846.91 and 192.40 µg g-1. CONCLUSION: These results provide a method for preparing BSE containing functional components such as polysaccharides, phenols and anthocyanins through UAE, and BSEs have potential application in food industries. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Aronia Melanocarpa Elliot Anthocyanins Inhibits Alcoholic Liver Disease by Activation of α7nAChR.

The study wanted to explore the preventative effects of Aornia melanocarpa Elliot anthocyanins (AMA) to Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) by bioinformatics prediction and experimental verification. We founded 419 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GSE28619 related to ALD from GEO database, COL1A1 was selected by the core gene module construction and molecular docking. Mice were treated by intragastric administration of gradient 50% ethanol, AMA alleviated liver injury by ALD and ameliorated the model's body weight, lessened the liver inflammation according to histopathological evaluation, increased serum liver biochemical index (AST, ALT, TC, TG and LDL-C) and decreased HDL-C, reversed the expression of enzymes (ALDH and GSH-PX), decreased cytokines expression (Ki67, TNF-α and IL-6), reversed the expression of α7nAChR and collagen I, downregulated the PI3K-Akt pathway and Keap1/HO-1 pathway (p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, Akt, Keap1, Nrf2, HO-1,GSK-3ß and Bcl-2), indicated that α7nAChR and collagen I may be the AMA action targets.

The investigation of selected bioactive compounds and antioxidant properties of Crataegus monogyna L.

This work presents investigation of chemical composition and antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of leaves with flowers and berries prepared by ultrasound and Soxhlet extractions of Crataegus monogyna from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents were measured by spectrophotometric methods. The sample of leaves with flowers extracted by Soxhlet extraction was the richest in the content of total phenolic compounds (14.43 mg GAE/g DW) and total flavonoids (2.22 mg QE/g DW). Same extract showed the best antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 0.71 mg/mL for DPPH and 0.38 mg/mL for ABTS assay, as well as the highest content of gallic acid, caffeic acid, and hyperoside 0.04 mg GAE/g DW, 0.60 mg CA/g DW and 2.61 mg HYP/g DW, respectively, determined by HPLC-ED. Vitexin was not detected. The extract of berries obtained by ultrasound extraction had the highest amount of total anthocyanins (1.69 mg/100 g DW).

Inhibitory effect of polyphenols from sumac, pomegranate and indian almond on urease producing bacteria and jack bean urease activity.

Urinary tract infection caused by Klebsiella, Proteus and Streptococcus is a urease dependent process, hence treatment of these infections by antibacterial compounds lies in inhibition of their virulence factors. The crude methanolic extracts derived from sumac fruit, pomegranate peel and Indian almond leaves were separated into anthocyanin and non-anthocyanin fractions using solid phase cartridges. The inhibitory effect of these fractions was determined on the growth of urease producing species and jack bean urease activity. Known compounds in the fractions were also docked with ureases of different biological origins viz. K. pneumoniae (PDB ID: 8HCN), K. aerogenes (PDB ID: 2KAU), Helicobacter pylori (PDB ID:8HC1)and Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean) (PDB ID: 3LA4) to determine their binding affinities and interaction with the enzyme. All the fractions showed significant inhibition growth for P. mirabilis, S. epidermidis and K.pneumoniae. Among the samples, sumac showed greatest inhibition against all (MIC 6-25 mg.mL-1) while among the fractions, anthocyanin was found to be most active (MIC 6-12 mg/mL). Likewise, all fractions inhibited urease with lowest ICs50 shown by sumac fractions (21-116 µg.mL-1). Out of 39 compounds docked, 27 showed interaction with movable flaps and/or active site of ureases which explains their mode of inhibition.

Ultrasound-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent extraction of anthocyanin from Vitis davidii Foex. pomace: Optimization, identification, antioxidant activity and stability.

An efficient and environmentally friendly extraction method utilizing an ultrasonic-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent (UAE-NADES) was developed for the extraction of anthocyanins from Vitis davidii Foex. A screening process was conducted to evaluate seven different NADESs, resulting in the selection of a high-efficiency NADES (choline chloride-glycerol (ChGly)). To analyze the influence of significant factors and their interactive effects on the total anthocyanin content (TAC), response surface methodology (RSM) was employed. Furthermore, the conditions of extraction were optimized to attain the most productive yield of total anthocyanin content. The theoretical optimal conditions were determined to be a liquid‒solid ratio of 34.46 mL/g, an extraction temperature of 322.79 K and an ultrasonic power of 431.67 W, under which the verification TAC value (3.682 ± 0.051 mg/g) was highly consistent with the theoretical value (3.690 mg/g). Seventeen anthocyanins were identified by UPLC‒MS/MS. The contents of the main anthocyanins peonidin-3,5-O-diglucoside, malvidin-3,5-O-diglucoside, malvidin-3-O-5-O-(6-O-coumaroyl)-diglucoside, and malvidin-3-O-(6-O-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside in the ChGly extracts were significantly higher than those in the acid‒alcohol extract. Stability assays showed that the stability of anthocyanins in ChGly is higher than that in acidified alcohol at higher temperature, pH and stronger illumination. In vitro antioxidant results showed that the antioxidant capacities of the compounds extracted through the use of UAE-NADES were higher than those extracted using acidified alcohol. Additionally, the thermal behavior of anthocyanin extracts was further characterized through DSC analysis, highlighting the influence of ChGly or acidic ethanol. The results indicate that UAE-NADES exhibits a significant effect on the extraction of anthocyanins from plant byproducts, suggesting that its potential for use in the food sector is considerable.

Design and development of locust bean gum-endowed/Phyllanthus reticulatus anthocyanin- functionalized biogenic gold nanosystem for enhanced antioxidative and anticancer chemotherapy.

Herein, the design and fabrication of an anticancer nanoplatform (LBG/PRA-NG) based on locust bean gum-stabilized nanogold and functionalized with Phyllanthus reticulatus anthocyanins was described. LBG/PRA-NG was prepared in an eco-friendly, one-pot approach at room temperature, mediated by the anthocyanins and gum as bio-reductant and stabilizer, respectively. The nanostructure was elaborately characterized by FESEM, TEM, UV-visible, DLS, Zeta potential, FTIR, XRD, TGA/DTG, and XPS analysis. Its anticancer attributes were examined based on cytotoxicity on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines, as well as the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. The results revealed the successful formation of a homogenous and highly stable nanocomposite (LBG/PRA-NG), with quasi-spherical shape, small size (14.73 nm), Zeta potential and PDI values of -58.30 mV and 0.237, respectively. The presence of a plasmonic peak at 525 nm was indicative of AuNPs. Compared to the galactomannan and anthocyanin, LBG/PRA-NG exhibited superior antioxidative properties with IC50 values of 35.44 µg/mL against DPPH and 24.55 µg/mL against ABTS+. Notably, LBG/PRA-NG also demonstrated enhanced anticancer properties relative to LBG and anthocyanins, with IC50 values of 16.17 µg/mL and 25.06 µg/mL against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Meanwhile, the normal cells (HEK-293 and L929) resisted the innocuous effects of LBG/PRA-NG. Furthermore, treatment of breast cancer cells with LBG/PRA-NG drastically elevated the intracellular ROS levels. This suggested that the anticancer activity of LBG/PRA-NG may be mediated via amplification of ROS/oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Altogether, these findings indicate the remarkable potential of LBG/PRA-NC in the development of anticancer therapy.

Pectin forms polymeric pigments by complexing anthocyanins during red winemaking and ageing.

The long-term stability of red wine color depends on the formation of polymeric pigments from anthocyanins. Although there is still a lot of uncertainty about the specific structure of this diverse group of pigments, there is consensus that they are reaction products of anthocyanins and other polyphenols. Interactions between anthocyanins and pectic polysaccharides have been suggested to stabilize anthocyanins. This study explores the impact of such interactions by adding pectin during red winemaking. The results demonstrate that these interactions induce the formation of additional polymeric pigments which enhance the pigment stability during fermentation and aging. While initial pigment formation is higher in wines with added pectin, a notable proportion of the complexes degrades in the later stages of fermentation. Presumably, tannins form insoluble complexes with pectin, reducing tannin concentration by more than 300 mg/L. Anthocyanin concentrations decrease by over 400 mg/L, and polymeric pigments double. Anthocyanins that form polymeric pigments with pectic polysaccharides expand the range of pigments in red wines with possible consequences for the sensory properties of the wine. These findings highlight the complex interactions between pectin, anthocyanins, and tannins, and their influence on pigment formation and wine composition during fermentation and aging.

Petanin Potentiated JNK Phosphorylation to Negatively Regulate the ERK/CREB/MITF Signaling Pathway for Anti-Melanogenesis in Zebrafish.

Petanin, an acylated anthocyanin from the Solanaceae family, shows potential in tyrosinase inhibitory activity and anti-melanogenic effects; however, its mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, to investigate the underlying mechanism of petanin's anti-melanogenic effects, the enzyme activity, protein expression and mRNA transcription of melanogenic and related signaling pathways in zebrafish using network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were combined for analysis. The results showed that petanin could inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis, change the distribution and arrangement of melanocytes and the structure of melanosomes, reduce the activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) and enhance the activity of glutathione reductase (GR). It also up-regulated JNK phosphorylation, inhibited ERK/RSK phosphorylation and down-regulated CREB/MITF-related protein expression and mRNA transcription. These results were consistent with the predictions provided through network pharmacology and molecular docking. Thus, petanin could inhibit the activity of tyrosinase and the expression of tyrosinase by inhibiting and negatively regulating the tyrosinase-related signaling pathway ERK/CREB/MITF through p-JNK. In conclusion, petanin is a good tyrosinase inhibitor and anti-melanin natural compound with significant market prospects in melanogenesis-related diseases and skin whitening cosmetics.

Intermolecular copigmentation of anthocyanins with phenolic compounds improves color stability in the model and real blueberry fermented beverage.

To improve the color stability of anthocyanins (ACNs) in blueberry fermented beverage, the intermolecular copigmentation between ACNs and 3 different phenolic compounds, including (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), ferulic acid (FA), and gallic acid (GA) as copigments, was compared in the model and the real blueberry fermented beverage, respectively. The copigmented ACNs by EGCG presented a high absorbance (0.34 a.u.) and redness (27.09 ± 0.17) in the model blueberry fermented beverage. The copigmentation by the participation of the 3 different phenolic compounds showed all a spontaneous exothermic reaction, and the Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) of the system was lowest (-5.90 kJ/mol) using EGCG as copigment. Furthermore, the molecular docking model verified that binary complexes formed between ACNs and copigments by hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking. There was a high absorbance (1.02 a.u.), percentage polymeric color (PC%, 68.3 %), and good color saturation (C*ab, 43.28) in the real blueberry fermented beverage aged for 90 days, and more malvidin-3-O-glucoside had been preserved in the wine using EGCG as copigment. This finding may guide future industrial production of blueberry fermented beverage with improved color.

Black Goji Berry (Lycium ruthenicum) Juice Fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Enhances Inhibitory Activity against Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV and Key Steps of Lipid Digestion and Absorption.

With the global increase in hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, there is an urgent need to explore dietary interventions targeting the inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) and lipid digestion and absorption. This study investigated how Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) affects various aspects of black goji berry (BGB) (Lycium ruthenicum Murr.) juice, including changes in physicochemical and functional properties, as well as microbiological and sensory attributes. Throughout the fermentation process with 2.5-10% (w/v) BGB, significantly improved probiotic viability, lactic acid production, and decreased sugar content. While total flavonoids increase, anthocyanins decrease, with no discernible change in antioxidant activities. Metabolite profiling reveals elevated phenolic compounds post-fermentation. Regarding the inhibition of lipid digestion and absorption, fermented BGB exhibits improved bile acid binding, and disrupted cholesterol micellization by approximately threefold compared to non-fermented BGB, while also increasing pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity. Furthermore, a decrease in cholesterol uptake was observed in Caco-2 cells treated with fermented BGB (0.5 mg/mL), with a maximum reduction of 16.94%. Fermented BGB also shows more potent DPP-IV inhibition. Sensory attributes are significantly improved in fermented BGB samples. These findings highlight the potential of BGB as a bioactive resource and a promising non-dairy carrier for LGG, enhancing its anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties.

Research Progress on the Extraction and Purification of Anthocyanins and Their Interactions with Proteins.

Anthocyanins, as the most critical water-soluble pigments in nature, are widely present in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and fruit peels. Many studies have indicated that anthocyanins exhibit various biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, vision protection, and anti-aging. Hence, anthocyanins are widely used in food, medicine, and cosmetics. The green and efficient extraction and purification of anthocyanins are an important prerequisite for their further development and utilization. However, the poor stability and low bioavailability of anthocyanins limit their application. Protein, one of the three essential nutrients for the human body, has good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Proteins are commonly used in food processing, but their functional properties need to be improved. Notably, anthocyanins can interact with proteins through covalent and non-covalent means during food processing, which can effectively improve the stability of anthocyanins and enhance their bioavailability. Moreover, the interactions between proteins and anthocyanins can also improve the functional characteristics and enhance the nutritional quality of proteins. Hence, this article systematically reviews the extraction and purification methods for anthocyanins. Moreover, this review also systematically summarizes the effect of the interactions between anthocyanins and proteins on the bioavailability of anthocyanins and their impact on protein properties. Furthermore, we also introduce the application of the interaction between anthocyanins and proteins. The findings can provide a theoretical reference for the application of anthocyanins and proteins in food deep processing.

Exploring Anthocyanins: Unveiling Sources, Analytical Techniques, and Biological Activities.

Anthocyanins (ANCs) are obtained from pigmented foods like blueberry, strawberry, and red cabbage and are phenolic compounds belonging to the flavonoids family. ANCs have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their diverse biological activities and potential health benefits. This comprehensive review presents a holistic exploration of anthocyanins, spanning from their chemical structure and biosynthesis pathways to the myriad analytical techniques employed for their identification and quantification. Furthermore, the rich tapestry of plant sources yields anthocyanins is delved into, highlighting their incorporation into various pharmaceutical formulations. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on anthocyanins, spanning from their origins in nature to their multifaceted pharmacological activities and innovative pharmaceutical applications.

Therapeutic Effects of Plant Anthocyanin against Alzheimer's Disease and Modulate Gut Health, Short-Chain Fatty Acids.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and neurogenerative disease (NDD), and it is also one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The number of AD patients is over 55 million according to 2020 Alzheimer's Disease International (ADI), and the number is increasing drastically without any effective cure. In this review, we discuss and analyze the potential role of anthocyanins (ACNs) against AD while understanding the molecular mechanisms. ACNs have been reported as having neuroprotective effects by mitigating cognitive impairments, apoptotic markers, neuroinflammation, aberrant amyloidogenesis, and tauopathy. Taken together, ACNs could be an important therapeutic agent for combating or delaying the onset of AD.